Selection of experimental treatments, methods used and evolution of management guidelines for comparing and measuring three grazed farmlet systems

Animal Production Science

Volumn 53, Issue 7-8, 2013, Pages 628-642

  Scott, J M ^a   Gaden, C A ^b   Edwards, C ^c   Paull, D R ^d   Marchant, R ^c   Hoad, J ^a   Sutherland, H ^e   Coventry, T ^f   Dutton, P ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW ENGLAND   (Australia)

^b Beaumont   (Australia)

^c NSW DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES   (Australia)

^d CSIRO   (Australia)

^e Deeargee   (Australia)

^f Bailey Park   (Australia)

^g Wyanga   (Australia)

Author keywords

action learning; farming systems research; farmlet studies.

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FARMING SYSTEM; GRAZING MANAGEMENT; GUIDELINE; LIVESTOCK FARMING; PASTURE; PHOSPHORUS; RESEARCH WORK; SOIL FERTILITY; SOIL TEST; STOCKING DENSITY; SULFUR; SUSTAINABILITY;

AUSTRALIA; NEW SOUTH WALES; NORTHERN TABLELANDS;

EID: 84884536643     PISSN: 18360939     EISSN: 18365787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/AN12265     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Alford AR, Griffith GR, Davies BL (2003) 'Livestock farming systems in the Northern Tablelands of NSW: an economic analysis.' (NSW Agriculture: Orange) Available at http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/-data/assets/pdf-file/0004/146551/err- 12-Livestock-Farming-Systems-in-the-Northern-Tablelands-of-NSW.pdf [Verified 9 December 2012]
2. Andrew MH, Lodge GM (2003) The Sustainable Grazing Systems National Experiment. 1. Introduction and methods. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 695-709. doi:10.1071/EA02183 (Pubitemid 37261558)
3. Andrew MH, Lodge GM, Mason WK, Price RJ (2003) The Sustainable Grazing Systems National Experiment. 2. Scientific outcomes and effectiveness of the research and development processes. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 993-1013. doi:10.1071/EA03073 (Pubitemid 37261574)
4. Behrendt K, Scott JM, Mackay DF, MurisonR (2013) Comparing the climate experienced during the Cicerone farmlet experiment against the climatic record. Animal Production Science 53, 658-669. doi:10.1071/AN12300
5. Bell AK, Allan CJ (2000) PROGRAZE - an extension package in grazing and pasture management. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 325-330. doi:10.1071/EA98017 (Pubitemid 30343539)
6. Briske DD, Sayre NF, Huntsinger L, Fernandez-Gimenez M, Budd B, Derner JD (2011) Origin, persistence, and resolution of the rotational grazing debate: integratinghumandimensions into rangeland research. Rangeland Ecology and Management 64, 325-334. doi:10.2111/REM-D-10-00084.1
7. Bywater AC (1990) Exploitation of the systems approach in technical design of agricultural enterprises. In 'Systems theory applied to agriculture and the food chain'. (Eds J Jones, P Street) pp. 61-88. (Elsevier Applied Science: London)
8. Chapman DF, McCaskill MR, Quigley PE, Thompson AN, Graham JF, Borg D, Lamb J, Kearney G, Saul GR, Clark SG (2003) Effects of grazing method and fertiliser inputs on the productivity and sustainability of phalaris-based pastures in Western Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 785-798. doi:10.1071/EA02198 (Pubitemid 37261563)
9. Clark DA (2010) Contribution of farmlet scale research in New Zealand and Australia to improved dairy farming systems. In 'Proceedings of the 4th Australasian dairy science symposium'. Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand. (Eds GR Edwards, RH Bryant) pp. 112-124. (Caxton Press: Christchurch, New Zealand). Available at http://www.sciquest.org.nz/node/69343 [Verified 9 December 2012]
10. Cottle D, Gaden CA, Hoad J, Lance D, Smith J, Scott JM (2013) The effects of pasture inputs and intensive rotational grazing on superfine wool production, quality and income. Animal Production Science 53, 750-764. doi:10.1071/AN12289
11. Coventry T, Sutherland H, Waters M, Dutton P, Gream B, Croft R, Hall E, Paull DR, Edwards C, Marchant R, Smith P, Scott JM, Gaden C, Hoad J (2013) Reflections on the concept, conduct and findings of the producer-led Cicerone Project. Animal Production Science 53, 856-868. doi:10.1071/AN12292
12. Dowling PM, Kemp DR, Ball PD, Langford CM, Michalk DL, Millar GD, Simpson PC, Thompson RP (2005) Effect of continuous and timecontrol grazing on grassland components in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, 369-382. doi:10.1071/EA03104 (Pubitemid 40886518)
13. Earl J, Jones C (1996) The need for a new approach to grazing management -is cell grazing the answer? The Rangeland Journal 18, 327-350. doi:10.1071/RJ9960327
14. Edwards C, Gaden C, Marchant R, Coventry T, Dutton P, Scott JM (2013) Delivering extension and adult learning outcomes from the Cicerone Project by 'comparing, measuring, learning and adopting'. Animal Production Science 53, 827-840. doi:10.1071/AN11322
15. Gaden CA, Cheetham BF, Hall E, Green G, Katz ME (2013) Producerinitiated field research leads to a new diagnostic test for footrot. Animal Production Science 53, 610-617. doi:10.1071/AN11175
16. Garden DL, Lodge GM, Friend DA, Dowling PM, Orchard BA (2000) Effects of grazing management on botanical composition of native grass-based pastures in temperate south-east Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 225-245. doi:10.1071/EA98010 (Pubitemid 30343532)
17. GraingerC(1998)ABCFarms Final Report. Victorian Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Ellinbank, Victoria. 65 pp.
18. Guppy CN, Edwards C, Blair GJ, Scott JM (2013) Whole-farm management of soil nutrients drives productive grazing systems: the Cicerone farmlet experiment confirms earlier research. Animal Production Science 53, 649-657. doi:10.1071/AN12147
19. Hart RH, Samuel MJ, Test PS, Smith MA (1988) Cattle, vegetation, and economic responses to grazing systems and grazing pressure. Journal of Range Management 41, 282-286. doi:10.2307/3899379
20. Heitschmidt RK, Taylor CA (1991) Livestock production. In 'Grazing management - an ecological perspective'. (Eds RK Heitschmidt, JW Stuth) pp. 161-177. (Timber Press Inc.: Portland, OR)
21. Hinch GN, Hoad J, Lollback M, Hatcher S, Marchant R, Colvin A, Scott JM, Mackay D (2013) Livestock weights in response to three wholefarmlet management systems. Animal Production Science 53, 727-739. doi:10.1071/AN12201
22. Jones RM, Jones RJ, McDonald CK (1995) Some advantages of long-term grazing trials, with particular reference to changes in botanical composition. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, 1029-1038. doi:10.1071/EA9951029 (Pubitemid 26482629)
23. Kaine G, Doyle B, Sutherland H, Scott JM (2013) Surveying the management practices and research needs of graziers in the New England region of NewSouth Wales. Animal Production Science 53, 602-609. doi:10.1071/AN11170
24. Kemp DR (2000) Managing grassland composition with grazing. In 'Proceedings of the Bushcare grassy landscapes conference: balancing conservation and production in grassy landscapes'. Clare, SA. (Eds T Barlow, R Thorburn) pp. 145-152. (Environment Australia: Canberra) Available at http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.94.1734&rep= rep1&type=pdf#page=158 [Verified 9 December 2012]
25. Kemp DR, Michalk DL, Virgona JM (2000) Towards more sustainable pastures: lessons learnt. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 343-356. doi:10.1071/EA99001 (Pubitemid 30343541)
26. Keys MJ, Orchard PW (2000) The Prime Pasture Program - using marketing concepts to achieve technology transfer. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 541-546. doi:10.1071/EA99084 (Pubitemid 30610336)
27. LodgeGM, GardenDL(2000) Grazing management studies in the Temperate Pasture Sustainability Key Program: site descriptions, treatments and data collection. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, 133-141. doi:10.1071/EA98004 (Pubitemid 30343526)
28. McCosker T (2000) Cell grazing - the first 10 years in Australia. Tropical Grasslands 34, 207-218. (Pubitemid 32974144)
29. McLennan SR, Callaghan MJ, Swain AJ, Kidd JF (2011) Effect of monensin inclusion in supplements for cattle consuming low quality tropical forage. Animal Production Science 52, 624-629.
30. Morley FHW, Spedding CRW (1968) Agricultural systems and grazing experiments. Herbage Abstracts 38, 279-287.
31. Murison R, Scott JM (2013) Statistical methodologies for drawing causal inference from an unreplicated farmlet experiment conducted by the Cicerone Project. Animal Production Science 53, 643-648. doi:10.1071/AN11331
32. Murtagh G (1975) The need for alternative techniques of productivity assessment in grazing experiments. Tropical Grasslands 9, 151-158.
33. Norton BE (1998) The application of grazing management to increase sustainable livestock production. In 'Animal production in Australia'. Armidale, NSW22. pp. 15-26. (Australian Society of Animal Production: Armidale, NSW) Available at http://www.asap.asn.au/livestocklibrary/1998/MCCMONT.PDF [Verified 11 January 2013]
34. Norton BE (2008) Grazing research and grazing management: where theory meets reality. In 'Strategy vs. system: grazing for desired outcomes'. Ft Collins, Colorado Section. (Society for Range Management: Wheat Ridge, CO) Available at http://www.rangelands.org/svsvideos/[Verified 9 December 2012]
35. Reid N, Reid J, Hoad J, Green S, Chamberlain G, Scott JM (2013) Five-year survival and growth of farm forestry plantings of native trees and radiate pine in pasture affected by position in the landscape. Animal Production Science 53, 817-826. doi:10.1071/AN11247
36. Sanjari G, Ghadiri H, Ciesiolka CAA, Yu B (2008) Comparing the effects of continuous and time-controlled grazing systems on soil characteristics in Southeast Queensland. Australian Journal of Soil Research 46, 348-358. doi:10.1071/SR07220 (Pubitemid 351881735)
37. Saul GR, Chapman DF (2002) Grazing methods, productivity and sustainability for sheep and beef pastures in temperate Australia. Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding 50, 449-464. (Pubitemid 36242671)
38. SavoryA(1983) The savory grazing method or holistic resource management. Rangelands 5, 155-159.
39. Scott JM, Lord CJ (2003)SGSdatabase: use of relational databases to enhance data management for multi-site experiments. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 729-743. doi:10.1071/EA02215 (Pubitemid 37261560)
40. Scott JF, Scott JM, Cacho OJ (2013a) Whole-farm returns show true profitability of three different livestock management systems. Animal Production Science 53, 780-787. doi:10.1071/AN11248
41. Scott JM, Munro M, Rollings N, Browne W, Vickery PJ, Macgregor C, Donald GE, Sutherland H (2013b) Planning for whole-farm systems research at a credible scale: subdividing land into farmlets with equivalent initial conditions. Animal Production Science 53, 618-627. doi:10.1071/AN11176
42. Shakhane LM, Mulcahy C, Scott JM, Hinch GN, Donald GE, Mackay DF (2013a) Pasture herbage mass, quality and growth in response to three whole-farmlet management systems. Animal Production Science 53, 685-698. doi:10.1071/AN12262
43. Shakhane LM, Scott JM, Murison R, Mulcahy C Hinch GN, Morrow A, Mackay DF (2013b) Changes in botanical composition on three farmlets subjected to different pasture and grazing management strategies. Animal Production Science 53, 670-684. doi:10.1071/AN11177
44. Spedding CRW, Brockington NR (1976) Guest editorial: the study of ecosystems. Agro-ecosystems 2, 165-172. doi:10.1016/0304-3746(76)90158-X
45. Sutherland H, Scott JM, Gray GD, Woolaston RR (2013) Creating the Cicerone Project: seeking closer engagement between livestock producers, research and extension. Animal Production Science 53, 593-601. doi:10.1071/AN11162
46. Tanaka DL, Karn JF, Scholljegerdes EJ (2008) Integrated crop/livestock systems research: practical research considerations. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23, 80-86. doi:10.1017/S1742170507 002165 (Pubitemid 351330686)
47. Walkden-Brown SW, Colvin AF, Hall E, Knox MR, Mackay DF, Scott JM (2013) Grazing systems and worm control in sheep: a long-term case study involving three management systems with analysis of factors influencing faecal worm egg count. Animal Production Science 53, 765-779. doi:10.1071/AN13037
48. Waller RA, Sale PWG, Saul GR, Kearney GA (2001) Tactical versus continuous stocking in perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pastures grazed by sheep in south-western Victoria - 1. Stocking rates and herbage production. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 1099-1108. doi:10.1071/EA01017 (Pubitemid 34063232)