Pertussis Immunisation and control in England and Wales, 1957 to 2012: A historical review

Eurosurveillance

Volumn 18, Issue 38, 2013, Pages

  Amirthalingam, G ^a   Gupta, S ^a   Campbell, H ^a  

^a PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIPHTHERIA PERTUSSIS TETANUS VACCINE; PERTUSSIS VACCINE; POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE;

BRAIN DAMAGE; CONVULSION; DEATH; DRUG SAFETY; FATALITY; HEALTH PROGRAM; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNOGENICITY; INCIDENCE; INFECTION CONTROL; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; PERTUSSIS; PNEUMONIA; REVIEW;

EID: 84884634060     PISSN: 1025496X     EISSN: 15607917     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES2013.18.38.20587     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Wendelboe AM, Van Rie A, Salmaso S, Englund JA. Duration of immunity against pertussis after natural infection or vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24(5 Suppl):S58-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000160914.59160.41. PMid:15876927.
2. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI). Report on the Review of the Evidence on Whooping Cough Vaccination. 1977. Kew, London: The National Archives, D/ W43/6 Vol A.
3. Campbell H, Amirthalingam G, Andrews N, Fry NK, George RC, Harrison TG, et al. Accelerating control of pertussis in England and Wales. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(1):38-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1801.110784. PMid:22260989. PMCid:PMC3381681.
4. Quinn HE, McIntyre PB. Pertussis epidemiology in Australia over the decade 1995-2005 - trends by region and age group. Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 2007;31(2):205-15. PMid:17724997.
5. Skowronski DM, De Serres G, MacDonald D, Wu W, Shaw C, Macnabb J, et al. The changing age and seasonal profile of pertussis in Canada. J Infect Dis. 2002;185(10):1448-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/340280. PMid:11992280.
6. Tan T, Trindade E, Skowronski D. Epidemiology of pertussis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24(5 Suppl):S10-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000160708.43944.99. PMid:15876918.
7. Tanaka M, Vitek CR, Pascual FB, Bisgard KM, Tate JE, Murphy T V. Trends in pertussis among infants in the United States, 1980-1999. JAMA. 2003;290(22):2968-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.22.2968. PMid:14665658.
8. Somerville RL, Grant CC, Scragg RK, Thomas MG. Hospitalisations due to pertussis in New Zealand in the preimmunisation and mass immunisation eras. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007;43(3):147-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2007.01034.x. PMid:17316188.
9. Spokes PJ, Quinn HE, McAnulty JM. Review of the 2008-2009 pertussis epidemic in NSW: notifications and hospitalisations. N S W Public Health Bull. 2010;21(7-8):167-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/NB10031. PMid:20883655.
10. Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2010;85(40):385-400. PMid:20939150.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(1):13-5. PMid:21228763.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(7):131-5. PMid:23425962.
13. Bordet J, Gengou O. Le microbe de la coqueluche. [The microbe of pertussis]. Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris). 1906;20:731-41. French.
14. Jefferson T. Why the MRC randomized trials of whooping cough (pertussis) vaccines remain important more than half a century after they were done. J R Soc Med. 2007;100(7):343-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.100.7.343. PMid:17606757. PMCid:PMC1905874.
15. Shapiro-Shapin CG. Pearl Kendrick, Grace Eldering, and the pertussis vaccine. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16(8):1273-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1608.100288. PMid:20678322. PMCid:PMC3298325.
16. Kendrick P, Eldering G. A study in active immunization against pertussis. Am J Hygiene. 1939;29:133-53.
17. Kendrick P, Eldering G. Progress report on pertussis immunization. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1936;26(1):8-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.26.1.8
18. Kendrick PL., Pearl L. Kendrick papers 1888-1979. Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Historical Collections, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. Available from: http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?cc=bhlead;c=bhlead;idno=umich-bhl-85242;didno=umich-bhl-85242;rgn=main;view=text
19. Kendrick PL. Use of alum-treated pertussis vaccine, and of alum-precipitated combined pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid, for active immunization. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1942;32(6):615-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.32.6.615. PMid:18015628. PMCid:PMC1526873.
20. Bell JA. Diphtheria immunization; use of an alum-precipitated mixture of pertussis vaccine and diphtheria toxoid. J Am Med Assoc. 1948;137(12):1009-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1948.02890460005002. PMid:18871856.
21. Bell JA. Pertussis immunization; use of two doses of an alum-precipitated mixture of diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine. J Am Med Assoc. 1948;137(15):1276-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1948.02890490004002. PMid:18870019.
22. Felton HM, Willard CY. Current status of prophylaxis by Hemophilus pertussis vaccine. Report of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association. J Am Med Assoc. 1944;126:294-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1944.82850400002008
23. Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM), the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) and Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS). Whooping cough: reports from the Committee on Safety of Medicines and the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO); 1981.
24. Vaccination against Whooping-cough. Br Med J. 1945;2(4415):222-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.4415.222
25. McFarlan AM, Topley E, Fisher M. Trial of whooping-cough vaccine. Br Med J. 1945;2(4415):205-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.4415.205. PMid:20786225. PMCid:PMC2059601.
26. Vaccination against whooping-cough; relation between protection in children and results of laboratory tests; a report to the Whooping-cough Immunization Committee of the Medical Research Council and to the medical officers of health for Cardiff, Leeds, Leyton, Manchester, Middlesex, Oxford, Poole, Tottenham, Walthamstow, and Wembley. Br Med J. 1956;2(4990):454-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.4990.454. PMid:13342513. PMCid:PMC2034830.
27. Prevention of whooping-cough by vaccination; a Medical Research Council investigation. Br Med J. 1951;1(4721):1463-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.4721.1463
28. Doull JA, Shibley GS, Haskin GE, Bancroft H, McClelland JE, Hoelscher H. Active immunization against pertussis: final report on the Cleveland immunizations of 1934-1935. Am J Dis Child. 1939;58(4):691-8.
29. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Minutes of meeting held on Monday, 11th November, 1968. London: Department of Health; 1968. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@ab/documents/digitalasset/dh_117620.pdf
30. Efficacy of whooping-cough vaccines used in the United Kingdom before 1968. A preliminary report to the Director of the Public Health Laboratory service by the Public Health Laboratory Service Whooping-Cough Committee and Working Party. Br Med J. 1969;4(5679):329-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.4.5679.329. PMid:4318320. PMCid:PMC1629570.
31. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation Minutes of meeting held on 5th November 1969, London: Department of Health; 1969. [Accessed 19 Sep 2013]. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120907090205/ http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@ab/documents/digitalasset/dh_117623.pdf
32. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Minutes of meeting held on 30 April 1974. London: Department of Health; 1974. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@ab/documents/digitalasset/dh_117597.pdf
33. Kulenkampff M, Schwartzman JS, Wilson J. Neurological complications of pertussis inoculation. Arch Dis Child. 1974;49(1):46-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.49.1.46. PMid:4818092. PMCid:PMC1648839.
34. Stewart GT. Vaccination against whooping-cough. Efficacy versus risks. Lancet. 1977;1(8005):234-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(77)91028-5
35. Miller CL, Fletcher WB. Severity of notified whooping cough. Br Med J. 1976;1(6002):117-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.6002.117
36. Gangarosa EJ, Galazka AM, Wolfe CR, Phillips LM, Gangarosa RE, Miller E, et al. Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: the untold story. Lancet. 1998;351(9099):356-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04334-1
37. Miller DL, Ross EM, Alderslade R, Bellman MH, Rawson NS. Pertussis immunisation and serious acute neurological illness in children. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;282(6276):1595-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.282.6276.1595
38. Miller DL, Alderslade R, Ross EM. Whooping cough and whooping cough vaccine: the risks and benefits debate. Epidemiol Rev. 1982;4:1-24. PMid:6128242.
39. Griffith AH. Permanent brain damage and pertussis vaccination: is the end of the saga in sight? Vaccine. 1989;7(3):199-210 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(89)90229-6
40. Miller D, Madge N, Diamond J, Wadsworth J, Ross E. Pertussis immunisation and serious acute neurological illnesses in children. BMJ. 1993;307(6913):1171-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.307.6913.1171. PMid:7504540. PMCid:PMC1679309.
41. McIntosh AM, McMahon J, Dibbens LM, Iona X, Mulley JC, Scheffer IE, et al. Effects of vaccination on onset and outcome of Dravet syndrome: a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(6):592-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70107-1
42. White JM, Fairley CK, Owen D, Matthews RC, Miller E. The effect of an accelerated immunisation schedule on pertussis in England and Wales. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev. 1996;6(6):R86-91. PMid:8664929.
43. Ramsay ME, Rao M, Begg NT, Redhead K, Attwell AM. Antibody response to accelerated immunisation with diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis vaccine. Lancet. 1993;342(8865):203-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)92298-8
44. Ramsay ME, Corbel MJ, Redhead K, Ashworth LA, Begg NT. Persistence of antibody after accelerated immunisation with diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccine. BMJ. 1991;302(6791):1489-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.302.6791.1489
45. Ramsay ME, Rao M, Begg NT. Symptoms after accelerated immunisation. BMJ. 1992;304(6841):1534-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6841.1534. PMid:1628051. PMCid:PMC1882405.
46. Jones AE, Johns A, Magrath DI, Melville-Smith M, Sheffield F. Durability of immunity to diphtheria, tetanus and poliomyelitis after a three dose immunization schedule completed in the first eight months of life. Vaccine. 1989;7(4):300-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(89)90189-8
47. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Minutes of the meeting held on Friday 3 November 1989 in room 83/84 Hannibal House at 10.30 am. London: Department of Health; 1989. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@ab/documents/digitalasset/dh_095205.pdf
48. Farrington P, Pugh S, Colville A, Flower A, Nash J, Morgan-Capner P, et al. A new method for active surveillance of adverse events from diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis and measles/ mumps/rubella vaccines. Lancet. 1995;345(8949):567-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90471-9
49. White JM, Hobday S, Begg NT. 'COVER' (cover of vaccination evaluated rapidly): 19. CDR (Lond Engl Rev). 1991;1(12):R140.
50. Resurgence of pertussis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 1994;69(13):95-8. PMid:8193014.
51. Miller E, Vurdien JE, White JM. The epidemiology of pertussis in England and Wales. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev. 1992;2(13):R152-4. PMid:1285134.
52. Miller E, White JM, Fairley CK. Pertussis vaccination. Lancet. 1994;344(8936):1575-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90385-9
53. Hallander HO, Gustafsson L. Efficacy and effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccines: a 20-year Swedish experience. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009;8(10):1303-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erv.09.88. PMid:19803750.
54. Gustafsson L, Hallander HO, Olin P, Reizenstein E, Storsaeter J. A controlled trial of a two-component acellular, a five-component acellular, and a whole-cell pertussis vaccine. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(6):349-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/ NEJM199602083340602. PMid:8538705.
55. Miller E. Public health implications: United Kingdom. Dev Biol Stand. 1997;89:367-8. PMid:9272373.
56. Whooping cough vaccine trial compares British whole cell vaccine and acellular vaccines. Commun Dis Rep CDR Wkly. 1997;7(21):181. PMid:9505458.
57. Fine PE, Clarkson JA. The recurrence of whooping cough: possible implications for assessment of vaccine efficacy. Lancet. 1982;1(8273):666-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92214-0
58. Miller E, Gay NJ. Epidemiological determinants of pertussis. Dev Biol Stand. 1997;89:15-23. PMid:9272331.
59. Van Buynder PG, Owen D, Vurdien JE, Andrews NJ, Matthews RC, Miller E. Bordetella pertussis surveillance in England and Wales: 1995-7. Epidemiol Infect. 1999;123(3):403-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268899003052. PMid:10694150. PMCid:PMC2810773.
60. Edmunds WJ, Brisson M, Melegaro A, Gay NJ. The potential cost-effectiveness of acellular pertussis booster vaccination in England and Wales. Vaccine. 2002;20(9-10):1316-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00473-X
61. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Minutes of the meeting held on Monday 9 October 2000. London: Department of Health; 2000. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@ab/documents/digitalasset/dh_117402.pdf
62. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Minutes of the meeting held on Friday 4 May 2001. London: Department of Health; 2001. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@ab/documents/digitalasset/dh_117380.pdf
63. NHS immunisation statistics, England 2000-01. London: Department of Health; Sep 2001. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4022636.pdf
64. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Minutes of the meeting held on 6 February 2004. London: Department of Health; 2004. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@ab/documents/digitalasset/dh_095072.pdf
65. Department of Health (DH). New vaccinations for the childhood immunisation programme. London: DH; 10 Aug 2004. Available from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4087347.pdf
66. Health Protection Agency (HPA). Quarterly vaccination coverage statistics for children aged up to five years in the UK (COVER programme): July to September 2011. Health protection report. 2011;5(50). London: HPA; 16 Dec 2011. Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2011/hpr5011.pdf
67. Health Protection Agency (HPA). Laboratory-confirmed cases of pertussis reported to the enhanced pertussis surveillance programme (England and Wales): Quarterly reports for July-September and October-December 2011; Annual report for 2011. Health protection report. 2012;6(8). London: HPA; 24 Feb 2012. Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2012/hpr0812.pdf
68. Amirthalingam G. Strategies to control pertussis in infants. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(7):552-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2012-302968. PMid:23698594.
69. Department of Health (DH). Pregnant women to be offered whooping cough vaccination. London: DH; 28 Sep 2012. News story. Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/2012/09/whooping-cough/
70. Public Health England (PHE). Laboratory confirmed cases of pertussis reported to the enhanced pertussis surveillance programme (England): April - June 2013. Health protection report. 7(34). London: PHE; 23 Aug 2013 Available from: http://www.hpa.org.uk/hpr/archives/2013/hpr3413.pdf
71. Campbell P, McIntyre P, Quinn H, Hueston L, Gilbert GL, McVernon J. Increased population prevalence of low pertussis toxin antibody levels in youngchildren preceding a record pertussis epidemic in Australia. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035874. PMid:22558249. PMCid:PMC3338806.
72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Pertussis epidemic--Washington, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Jul 20;61(28):517-22. PMid:22810264.
73. van der Maas NA, Mooi FR, de Greeff SC, Berbers GA, Spaendonck MA, de Melker HE. Pertussis in the Netherlands, is the current vaccination strategy sufficient to reduce disease burden in young infants? Vaccine. 2013. pii: S0264-410X(13)01046-3.
74. Skoff TH, Cohn AC, Clark TA, Messonnier NE, Martin SW. Early impact of the US Tdap vaccination program on pertussis trends. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166(4):344-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.1093. PMid:22213608.
75. Quinn HE, McIntyre PB. The impact of adolescent pertussis immunization, 2004 2009: lessons from Australia. Bull World Health Organ. 2011 Sep 1;89(9):666-74.
76. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI). Minutes of the meeting held on Thursday 30th August 2012 and post teleconference discussion. London: Department of Health; 2012. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/223497/JCVI_minutes_Aug_2012_Pertussis_-_final.pdf