Evaluating trauma debriefing within the UK prison service

Journal of Forensic Practice

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 281-290

  Ruck, Sharon ^a   Bowes, Nicola ^b   Tehrani, Noreen ^c  

^a National Probation Service   (United Kingdom)

^b CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c Professional Development Foundation   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Debriefing; Evaluation; Prison service; Traumatic stress; UK

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRITICAL INCIDENT DEBRIEF; DEPRESSION; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; LIFE STRESS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; PSYCHOTHERAPY; UNITED KINGDOM; WORKPLACE;

EID: 84884510373     PISSN: 20508794     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/JFP-09-2012-0018     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Adler, A.B., Litz, B.T., Castro, C.A., Suvak, M., Thomas, J.L., Burrell, L., McGurk, D., Wright, K.M., Bliese, P.D. (2008), "A group randomized trial of critical incident stress debriefing provided to U.S. peacekeepers" in Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 21, pp. 253-263.
2. Al-Naser, F., Everly, G.S. Jr (1999), "Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder among Kuwaiti firefighters" in International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 99-101.
3. American Psychiatric Association (2000), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, 4th ed., text revision.
4. American Psychiatric Association (2012), Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, available at: www.apa.org/topics/ptsd/index.aspx (accessed 25 September 2012).
5. Andrews, L., Joseph, S., Shevlin, M., Troop, N. (2006), "Confirmatory factor analysis of posttraumatic stress symptoms in emergency personnel: an examination of seven alternative models" in Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 213-24.
6. Bisson, J.I., Jenkins, P.L., Alexander, J., Bannister, C. (1997), "Randomised controlled trial of psychological debriefing for victims of acute burn trauma" in The British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 171, No. 1, pp. 78-81.
7. British Psychological Society (2002), Psychological Debriefing, British Psychological Society, Leicester.
8. Burke, R.J. (1994), "Stressful events, work-family conflict, coping, psychological burnout, and well-being among police officers" in Psychological Reports, Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 787-800.
9. Conlon, L., Fahy, T.J., Conroy, R. (1999), "PTSD in ambulant RTA victims: a randomized controlled trial of debriefing" in Journal of Psychosomatic Research, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 37-44, Also published data in National Institute of Clinical Excellence (2006, appendix 14).
10. Corneil, D.W. (1993), "Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorders in a metropolitan fire department", unpublished doctoral dissertation, Johns 23 Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. In Mitchell (2004).
11. Corniel, W., Beaton, R., Murphy, S., Johnson, C., Pike, K. (1999), "Exposure to traumatic incidents and prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in urban firefighters in two countries" in Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 131-41.
12. Deahl, M., Srinivasan, M., Jones, N., Thomas, J., Neblett, C., Jolly, A. (2000), "Preventing psychological trauma in soldiers. The role of operational stress training and psychological debriefing" in British Journal of Medical Psychology, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 77-85.
13. Dhani, A. (2012), "Police service strength: England and Wales", Home Office Statistical Bulletin, HOSB, UK Government, available at: www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/police-research/hosb0912/hosb0912?view=Binary (accessed 25 September 2012).
14. Dolan, L., Bowyer, D., Freeman, C., Little, K. (1996), "Critical incident stress debriefing after trauma: is it effective?", unpublished data in National Institute of Clinical Excellence (2006, appendix 14).
15. Dyregrov, A. (1997), "The process in psychological debriefings" in Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 589-605.
16. Dyregrov, A. (1998), "Psychological debriefing: an effective method?" in Traumatology, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 6-15, available at: www.fsu.edu/~trauma/art1v4i2.html (accessed 1 May 2007).
17. Dyregrov, A., Regel, S. (2012), "Early interventions following exposure to traumatic events: implications for practice from recent research" in Journal of Loss and Trauma, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 271-91.
18. Field, A. (2009), Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, Sage, London, 3rd ed.
19. Goldberg, D.P. (1971), The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire, Oxford University Press, London.
20. Hawker, D.M., Durkin, J., Hawker, D.S.J. (2010), "To debrief or not to debrief our heros: that is the question" in Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 439-558.
21. Hedin, H., Haas, A.P. (1991), "Suicide and guilt as manifestations of PTSD in Vietnam combat veterans" in American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 148, No. 5, pp. 586-91.
22. Kinder, A., Hughes, R., Cooper, C.L. (2008), "Employee Well-Being Support: A Workplace Resource", John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.
23. Lee, C., Slade, P., Lygo, V. (1996), "The influence of psychological debriefing on emotional adaptation in women following early miscarriage: a preliminary study" in British Journal of Medical Psychology, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 47-58.
24. Mayou, R.A., Black, J., Bryant, B. (2000), "Unconsciousness, amnesia and psychiatric symptoms following road traffic accident injury" in British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 177, No. 6, pp. 540-5.
25. Mitchell, J.T. (1983), "When disaster strikes: the critical incident stress debriefing process" in Journal of Emergency Medical Services, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 36-9.
26. Mitchell, J.T., Bray, G.P. (1990), Emergency Services Stress: Guidelines for Preserving the Health and Careers of Emergency Services Personnel, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
27. Mitchell, J.T., Everly, G.S. (1996), Critical Incident Stress Debriefing: An Operations Manual, Chevron, Ellicott City, MD.
28. National Institute of Clinical Excellence (2006), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder; The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care. National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 26, Gaskell and The British Psychological Society, Trowbridge, UK.
29. Nurmi, L. (1999), "The sinking of the Estonia: the effects of critical incident stress debriefing on rescuers" in International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 23-32.
30. Payne, E., Watt, A., Rogers, P., McMurran, M. (2008), "Offence characteristics, trauma histories and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in life sentenced prisoners" in The British Journal of Forensic Practice, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 17-25.
31. Ravenscroft, T. (1994), Going Critical: GMB/Apex and T&G Unions 1994 Survey of Occupational Stress Factors in Accident and Emergency Staff in the London Ambulance Service, GMB/Apex and T&G Unions, London.
32. Regel, S. (2007), "Post-trauma support in the workplace: the current status and practice of critical incident stress management (CISM) and psychological debriefing within organisations in the UK" in Occupational Medicine, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 411-15.
33. Robinson, H., Sigman, M., Wilson, J. (1997), "Duty-related stressors and PTSD symptoms in suburban police officer" in Psychological Reports, Vol. 81, No. 3, pp. 835-45.
34. Robinson, R. (1994), Follow-Up Study of Health and Stress in Ambulance Services, Victoria, Australia, Part, Victorian Ambulance Crisis Counselling Unit, Melbourne.
35. Robson, C. (2002), Real World Research, Blackwell, Oxford, 2nd ed.
36. Rose, S., Brewin, C.R., Andrews, B., Kirk, M. (1999), "A randomized controlled trial of individual psychological debriefing for victims of violent crime" in Psychological Medicine, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 793-9.
37. Rosine, L. (1992), "Exposure to Critical Incidents: what are the effects on canadian correctional officers?" in CSC Forum, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 31-36.
38. Shalev, A.Y., Peri, T., Rogel-Fuchs, Y., Ursano, R.J., Marlowe, D. (1998), "Historical group debriefing after combat exposure" in Military Medicine, Vol. 163, No. 7, pp. 494-8.
39. Spitzer, C., Dudeck, M., Liss, H., Orlob, S., Gillner, M., Freyberger, H.J. (2001), "Post-traumatic stress disorder in forensic inpatients" in The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 63-77.
40. Tehrani, N. (1995), "An integrated response to trauma in three post office businesses" in Work and Stress, Vol. 19, pp. 380-93.
41. Tehrani, N. (2011), Managing Trauma in the Workplace: Supporting Workers and Organisations, Routledge, London.
42. Tehrani, N., Cox, T., Cox, S. (2002), "Assessing the impact of stressful events in organisations: the development of an extended impact of events scale" in Counselling Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 191-200.
43. Tehrani, N., Walpole, O., Berriman, J., Reilly, J. (2001), "A special courage: dealing with the Paddington rail crash" in Occupational Medicine, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 93-9.
44. Thompson, J., Suzuki, I. (1991), "Stress in ambulance workers" in Disaster Management, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 193-7.
45. Van Emmerik, A.A.P., Kamphuis, J.H., Hulsbosch, A.M., Emmelkamp, P.M.G. (2002), "Single session debriefing after psychological trauma: a metaanalysis" in The Lancet, Vol. 360, No. 9335, pp. 766-71.
46. Wee, D.F., Mills, D.M., Koelher, G. (1999), "The effects of critical incident stress debriefing on emergency medical services personnel following the Los Angeles civil disturbance" in International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 33-8.
47. World Health Organization (WHO) (1992), International Classification of Disease, Mental and Behavioral Disorders, WHO, Geneva, 10th ed.
48. Campfield, K., Hills, A. (2001), "Effect of timing of Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) on posttraumatic symptoms" in Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 327-40.
49. Carlier, I.V.A., Lamberts, R.D., Gersons, B.P.R. (1997), "Risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in police officers: a prospective analysis" in Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 185, No. 8, pp. 498-506.
50. Everly, G.S. Jr, Flannery, R.B. Jr, Eyler, V., Mitchell, J.T. (2001), "Sufficiency analysis of an integrated multicomponent approach to crisis intervention: critical incident stress management" in Advances in Mind-Body Medicine, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 174-83.
51. Mitchell, J.T. (2004), "Crisis intervention and critical incident stress management: a defense of the field", available at: www.icisf.org/articles/Acrobat%20Documents/CISM_Defense_of_Field.pdf (accessed 22 February 2007).
52. Piotrkowski, C.S., Brannen, S.J. (2002), "Exposure, threat appraisal, and lost confidence as predictors of PTSD symptoms following September 11, 2001" in American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 72, No. 7, pp. 476-85.
53. Rick, J., Briner, R. (2004), "Trauma management vs stress debriefing. What should responsible organizations do?" in Journal of Counseling at Work, Vol. 2, pp. 25-30.
54. Rose, S., Bisson, J., Wessely, S. (2004), "Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)", Cochrane review CD000560, Cochrane Library, Issue 3, John Wiley, Chichester, available at: www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab000560 doi 10.1002/14651858 (accessed 15 August 2013).
55. Taylor, S., Kuch, K., Koch, Crockett, D., Passey, G. (1998), "The structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms" in Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 154-60.