The Late Holocene Dry Period: Multiproxy evidence for an extended drought between 2800 and 1850calyr BP across the central Great Basin, USA

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 78, Issue , 2013, Pages 266-282

  Mensing, Scott A ^a   Sharpe, Saxon E ^b   Tunno, Irene ^c   Sada, Don W ^b   Thomas, Jim M ^b   Starratt, Scott ^d   Smith, Jeremy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b DESERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TUSCIA   (Italy)

^d U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dipole; Drought; ENSO; Great Basin; Holocene; Mollusks; Pollen

Indexed keywords

DIPOLE; ENSO; GREAT BASIN; HOLOCENES; MOLLUSKS; POLLEN;

CLIMATOLOGY; MOLLUSCS; SEDIMENTS;

DROUGHT;

CLIMATE VARIATION; DIATOM; DROUGHT; HOLOCENE; MEADOW; MOLLUSC; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOECOLOGY; POLLEN; PROXY CLIMATE RECORD;

GREAT BASIN; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84884382695     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.010     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Adams K.D. Late Holocene sedimentary environments and lake-level fluctuations at Walker Lake, Nevada, USA. GSA Bull. 2007, 119:126-139.
2. Alden J., Hermann R.K. Aspects of the cold-hardness mechanism in plants. Bot. Rev. 1971, 37:37-142.
3. Barron J.A., Anderson L. Enhanced Late Holocene ENSO/PDO expression along the margins of the eastern North Pacific. Quat. Int. 2011, 235:3-12.
4. Battarbee R.A. Diatom analysis. Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology 1986, 527-570. John Wiley & Sons, New York. B.E. Berglund (Ed.).
5. Benson L.V., Meyers P.A., Spencer R.J. Change in the size of Walker Lake during the past 5000 years. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1991, 81:189-214.
6. Benson L., Kashgarian M., Rye R., Lund S., Paillet F., Smoot J., Kester C., Mensing S., Meko D., Lindstrom S. Holocene multidecadal and multicentennial droughts affecting Northern California and Nevada. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2002, 21:659-682.
7. Benson L., Klieforth H. Stable isotopes in precipitation and ground water in the Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada: paleoclimatic implications. Geophysical Monograph 1989, vol. 55:41-59. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. D.H. Peterson (Ed.).
8. Bequaert J.C., Miller W.B. The Mollusks of the Arid Southwest with an Arizona Checklist 1973, 271. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
9. Birks H.J.B., Gordon A.D. Numerical Methods in Quaternary Pollen Analysis 1985, Academic Press, London.
10. Blaauw M. Methods and code for 'classical' age-modelling of radiocarbon sequences. Quat. Geochronol. 2010, 5:512-518.
11. Bowerman N.D., Clark D.H. Holocene glaciation of the central Sierra Nevada, California. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30:1067-1085.
12. Bradbury J.P. Late Holocene diatom paleolimnology of Walker Lake, Nevada. Arch. Hydrobiol. 1987, 1:1-27. Suppl.79, Monographische Beitrage.
13. Bradbury J.P., Forester R.M., Thompson R.S. Late Quaternary paleolimnology of Walker Lake, Nevada. J.Paleolimnol. 1989, 1:249-267.
14. Broughton J.M., Madsen D.B., Quade J. Fish remains from Homestead Cave and lake levels of the past 13,000 years in the Bonneville Basin. Quat. Res. 2000, 53:392-401.
15. Burch J.B. Freshwater Sphaeriacean Clams (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) of North America 1975, 96. Museum and Department of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
16. Burch J.B. North American Freshwater Snails 1989, 365. Hamburg, Malacological Publications, Hamburg, MI.
17. Castelli R.M., Chambers J.C., Tausch R.J. Soil-plant relations along a soil-water gradient in Great Basin riparian meadows. Wetlands 2000, 20:251-266.
18. Cayan D.R., Redmond K.T. ENSO influences on atmospheric circulation and precipitation in the western United States. Interagency Ecological Studies Program for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary, Sacramento, CA 1994, 5-26. K.T. Redmond, V.L. Tharp (Eds.).
19. Chamberlin R.V., Jones D.T. The Mollusca of Utah. Biological Series 1929, vol. 1 (1):203. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 19(4), University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
20. Charlet D. Atlas of Nevada Conifers 1996, 320. University of Nevada Press, Reno.
21. Clarke A.H. The Freshwater Molluscs of Canada 1981, 446. Ottawa, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Can.
22. Cole K.L., Fisher J.F., Ironside K., Mead J.I., Koehler P. The biogeographic histories of Pinus edulis and Pinus monophylla over the last 50,000 years. Quat. Int. 2012, 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.04.037.
23. Cumming B.F., Wilson S.E., Hall R.J., Smol J.P. Diatoms from British Columbia (Canada) Lakes and Their Relationship to Salinity, Nutrients and Other Limnological Variables. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 1995, vol. 31:207.
24. Currey D.R. Quaternary paleolakes in the evolution of semidesert basins, with special emphasis on Lake Bonneville and the Great Basin, U.S.A. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1990, 76:189-214.
25. Currey D.R., James S.R. Paleoenvironments of the Northeastern Great Basin and Northeastern basin rim region: a review of geological and biological evidence. Society of American Archaeological Papers 1982, vol. 2:27-52. D.B. Madsen, J.F. O'Connell (Eds.).
26. Davis O.K. Pollen analysis of a late-glacial and Holocene sediment core from Mono Lake, Mono County, California. Quat. Res. 1999, 52:243-249.
27. Dean W.E. Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments by loss on ignition comparison to other methods. J.Sediment. Petrol. 1974, 44:242-248.
28. Dettinger M.D., Cayan D.R., Diaz H.F., Meko D.M. North-south precipitation patterns in western North America on interannual-to-decadal timescales. J.Clim. 1998, 11:3095-3111.
29. Ely L.L., Enzel Y., Baker V.R., Cayan D.R. A5000-year record of extreme floods and climate change in the Southwestern United States. Science 1993, 262:410-412.
30. Faegri K., Iversen J. Textbook of Pollen Analysis 1985, Hafner Press, New York. fourth ed.
31. Flechtner V.R., Johansen J.R., Clark W.H. Algal composition of microbiotic crusts from the Central Desert of Baja California, Mexico. Great Basin Nat. 1998, 5:295-311.
32. Flechtner V.R., Johansen J.R., Belknap J. The biological soil crusts of the San Nicolas Island: enigmatic algae from a geographically isolated ecosystem. Western N. Am. Nat. 2008, 68:405-436.
33. Gasse F. East African Diatoms: Taxonomy, Ecological Distribution. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 1986, vol. 11:1-201.
34. Gates J.S. Effects of Climatic Extremes on Ground Water in Western Utah, 1930-2005 2007, 10. USGS, Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5045.
35. Gershunov A., Barnett T.P. Interdecadal modulation of ENSO teleconnections. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 1998, 79:2715-2725.
36. Graham N.E. Late-Holocene teleconnections between tropical Pacific climatic variability and precipitation in the western USA: evidence from proxy records. Holocene 2004, 14:436-447.
37. Graumlich L.J. A1000-yr record of temperature and precipitation in the Sierra Nevada. Quat. Res. 1993, 39:249-255.
38. Grayson D.K. Mammalian responses to Middle Holocene climatic change in the Great Basin of the western United States. J.Biogeogr. 2000, 27:181-192.
39. Grayson D.K. The Great Basin: a Natural Prehistory 2011, 875. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
40. Hallett D.J., Hills L.V., Clague J.J. New accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon ages for the Mazama tephra layer from Kootenay National Park, British Columbia, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 1997, 34:1202-1209.
41. Harding S.T. Recent Variations in the Water Supply of the Great Basin. Archives Series Report 1965, vol. 16. University of California, Berkeley.
42. Haynes C.V. Quaternary geology of the Tule springs area, Clark County, Nevada. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers 1967, vol. 13:15-104. Carson City, NV. H.M. Wormington, D. Ellis (Eds.).
43. Henderson J. Mollusca of Colorado, Utah, Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming-Supplement Jan 1936, vol. 23 (2):81-145. The University of Colorado Studies.
44. Hershey R.L., Lyles B.F., Earman S., Thomas J.M., Lundmark K.W. Ground-water Chemistry Interpretations Supporting the Basin and Range Regional Carbonate-rock Aquifer System (BARCAS) Study, Eastern Nevada and Western Utah 2007, 106. University of Nevada, Desert Research Institute Publication No. 41230.
45. Hershler R. Asystematic review of the Hydrobiid Snails (Gastropoda: Rissooidea) of the Great Basin, Western United States. Part 1. Genus Pyrgulopsis. Veliger 1998, 41:1-132.
46. Hershler R., Sada D.W. Springsnails (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) of ash meadows, Amargosa basin, California-Nevada. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 1987, 100:776-843.
47. Hershler R. Asystematic review of the hydrobiid snails (Gastropoda: Rissooidea) of the Great Basin, western United States. Part II. Genera Colligyrus, Eremopygrus, Fluminicola, Prinstinicola, and Tryonia. Veliger 1999, 42:306-337.
48. Hershler R., Liu H.-P. Ancient vicariance and recent dispersal of springsnails (Hydrobiidae: Pyrgulopsis) in Death Valley system, California-Nevada. Geological Society of America Special Paper 2008, vol. 439:91-102. M.C. Reheis, R. Hershler, D.M. Miller (Eds.).
49. Hershler R., Liu H.-S., Sada D.W. Origin and diversification of the Soldier Meadow springsnails (Hydrobiidae: Pyrgulopsis), a species floc in the northwestern Great Basin, United States. J.Molluscan Stud, 2007, 73:167-183.
50. Johansen J.R., Rushforth S.R., Brotherson J.D. Sub-aerial Algae of Navajo National Monument, Arizona. Great Basin Naturalist 1981, 41:433-439.
51. Johansen J.R., St.Clair L.L., Webb B.L., Nebeker G.T. Recovery patterns of cryptogamic crusts in desert rangelands following fire disturbance. Bryologist 1984, 87:238-243.
52. Kaczmarska I., Rushforth S.R. Diatom associations in Blue Lake warm spring, Tooele County, Utah, U.S.A. Proceedings of the Seventh International Diatom Symposium 1984, 345-358. Otto Koeltz-Science Publishers, Koenigstein, Germany. D.G. Mann (Ed.).
53. Kapp R.O., Davis O.K., King J.E. Ronald O. Kapp's Pollen and Spores 2000, American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, College Station, TX. second ed.
54. Kennett D.J., Kennett J.P., Erlandson J.M., Cannariato K.G. Human responses to Middle Holocene climate change on California's Channel Islands. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2007, 26:351-367.
55. Kirby M.E., Lund S.P., Patterson W.P., Anderson M.A., Bird B.W., Ivanovici L., Monarrez P., Nielsen S. AHolocene record of Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)-related hydrologic variability in Southern California (Lake Elsinore, CA). J.Paleolimnol. 2010, 44:819-839.
56. Kirby M.E., Zimmerman S.R.H., Patterson W.P., Rivera J.J. A9170-year record of decadal-to-multi-centennial scale pluvial episodes from the coastal Southwest United States: a role for atmospheric rivers?. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2012, 46:57-65.
57. Kleppe J.A., Brothers D.S., Kent G.M., Biondi F., Jensen S., Driscoll N.W. Duration and severity of Medieval drought in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30:3269-3279.
58. Krammer K. Die cymbelloiden Diatomeen. Eine Monographie der weltweit bekannten Taxa. Teil 1. Allgemeines und Encyonema part. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 1997, vol. 36:1-382.
59. Krammer K. Die cymbelloiden Diatomeen. Eine Monographie der weltweit bekannten Taxa. Teil 2. Encyonema part. Encyonopsis und Cymbellopsis. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 1997, vol. 37:1-469.
60. Krammer K. Diatom of Europe. DIatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats. The Genus Pinnularia 2000, vol. 1. Koeltz Scientific Books, Germany.
61. Krammer K. Diatoms of Europe. Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats. Cymbella 2002, vol. 3. Gantner Verlag K.G, Ruggell.
62. Krammer K., Lange-Bertalot H. Bacillariophyceae. 1. Teil: Naviculaceae. Süsswasser flora von Mitteleuropa 1986, Band 2/1. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York.
63. Krammer K., Lange-Bertalot H. Bacillariophyceae. 2. Teil: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa 1988, Band 2/2. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena.
64. Krammer K., Lange-Bertalot H. Bacillariophyceae. 3. Teil: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa 1991, Band 2/3. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena.
65. Krammer K., Lange-Bertalot H. Bacillariophyceae. 4. Teil: Achnanthaceae, Kritische Ergänzungen zu Navicula (Lineolatae) und Gomphonema, Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis Teil 1-4. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa 1991, Band 2/4. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena.
66. LaMarche V. Holocene climatic variations inferred from treeline fluctuations in the White Mountains, California. Quat. Res. 1973, 3:632-660.
67. LaMarche V., Mooney H.A. Recent climatic change and development of the Bristlecone Pine (P.longaeva Bailey) Krummholz Zone, Mt. Washington, Nevada. Arct. Alpine Res. 1972, 4:61-72.
68. Lange-Bertalot H. Diatoms of Europe. Diatoms of the European Inland Waters and Comparable Habitats. Navicula sensu stricto. 10 Genera Separated from Navicula sensu lato. Frustulia 2001, vol. 2. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag K.G, Ruggell.
69. Lange-Bertalot H., Krammer K. Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 1987, vol. 15:1-289.
70. Lange-Bertalot H., Krammer K. Achnanthes eine Monographie der Gattungen. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 1989, vol. 18:1-393.
71. Lindström S. Submerged tree stumps as indicators of mid-Holocene aridity in the Lake Tahoe region. J.Calif. G. B. Anthropol. 1990, 12:146-157.
72. Louderback L.A., Rhode D.E. 15,000 years of vegetation change in the Bonneville basin: the Blue Lake pollen record. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2009, 28:308-326.
73. Lowe R.L. Environmental Requirements and Pollution Tolerance of Freshwater Diatoms 1974, National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report EPA-670/4-74-005.
74. Lowry J.H., Ramsey R.D., Boykin K., Bradford D., Comer P., Falzarano S., Kepner W., Kirby J., Langs L., Prior-Magee J., Manis G., O'Brien L., Sajway T., Thomas K.A., Reith W., Schrader S., Schrupp D., Schulz K., Thompson B., Velasquez C., Wallace C., Waller E., Wolk B. Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Project: Final Report on Land Cover Mapping Methods 2005, RS/GIS Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
75. Lundmark K.W., Pohll G.M., Carroll R.W.H. ASteady-state Water Budget Accounting Model for the Carbonate Aquifer System in White Pine County, Nevada, and Adjacent Areas in Nevada and Utah 2007, 56. University of Nevada, Desert Research Institute Publication 41235.
76. Madsen D., Rhode D., Grayson D., Broughton J., Livingston S., Hunt J., Quade J., Schmitt D., Shaver M. Late Quaternary environmental change in the Bonneville Basin western USA. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 2001, 167:243-271.
77. Madsen D.B., Currey D.R. Late Quaternary glacial and vegetation changes, Little Cottonwood Canyon are, Wasatch Mountains, Utah. Quat. Res. 1979, 12:254-270.
78. Mankinen E.A., Roberts C.W., McKee E.D., Chuchel B.A., Moring B.C. Geophysical Data from the Spring and Snake Valleys Area, Nevada and Utah 2006, 36. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1160.
79. McCabe D.J. Biological communities in springbrooks. Studies in Crenobiology. The Biology of Springs and Springbrooks 1998, 221-228. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. L. Botosaneau (Ed.).
80. McCabe G.J., Betancourt J.L., Gray S.T., Palecki M.A., Hidalgo H.G. Associations of multi-decadal sea-surface temperature variability with US drought. Quat. Int. 2008, 188:31-40.
81. McKenzie J.A., Eberli G.P. Indications of abrupt Holocene climate change: Late Holocene oxygen isotope stratigraphy of the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Abrupt Climate Change 1987, 127-136. Riedel Publishing Co. W.H. Berger, L.D. Labeyrie (Eds.).
82. Meko D., Therrel M., Baisan C., Hughes M. Sacramento River flow reconstructed to A.D. 869 from tree rings. J.Am. Water Res. Assoc. 2001, 37:1029-1039.
83. Mehringer P.J. Great Basin late Quaternary environments and chronology. Models of Great Basin Prehistory 1977, 113-167. Desert Research Institute Publications in Social Science, University of Nevada, Reno 12. D.D. Fowler (Ed.).
84. Mehringer P.J. Late-Quaternary pollen records from the Interior Pacific Northwest and Northern Great Basin of the United States. Pollen Records of Late-Quaternary North American Sediments 1985, 167-189. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, Dallas. V.M. Bryant, R.G. Holloway (Eds.).
85. Mensing S., Benson L., Kashgarian M., Lund S. AHolocene pollen record of persistent droughts from Pyramid Lake, Nevada, USA. Quat. Res. 2004, 62:29-38.
86. Mensing S.A., Smith J., Allan M., Norman K.B. Extended drought in the Great Basin western North America in the last two millennia reconstructed from pollen records. Quat. Int. 2007, 188:79-89.
87. Miller J., House K., Germanoski D., Tausch R., Chambers J. Fluvial geomorphic responses to Holocene climate change. Great Basin Riparian Ecosystems: Ecology, Management and Restoration 2004, 49-87. Island Press, Covelo, CA. J.C. Chambers, J.R. Miller (Eds.).
88. Milspaugh S.H., Whitlock S., Bartlein P.J. Variations in fire frequency and climate over the past 17 000 yr in central Yellowstone National Park. Geology 2000, 28:211-214.
89. Minckley T.A., Whitlock C., Bartlein P.J. Vegetation, fire and climate history of the northwestern Great Basin during the last 14,000 years. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2007, 26:2167-2184.
90. Mitchell V.L. The regionalization of climate in the Western United States. J.Appl. Meteorol. 1976, 15:920-927.
91. Moore P.D., Webb J.A. An Illustrated Guide to Pollen Analysis 1978, Wiley and Sons, New York.
92. Moser K.A., Kimball J.P. 19,000-year Record of Hydrologic and Climatic Change Inferred from Diatoms from Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho 2009, 229-246. GSA Special Paper 450.
93. Mundorf J.C. Nonthermal Springs of Utah. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Water Resources Bulletin 1971, vol. 16:70.
94. Oviatt C.G. Late Pleistocene and Holocene fluctuations in the Sevier Lake Basin, Utah, USA. J.Paleolimnol. 1988, 1:9-21.
95. Pilsbry H.A. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). The Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences Monographs Number 3, Philadelphia 1948, vol. II (2):521-1113.
96. Plume R.W. Hydrogeologic Framework of the Great Basin Region of Nevada, Utah, and Adjacent States 1996, 64. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409-B.
97. Potapova M.G., Charles D.F. Benthic diatoms in USA rivers: distribution along spatial and environmental gradients. J. Biogeogr. 2002, 29:167-187.
98. Quade J., Forester R.M., Pratt W.L., Carter C. Black mats, spring-fed streams, and Late-Glacial-Age recharge in the Southern Great Basin. Quat. Res. 1998, 49:129-148.
99. Redmond K.T., Koch R.W. Surface climate and streamflow variability in the western United States and their relationship to large-scale circulation indices. Water Resour. Res. 1991, 27:2381-2399.
100. Reimer P.J., Baillie M.G.L., Bard E., Bayliss A., Beck J.W., Blackwel P.G., Bronk Ramsey C., Buck C.E., Burr G.S., Edwards R.L., Friedrich M., Grootes P.M., Guilderson T.P., Hajdas I., Heaton T.J., Hogg A.G., Hughen K.A., Kaiser K.F., Kromer B., McCormac F.G., Manning S.W., Reimer R.W., Richards D.A., Southon J.R., Talamo S., Turney C.S.M., van der Plicht J., Weyhenmeyer C.E. INTCAL 2009 dataset. Radiocarbon 2009, 51:1111-1150.
101. Reinemann S.A., Porinchu S.F., Bloom A.M., Mark B.G., Box J.E. Amulti-proxy paleolimnological reconstruction of Holocene climate conditions in the Great Basin, United States. Quat. Res. 2009, 72:347-358.
102. Rhode D., Madsen D.B. Pine nut use in the early Holocene and beyond: the Danger Cave archaeobotanical record. J.Archaeol. Sci. 1998, 25:1199-1210.
103. Round F., Bukhtiyarova L. Four new genera based on Achnanthes (Achnanthidium), together with a redefinition of Achnanthidium. Diatom Res. 1996, 11(2):345-361.
104. Sada D.W., Herbst D.B. Ecology of Aquatic Macroinvertebrates in Travertine and Nevares Springs, Death Valley National Park, California, with an Examination of Diversion Effects on Their Abundance and Community Structure 2006, (Unpublished report to U.S. National Park Service, Death Valley National Park).
105. Schmitt D.N., Madsen D.B., Lupo K.D. Small-mammal data on Early and Middle Holocene climates and biotic communities in the Bonneville Basin, USA. Quat. Res. 2002, 58:255-260.
106. Schmitt D.N., Lupo K.D. The Bonneville Estates Rockshelter rodent fauna and changes in Late Pleistocene-Middle Holocene climates and biogeography in the Northern Bonneville Basin, USA. Quat. Res. 2012, 78:95-102.
107. Schrader H., Gersonde R. Diatoms and silicoflagellates. Utrecht Micorpaleontol. Bull. 1978, 17:129-176.
108. Scuderi L.A. Late-Holocene upper timberline variation in the southern Sierra Nevada. Nature 1987, 325:242-244.
109. Smith J.M. A6,500 Year Pollen Record from a Wet Meadow Site in Central Nevada 2003, 67. University of Nevada, Reno, (MS thesis).
110. Southern Nevada Water Authority Spring Valley Stipulation Biological Monitoring Plan 2010 Annual Report 2010, Southern Nevada Water Authority, Las Vegas, Nevada.
111. Stine S. Late Holocene fluctuations of Mono Lake, eastern California. Paleogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 1990, 78:333-381.
112. Stine S. Extreme and persistent drought in California and Patagonia during mediaeval time. Nature 1994, 369:546-549.
113. Stockmarr J. Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis. Pollen Spores 1971, 13:615-621.
114. Tausch R., Nowak C., Mensing S. Climate change and associated vegetation dynamics during the Holocene: the paleoecological record. Great Basin Riparian Ecosystems: Ecology, Management and Restoration 2004, 24-48. Island Press, Covelo, CA. J.C. Chambers, J.R. Miller (Eds.).
115. Taylor D.W. Evolution of freshwater drainages and mollusks in western North America. Late Cenozoic History of the Pacific Northwest 1985, 265-321. American Association for the Advancement of Science, San Francisco. C.J. Smiley, A.J. Leviton (Eds.).
116. Terry R.C. Raptors, Rodents and Paleoecology: Recovering Ecological Baselines from Great Basin Caves 2008, (Ph.D. dissertation), University of Chicago, Chicago.
117. Thomas J.M., Mason J.L., Crabtree J.D. Ground-water Levels in the Great Basin Region of Nevada, Utah, and Adjacent States 1986, U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-694-B, 2 sheets.
118. Thomas J., Redmond K., Lutz A., Abotzoglou J., Stone M., McCurdy G., Earman S., Leising J., Donovan D. Preliminary Evaluation of Climate Change Effects on Water Resources in Eastern Nevada 2012, 81. Desert Research Institute Publication, 41252.
119. Thomas J.M., Welch A.H., Dettinger M.D. Geochemistry and Isotope Hydrology of Representative Aquifers in the Great Basin Region of Nevada, Utah, and Adjacent States 1996, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1409-C.
120. Thompson R.S. Late Quaternary environments in Ruby Valley, Nevada. Quat. Res. 1992, 37:1-15.
121. Water Resources of the Basin and Range Carbonate-rock Aquifer System, White Pine County, Nevada, and Adjacent Areas in Nevada and Utah 2007, 96. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5261. A.H. Welch, D.J. Bright, L.A. Knochenmus (Eds.).
122. Whitlock C., Bartlein P.J., Van Norman K.J. Stability of Holocene climate regimes in the Yellowstone region. Quat. Res. 1995, 43:433-436.
123. Whitlock C., Bartlein P.J. Vegetation and climate change in northwest America during the past 125kyr. Nature 1997, 388:57-61.
124. Wigand P.E. Diamond Pond, Harney County, Oregon: Vegetation History and Water Tablein the Eastern Oregon Desert. Great Basin Naturalist 1987, vol. 47:427-458.
125. Wigand P.E. Vegetation history and stratigraphy. Prehistory and Paleoenvironments of the Silvies Plateau, Harney Basin, Southeastern Oregon. Project Report 8 1989, 37-85. Center for Northwest Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. K.C. Reid, J.A. Draper, P.E. Wigand (Eds.).
126. Wigand P.E. ALate-Holocene pollen record from Lower Pahranagat Lake, Southern Nevada, USA: high resolution paleoclimatic records and analysis of environmental responses to climate change. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop, April 15-18, 1996. Interagency Ecological Program Technical Report 53 1997, 63-77. California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento. C.M. Isaacs, V.L. Tharp (Eds.).
127. Wigand P.E., Rhode D. Great Basin vegetation history and aquatic systems: the last 150,000 years. Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences 2002, vol. 33:309-367. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. R. Hershler, D.B. Madsen, D.R. Currey (Eds.).
128. Wise E.K. Spatiotemporal variability of the precipitation dipole transition zone in the western United States. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2010, 37. 10.1029/2009GL042193.
129. Woodland W.A., Charman D.J., Sims P.C. Quantitative estimates of water tables and soil moisture in Holocene peatlands from testate amoebae. Holocene 2008, 8:261-273.
130. WRCC Western Regional Climate Center (last accessed 15.06.13.). http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/.
131. Yuan F., Linsley B.K., Lund S., McGeehin J.P. A1200 year record of hydrologic variability in the Sierra Nevada from sediments in Walker Lake, Nevada. Geochem. Geophys. Geosys. 2004, 5:1-13.
132. Yuan F., Linsley B.K., Howe S.S., Lund S.P., McGeehin J.P. Late Holocene lake-level fluctuations in Walker Lake, Nevada, USA. Palaeogeogr. Paleaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2006, 240:497-507.
133. Zimmerman S.R., Starratt S.W., Hemming S.R. Patterns of Volcanism, Weathering, and Climate History from High-resolution Geochemistry of the BINGO Core, Mono Lake, California, USA 3-7 Dec 2012, American Geophysical Union, San Francisco, Calif., Abstract PP11A-1993.