Environmental diplomacy: Comparing the influence of business and environmental NGOs in negotiations on reform of the clean development mechanism

Environmental Politics

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 739-759

  Lund, Emma ^a  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

business; Clean Development Mechanism; climate change; international negotiations; NGOs; UNFCCC

Indexed keywords

BUSINESS; CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM; CLIMATE CHANGE; KYOTO PROTOCOL; NEGOTIATION PROCESS; NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION;

EID: 84884287200     PISSN: 09644016     EISSN: 17438934     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09644016.2012.737253     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Arts, B. 1998. The political influence of global NGOs: case studies on the climate and biodiversity conventions, Utrecht: International Books.
2. Arts, B. and Verschuren, P. 1999. Assessing political influence in complex decision-making: an instrument based on triangulation. International Political Science Review, 20 (4): 411 - 424.
3. Bernstein, S. 2001. The compromise of liberal environmentalism, New York: Columbia University Press.
4. Betsill, M.M. 2008. " Reflections on the analytical framework and NGO diplomacy ". In NGO diplomacy - the influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations, Edited by: Betsill, M.M. and Corell, E. 177 - 206. Cambridge, MA:: The MIT Press.
5. Betsill, M.M. and Corell, E. 2008a. NGO diplomacy - the influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
6. Betsill, M.M. and Corell, E. 2008b. " Introduction to NGO diplomacy ". In NGO diplomacy - the influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations, Edited by: Betsill, M.M. and Corell, E. 1 - 17. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
7. Burgiel, S.W. 2008. " Non-state actors and the Cartagena protocol on biosafety ". In NGO diplomacy - the influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations, Edited by: Betsill, M.M. and Corell, E. 67 - 100. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
8. CAN. 2007. CAN CDM position paper for COP13/COPMOP3, Bali 2007 [online]. Available from: http://climatenetwork.org/sites/default/files/071207CANDCDMPositionPaperFinal.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2012]
9. CAN. 2008. Views regarding the review of the CDM under the Article 9 review of the Kyoto Protocol, prepared for COP 14, CMP, December 2008 [online]. Available from: http://climatenetwork.org/publication/can-position-cdm-art-9-and-eb-report-issues-cop-14-dec-2008 [Accessed 29 October 2012]
10. CAN. 2009. Views on strategic CDM improvements, 4 May 2009 [online]. Available from: https://cdm.unfccc.int/public_inputs/2009/cdmimprov/index.html [Accessed 7 August 2009]
11. CAN. 2011. About CAN [online]. Available from: http://www.climatenetwork.org/about/about-can [Accessed 22 September 2011]
12. CAN. 2012. Climate Action Network International Annual Report 2011 [online]. Available from: http://climatenetwork.org/sites/default/files/CAN_2011_Annual_ Report.pdfReport.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2012]
13. CDM info (cdm-info@unfccc.int). 16 November 2011. Re: Information on negative validation email to C. author (emma.lund@svet.lu.se)
14. Clapp, J. 2003. Transnational corporate interests and global environmental governance: negotiating rules for agricultural biotechnology and chemicals. Environmental Politics, 12 (4): 1 - 23.
15. Corell, E. and Betsill, M.M. 2001. A comparative look at NGO influence in international environmental negotiations: desertification and climate change. Global Environmental Politics, 1 (4): 86 - 107.
16. Corell, E. and Betsill, M.M. 2008. " Analytical framework: assessing the influence of NGO diplomats ". In NGO diplomacy - the influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations, Edited by: Betsill, M.M. and Corell, E. 19 - 42. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
17. Executive Board. 2008. Tool for the demonstration and assessment of additionality EB 39 Report Annex 10 [online]. Available from: http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/tools/am-tool-01-v5.2.pdf [Accessed 29 June 2012]
18. Finnemore, M. and Sikkink, K. 1998. International norm dynamics and political change. International Organization, 52 (4): 887 - 917.
19. Fuchs, D., Kalfagianni, A. and Sattelberger, J. 2010. " Democratic legitimacy of transnational corporations in global governance ". In Legitimacy beyond the state? Re-examining the democratic credentials of transnational actors, Edited by: Erman, E. and Uhlin, A. 41 - 63. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
20. Gulbrandsen, L.H. and Andresen, S. 2004. NGO influence and the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol: compliance, flexibility mechanisms, and sinks. Global Environmental Politics, 4 (4): 54 - 75.
21. Humphreys, D. 2004. Redefining the issues: NGO influence on international forest negotiations. Global Environmental Politics, 4 (2): 51 - 74.
22. Humphreys, D. 2008. " NGO influence on international policy on forest conservation and the trade in forest products ". In NGO diplomacy - the influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations, Edited by: Betsill, M.M. and Corell, E. 149 - 176. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
23. IETA. 2005. Strengthening the CDM [online]. Available from: http://www.ieta.org/ieta/www/pages/getfile.php?docID=1132 [Accessed 2 January 2009]
24. IETA. 2007. 2007 State of the CDM [online]. Available from: http://www.ieta.org/ieta/www/pages/download.php?docID=2729 [Accessed 30 June 2009]
25. IETA. 2008. State of the CDM 2008. Facilitating a smooth transition into a mature environmental financing mechanism [online]. Available from: http://www.ieta.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96%3Astate-of-the-cdm-2008& catid=27%3Aarchived-reports&Itemid=93 [Accessed 29 October 2012]
26. IETA. 2009. IETA state of the CDM 2009: reforming for the present and preparing for the future [online]. Available from: http://www.ieta.org/index.php?option=com_ content&view=article&id=77:state-of-the-cdm-2009&catid=26:reports&Itemid=93 [Accessed 29 October 2012]
27. IETA. 2010. The state of the CDM 2010: focusing on efficiency [online]. Available from: http://www.ieta.org/assets/Reports/ieta-the-state-of-the-cdm-2010.pdf [Accessed 29 September 2011]
28. IETA. 2011. Kyoto project mechanisms: IETA's key issues 2012 [online]. Available from: https://ieta.memberclicks.net/assets/PositionPapers/ieta%20cdm%202011%20paper.pdf [Accessed 2 Apr 2012]
29. IETA. 2012. Membership [online] Available from: https://ieta.memberclicks.net/membership [Accessed 28 June 2012]
30. Jönsson, C. and Tallberg, J. 2010. " Transnational access: findings and future research ". In Transnational actors in global governance: patterns, explanations and implications, Edited by: Jönsson, C. and Tallberg, J. 237 - 252. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
31. Keck, M.E. and Sikkink, K. 1998. Activists beyond borders: advocacy networks in international politics, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
32. Levy, D.L. and Egan, D. 1998. Capital contest: national and transnational channels of corporate influence on the climate negotiations. Politics & Society, 26 (3): 337 - 361.
33. Lindblom, C. 1977. Politics and markets, New York: Basic Books Inc.
34. McGrew, A. 2002. " Democratising global institutions: possibilities, limits and normative foundations ". In Transnational democracy: political spaces and border crossings, Edited by: Anderson, J. 149 - 170. London:: Routledge.
35. McKinsey & Company. 2009. Helping the UNFCCC Secretariat improve its support to the clean development mechanism and joint implementation [online]. Available from: http://cdm.unfccc.int/workshops/cop15/COP15_SE_091208_SDM_imp_TechRev.pdf [Accessed 28 June 2010]
36. Meckling, J. 2011. Carbon coalitions: business, climate politics, and the rise of emissions trading, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
37. Michaelowa, A. 2009. " Interpreting the additionality of CDM projects: changes in additionality definitions and regulatory practices over time ". In Legal aspects of carbon trading: Kyoto, Copenhagen, and beyond, Edited by: Freestone, D. and Streck, C. 248 - 271. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
38. Newell, P.J. 2000. Climate for change - non-state actors and the global politics of the greenhouse, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39. Princen, T. 1994. " NGOs: creating a niche in environmental diplomacy ". In Environmental NGOs in world politics: linking the global and the local, Edited by: Princen, T. and Finger, M. 29 - 47. London: Routledge.
40. Princen, T. and Finger, M. 1994. Environmental NGOs in world politics: linking the global and the local, London: Routledge.
41. Schneider, L. 2007. Is the CDM fulfilling its environmental and sustainable development objectives? An evaluation of the CDM and options for improvement Berlin Report prepared for WWF. Öko-Institut
42. Sell, S.K. and Prakash, A. 2004. Using ideas strategically: the contest between business and NGO networks in intellectual property rights. International Studies Quarterly, 48 (1): 143 - 175.
43. Thompson-Feraru, A. 1974. Transnational political interests and the global environment. International Organization, 28 (1): 31 - 60.
44. UNFCCC. 1997. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change FCCC/CP/L.7/Add1
45. UNFCCC. 2001. The Marrakesh Accords FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add2
46. UNFCCC. 2005. Decision 7/CMP.1. Further guidance relating to the clean development mechanism FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.1
47. UNFCCC. 2006. Decision 1/CMP.2. Further guidance relating to the clean development mechanism FCCC/KP/CMP/2006/10/Add.1
48. UNFCCC. 2007. Decision 2/CMP.3 Further guidance relating to the clean development mechanism FCCC/KP/CMP/2007/9/Add.1
49. UNFCCC. 2008. Decision 2/CMP.4. Further guidance relating to the clean development mechanism FCCC/KP/CMP/2008/L.6
50. UNFCCC. 2009. Decision 2/CMP.5. Further guidance relating to the clean development mechanism FCCC/KP/CMP/2009/21/Add.1
51. UNFCCC. 2010. Decision 3/CMP.6. Further guidance relating to the clean development mechanism FCCC/KP/CMP/2010/12/Add.2
52. UNFCCC. 2011a. Decision 8/CMP.7. Further guidance relating to the clean development mechanism FCCC/KP/CMP/2011/10/Add.2
53. UNFCCC. 2011b. Standard admission process [online]. Available from: https://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/ngo/items/3667.php [Accessed 3 October 2011]
54. UNFCCC. 2012. Parties & observers [online]. Available from: http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/items/2704.php [Accessed 2 Apr 2012]
55. Vormedal, I. 2008. The influence of business and industry NGOs in the negotiation of the Kyoto mechanisms: the case of carbon capture and storage in the CDM. Global Environmental Politics, 8 (4): 36 - 65.
56. WWF. 2005. WWF position on the clean development mechanism for COP/MOP1, November 16, 2005 [online]. Available from: http://assets.panda.org/downloads/wwf_finance_paper_web.pdf [Accessed 9 June 2009]
57. WWF. 2007. WWF background note to the report 'Is the CDM Fulfilling its Environmental Objectives? An evaluation of the CDM and options for improvement' [online]. Prepared for WWF by the Öko-institut, November. Available from: http://assets.panda.org/downloads/cdm_report_wwf_background_paper.pdf [Accessed 9 June 2009]