Radiation grafted membranes for fuel cells containing styrene sulfonic acid and nitrile comonomers

Journal of Membrane Science

Volumn 450, Issue , 2014, Pages 28-37

  Jetsrisuparb, Kaewta ^a   Ben Youcef, Hicham ^b   Wokaun, Alexander ^a   Gubler, Lorenz ^a  

^a PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^b Chemspeed Ltd   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Acrylonitrile; Copolymerization; Methacrylonitrile; Polymer electrolyte fuel cell; Proton exchange membrane; Radiation grafted membrane

Indexed keywords

ACRYLONITRILE; METHACRYLONITRILE; POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELLS; PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES; RADIATION-GRAFTED MEMBRANES;

COPOLYMERIZATION; COPOLYMERS; CYANIDES; GRAFTING (CHEMICAL); HYDROLYSIS; PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS (PEMFC); STYRENE;

MEMBRANES;

ACRYLONITRILE; COPOLYMER; METHACRYLONITRILE; MONOMER; NITRILE; POLYSTYRENESULFONIC ACID;

ARTICLE; CONDUCTANCE; HYDROGEN BOND; HYDROLYSIS; ION EXCHANGE; MOLECULAR STABILITY; POLYMERIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REACTION TIME; STOICHIOMETRY; SULFONATION; WATER TRANSPORT;

EID: 84884367670     PISSN: 03767388     EISSN: 18733123     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.08.037     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Zhou C., Savant D., Ghassemi H., Schiraldi D.A., Zawodzinski T.A. Membrane: life-limiting considerations. Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources 2009, 755-763. Elsevier, Amsterdam. B. Scrosati, Z. Ogumi, D. Rand, P. Moseley, C. Dyer, J. Garche (Eds.).
2. Schiraldi D.A. Perfluorinated polymer electrolyte membrane durability. J. Macromol. Sci. Part C Polym. Rev. 2006, 46:315-327.
3. Dargaville T.R., George G.A., Hill D.J.T., Whittaker A.K. High energy radiation grafting of fluoropolymers. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2003, 28:1355-1376.
4. Nasef M.M., Hegazy E.S. Preparation and applications of ion exchange membranes by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of polar monomers onto non-polar films. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2004, 29:499-561.
5. Gubler L., Scherer G.G. Radiation-grafted proton conducting membranes. Handbook of Fuel Cells 2009, vol. 5:313-321. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
6. Fujiwara K. Separation functional fibers by radiation induced graft polymerization and application. Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 2007, 265:150-155.
7. LaConti A.B., Hamdan M., McDonald R.C. Mechanisms of membrane degradation. Handbook of Fuel Cells 2003, 647-662. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. W. Vielstich, A. Lamm, H.A. Gasteiger (Eds.).
8. Gupta B., Büchi F., Scherer G., Chapiro A. Materials research aspects of organic solid proton conductors. Solid State Ionics 1993, 61:213-218.
9. F.N. Büchi, B. Gupta, M. Rouilly, P. Hauser, A. Chapiro, G.G. Scherer, Radiation grafted and sulfonated (FEP-g-Polystyrene-An alternative to perflourinated membranes for PEM fuel cells?, in: Proceedings of the Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 1992, pp. 3419-3424.
10. Büchi F.N., Gupta B., Haas O., Scherer G.G. Study of radiation-grafted FEP-g-polystyrene membranes as polymer electrolytes in fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta 1995, 40:345-353.
11. Sugiyama S., Tsuneda S., Saito K., Furusaki S., Sugo T., Makuuchi K. Attachment of sulfonic acid groups to various shapes of polyethylene, polypropylene and polytetrafluoroethylene by radiation-induced graft polymerization. React. Polym. 1993, 21:187-191.
12. Lehtinen T., Sundholm G., Holmberg S., Sundholm F., Björnbom P., Bursell M. Electrochemical characterization of PVDF-based proton conducting membranes for fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta 1998, 43:1881-1890.
13. Nasef M.M., Saidi H., Nor H.M., Dahlan K.Z.M., Hashim K. Cation exchange membranes by radiation-induced graft copolymerization of styrene onto PFA copolymer films. I. Preparation and characterization of the graft copolymer. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1999, 73:2095-2102.
14. radical initiated degradation reactions of sulfonated aromatics as model compounds for fuel cell proton conducting membranes. J. Mater. Chem. 1999, 9:409-418.
15. Ben Youcef H., Gubler L., Alkan-Gürsel S., Henkensmeier D., Wokaun A., Scherer G.G. Novel ETFE based radiation grafted poly(styrene sulfonic acid-co-methacrylonitrile) proton conducting membranes with increased stability. Electrochem. Commun. 2009, 11:941-944.
16. 2. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12:11609-11616.
17. ) formation and ionomer degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2011, 158:B755-B769.
18. Becker W., Bothe M., Schmidt-Naake G. Grafting of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) onto pre-irradiated FEP and ETFE films. Angew. Makromol. Chem. 1999, 273:57-62.
19. Salame M. Transport properties of nitrile polymers. J. Polym. Sci.: Polym. Symp. 1973, 41:1-15.
20. Barnabeo A.E., Creasy W.S., Robeson L.M. Gas permeability characteristics of nitrile-containing block and random copolymers. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed. 1975, 13:1979-1986.
21. Allen S., Fujii M., Stannett V., Hopfenberg H., Williams J. The barrier properties of polyacrylonitrile. J. Membr. Sci. 1977, 2:153-163.
22. Gubler L., Slaski M., Wallasch F., Wokaun A., Scherer G.G. Radiation grafted fuel cell membranes based on co-grafting of α-methylstyrene and methacrylonitrile into a fluoropolymer base film. J. Membr. Sci. 2009, 339:68-77.
23. Ben Youcef H. Radiation grafted ETFE based membranes for fuel cells: improved mechanical and oxidative stability 2009, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, (Ph.D. thesis no. 18215).
24. Y. Buchmüller, K. Jetsrisuparb, L. Gubler, Analysis of composition in radiation co-grafted films via FTIR spectroscopy, PSI Electrochemistry Laboratory, Annual Report 2011, 2012, p. 13, http://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-007047464.
25. Gubler L., Prost N., Alkan-Gürsel S., Scherer G.G. Proton exchange membranes prepared by radiation grafting of styrene/divinylbenzene onto poly(ethylene-alt-tetrafluoroethylene) for low temperature fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 2005, 176:2849-2860.
26. Gubler L., Ben Youcef H., Alkan-Gürsel S., Wokaun A., Scherer G.G. Cross-linker effect in ETFE-based radiation-grafted proton-conducting membranes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2008, 155:B921-B928.
27. Rager T. Pre-irradiation grafting of styrene/divinylbenzene onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) from non-solvents. Helv. Chim. Acta 2003, 86:1966-1981.
28. Mitov S., Hübner G., Brack H.-P., Scherer G.G., Roduner E. In situ electron spin resonance study of styrene grafting of electron irradiated fluoropolymer films for fuel cell membranes. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. 2006, 44:3323-3336.
29. Brandrup J., Immergut E.H., Grulke E.A., Abe A., Bloch D.R. Polymer Handbook 1999, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 4th Edition.
30. Dobó J., Somogyi A., Czvikovszky T. Grafting of styrene onto teflon and polyethylene by preirradiation. J. Polym. Sci. C Polym. Symp. 1963, 4:1173-1193.
31. Bozzi A., Chapiro A. Synthesis of perm-selective membranes by grafting acrylic acid into air-irradiated Teflon-FEP films. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 1988, 32:193-196.
32. Sanli L.I., Alkan-Gürsel S. Synthesis and characterization of novel graft copolymers by radiation-induced grafting. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2011, 120(4):2313-2323.
33. Chapiró A. Radiation chemistry of polymeric systems. Vol. XV of High Polymers 1962, Interscience Publishers, London. H. Mark, C.S. Marvel, H.W. Melville (Eds.).
34. Nizam El-Din H.M.M., Badawy S.M., Dessouki A.M. Chelating polymer granules prepared by radiation-induced homopolymerization. I-Kinetic study of radiation polymerization process. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2000, 77:1405-1412.
35. Makuuchi K., Cheng S. Radiation graft polymerization. Radiation Processing of Polymer Materials and its Industrial Applications 2012, 334-372. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
36. Socrates G. Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies: Tables and Charts 2004, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. 3rd Edition.
37. Mayo F.R., Lewis F.M. Copolymerization. I. A basis for comparing the behavior of monomers in copolymerization; The copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1944, 66:1594-1601.
38. Chen W.K.W., Mesrobian R.B., Ballantine D.S., Metz D.J., Glines A. Studies on graft copolymers derived by ionizing radiation. J. Polym. Sci. 1957, 23:903-913.
39. El-Naggar A., Zohdy M., Sahar S., Allam E. Reactivity ratios during radiation-induced grafting of comonomer mixtures onto polyester fabrics. Polym. Int. 2001, 50:1082-1088.
40. Doak K.W. Copolymerization. XV.1 Copolymerization of acetylene derivatives with olefins. Retardation by radicals from acetylenes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72:4681-4686.
41. Lewis F.M., Mayo F.R., Hulse W.F. Copolymerization. II. The copolymerization of acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, styrene and vinylidene chloride. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67:1701-1705.
42. 13C-NMR. J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Lett. Ed. 1981, 19:211-216.
43. Lewis F.M., Walling C., Cummings W., Briggs E.R., Mayo F.R. Copolymerization. IV. Effects of temperature and solvents on monomer reactivity ratios. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70:1519-1523.
44. Rudin A., Yule R.G. Effects of temperature on styrene-methacrylonitrile copolymerization. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 1971, 9:3009-3025.
45. Cameron G., Esslemont G. Solvent effects in free radical copolymerization of styrene and methacrylonitrile. Polymer 1972, 13:435-438.
46. Hill D.J.T., Dong L., O'Donnell J.H. Microstructural analysis of methacrylonitrile-styrene copolymers to obtain reactivity ratios. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 1993, 31:2951-2957.
47. Fordyce R.G., Chapin E.C., Ham G.E. Copolymerization. V. Relative monomer addition rates in vinyl copolymerization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70:2489-2492.
48. Hong S.-H., Lee S.-A., Nam J.-D., Lee Y.-K., Kim T.-S., Won S. Platinum-catalyzed and ion-selective polystyrene fibrous membrane by electrospinning and in-situ metallization techniques. Macromol. Res. 2008, 16:204-211.
49. Yang J.C., Jablonsky M.J., Mays J.W. NMR and FT-IR studies of sulfonated styrene-based homopolymers and copolymers. Polymer 2002, 43:5125-5132.
50. Becker O., Varley R.J., Simon G.P. Thermal stability and water uptake of high performance epoxy layered silicate nanocomposites. Eur. Polym. J. 2004, 40:187-195.
51. Dong J., Ozaki Y., Nakashima K. Infrared, Raman, and near-infrared spectroscopic evidence for the coexistence of various hydrogen-bond forms in poly(acrylic acid). Macromolecules 1997, 30:1111-1117.
52. Coates J. Interpretation of infrared spectra, A practical approach. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry 2006, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester. R.A. Meyers (Ed.).
53. Gubler L., Alkan-Gürsel S., Scherer G.G. Radiation grafted membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Fuel Cells 2005, 5:317-335.
54. Mittal V.O., Kunz H.R., Fenton J.M. Effect of catalyst properties on membrane degradation rate and the underlying degradation mechanism in PEMFCs. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006, 153(9):A1755-A1759.
55. Inaba M., Kinumoto T., Kiriake M., Umebayashi R., Tasaka A., Ogumi Z. Gas crossover and membrane degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Electrochim. Acta 2006, 51:5746-5753.
56. Cleghorn S., Mayfield D., Moore D., Moore J., Rusch G., Sherman T., Sisofo N., Beuscher U. A polymer electrolyte fuel cell life test: 3 years of continuous operation. J. Power Sources 2006, 158:446-454.
57. Kocha S.S., Deliang Yang J., Yi J.S. Characterization of gas crossover and its implications in PEM fuel cells. AIChE J. 2006, 52:1916-1925.
58. Ogumi Z., Takehara Z., Yoshizawa S. Gas permeation in SPE method: I. Oxygen permeation through Nafion and NEOSEPTA. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1984, 131:769-773.
59. Ogumi Z., Kuroe T., Takehara Z. Gas permeation in SPE method: II. Oxygen and hydrogen permeation through Nafion. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1985, 132:2601-2605.
60. Weinkauf D.H., Paul D.R. Effects of structure order on barrier properties. Barrier Polymers and Structures 1990, 60-91. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. W.J. Koros (Ed.).
61. K. Jetsrisuparb, H. Ben Youcef, G. Scherer, A. Wokaun, L. Gubler, Does methacrylonitrile (MAN) affect the conductivity and crystallinity of styrene based membranes for fuel cells?, PSI Electrochemistry Laboratory-Annual report 2010, 2011, ISSN 1661-5379, pp. 9-10, Available from: http://www.psi.ch/lec/lec-annual-reports.
62. ®. ECS Trans. 2008, 16:1195-1204.
63. Cai Z., Li L., Su L., Zhang Y. Supercritical carbon dioxide treated Nafion 212 commercial membranes for direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochem. Commun. 2012, 14:9-12.