Transfer efficiency of bacteria and viruses from porous and nonporous fomites to fingers under different relative humidity conditions

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 79, Issue 18, 2013, Pages 5728-5734

  Lopez, Gerardo U ^a,c   Gerba, Charles P ^a,c   Tamimi, Akrum H ^a   Kitajima, Masaaki ^a   Maxwell, Sheri L ^a   Rose, Joan B ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b Microbial Risk Assessment ^*  (United States)

^c MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS; HIGH RELATIVE HUMIDITIES; HUMIDITY CONDITIONS; LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITIES; NONPOROUS SURFACE; QUANTITATIVE MICROBIAL RISK ASSESSMENT; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; TRANSFER EFFICIENCY;

BACTERIA; BACTERIOLOGY; BIOLOGY; ESCHERICHIA COLI; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURFACES; VIRUSES;

EFFICIENCY;

BACTERIUM; DATA SET; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION; POROUS MEDIUM; RELATIVE HUMIDITY; RESPIRATORY DISEASE; RISK ASSESSMENT; VIRUS;

ARTICLE; BACTERIUM; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FINGER; FOMITE; HUMAN; HUMIDITY; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; RISK ASSESSMENT; VIROLOGY; VIRUS;

BACTERIA; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, INFECTIOUS; ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY; FINGERS; FOMITES; HUMANS; HUMIDITY; RISK ASSESSMENT; VIRUSES;

EID: 84884260344     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: 10985336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01030-13     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Haas CN, Rose JB, Gerba CP. 1999. Quantitative microbial risk assessment. John Wiley, New York, NY.
2. Hall CB, Douglas JRG. 1981. Modes of transmission of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Pediatr. 99:100-103.
3. Hall CB, Douglas RG, Jr, Schnabel KC, Geiman JM. 1981. Infectivity of respiratory syncytial virus by various routes of inoculation. Infect. Immun. 33:779-783.
4. Hendley JO, Wenzel RP, Gwaltney JM. 1973. Transmission of rhinovirus colds by self-inoculation. N. Engl. J. Med. 288:1361-1364.
5. Nicas M, Sun G. 2006. An integrated model of infection risk in a healthcare environment. Risk Anal. 26:1085-1096.
6. Ansari SA, Springthorpe VS, Sattar SA, Rivard S, Rahman M. 1991. Potential role of hands in the spread of respiratory viral infections: studies with human parainfluenza virus 3 and rhinovirus 14. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2115-2119.
7. Hall CB, Douglas JRG, Geiman JM. 1980. Possible transmission by fomites of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Infect. Dis. 141:98-102.
8. Barker J, Stevens D, Bloomfield SF. 2001. Spread and prevention of some common viral infections in community facilities and domestic homes. J. Appl. Microbiol. 91:7-21.
9. Barker J, Vipond IB, Bloomfield SF. 2004. Effects of cleaning and disinfection in reducing the spread of norovirus contamination via environmental surfaces. J. Hosp. Infect. 58:42-49.
10. Abad FX, Villena C, Guix S, Caballero S, Pinto RM, Bosch A. 2001. Potential role of fomites in the vehicular transmission of human astroviruses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:3904-3907.
11. Boone SA, Gerba CP. 2007. Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:1687- 1696.
12. Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. 2006. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect. Dis. 6:130. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-6-130.
13. Boone SA, Gerba CP. 2005. The occurrence of influenza A virus on household and day care center fomites. J. Infect. 51:103-109.
14. Butz AM, Fosarelli P, Dick J, Cusack T, Yolken R. 1993. Prevalence of rotavirus on high-risk fomites in day-care facilities. Pediatrics 92:202-205.
15. Keswick BH, Pickering LK, DuPont HL, Woodward WE. 1983. Prevalence of rotavirus in children in day care centers. J. Pediatr. 103:85-86.
16. Keswick BH, Pickering LK, DuPont HL, Woodward WE. 1983. Survival and detection of rotaviruses on environmental surfaces in day care centers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:813-816.
17. Laborde DJ, Weigle KA, Weber DJ, Kotch JB. 1993. Effect of fecal contamination on diarrheal illness rates in day-care centers. Am. J. Epidemiol. 138:243-255.
18. Bright KR, Boone SA, Gerba CP. 2010. Occurrence of bacteria and viruses on elementary classroom surfaces and the potential role of classroom hygiene in the spread of infectious diseases. J. Sch. Nurs. 26:33-41.
19. Boone SA, Gerba CP. 2010. The prevalence of human parainfluenza virus 1 on indoor office fomites. Food Environ. Virol. 2:41-46.
20. Fekety R, Kyung-Hee K, Brown D, Batts DH, Cudmore M, Silva J. 1981. Epidemiology of antibiotic-associated colitis: isolation of Clostridium difficile from the hospital environment. Am. J. Med. 70:906-908.
21. Bellamy K, Laban KL, Barrett KE, Talbot DCS. 1998. Detection of viruses and body fluids which may contain viruses in the domestic environment. Epidemiol. Infect. 121:673-680.
22. Josephson KL, Rubino JR, Pepper IL. 1997. Characterization and quantification of bacterial pathogens and indicator organisms in household kitchens with and without the use of a disinfectant cleaner. J. Appl. Microbiol. 83:737-750.
23. Medrano-Félix A, Martínez C, Castro-del Campo N, León-Félix J, Peraza-Garay F, Gerba CP, Chaidez C. 2011. Impact of prescribed cleaning and disinfectant use on microbial contamination in the home. J. Appl. Microbiol. 110:463-471.
24. Rusin P, Orosz-Coughlin P, Gerba C. 1998. Reduction of faecal coliform, coliform and heterotrophic plate count bacteria in the household kitchen and bathroom by disinfection with hypochlorite cleaners. J. Appl. Microbiol. 85:819-828.
25. Scott E, Bloomfield SF, Barlow CG. 1982. An investigation of microbial contamination in the home. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 89:279-293.
26. Sinclair RG, Gerba CP. 2011. Microbial contamination in kitchens and bathrooms of rural Cambodian village households. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 52:144-149.
27. Speirs JP, Anderton A, Anderson JG. 1995. A study of the microbial content of the domestic kitchen. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 5:109-122.
28. Reynolds KA, Watt PM, Boone SA, Gerba CP. 2005. Occurrence of bacteria and biochemical markers on public surfaces. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 15:225-234.
29. Huslage K, Rutala WA, Sickbert-Bennett E. 2010. A quantitative approach to defining "high-touch" surfaces in hospitals. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 31:850-853.
30. Otter JA, Yezli S, French GL. 2011. The role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 32:687-699.
31. Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Sax H, Dharan S, Pessoa-Silva CL, Donaldson L, Boyce JM. 2006. Evidence-based model for hand transmission during patient care and the role of improved practices. Lancet Infect. Dis. 6:641- 652.
32. Pittet D, Dharan S, Touveneau S, Sauvan V, Perneger TV. 1999. Bacterial contamination of the hands of hospital staff during routine patient care. Arch. Intern. Med. 159:821-826.
33. Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Miller MB, Huslage K, Sickbert-Bennett E. 2010. Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health careassociated pathogens: Norovirus, Clostridium difficile, and Acinetobacter species. Am. J. Infect. Control 38:S25-S33.
34. Nicas M, Best D. 2008. A study quantifying the hand-to-face contact rate and its potential application to predicting respiratory tract infection. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 5:347-352.
35. Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M. 2007. Transmission of influenza A in human beings. Lancet Infect. Dis. 7:257- 265.
36. Atkinson M, Wein L. 2008. Quantifying the routes of transmission for pandemic influenza. Bull. Math. Biol. 70:820-867.
37. Rusin P, Maxwell S, Gerba C. 2002. Comparative surface-to-hand and fingertip-to-mouth transfer efficiency of gram-positive bacteria, gramnegative bacteria, and phage. J. Appl. Microbiol. 93:585-592.
38. Nicholson W, Setlow P (ed). 1990. Molecular biological methods for Bacillus. John Wiley, New York, NY.
39. Ikner LA, Soto-Beltran M, Bright KR. 2011. New method using a posi- tively charged microporous filter and ultrafiltration for concentration of viruses from tap water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:3500-3506.
40. Bidawid S, Malik N, Adegbunrin O, Sattar SS, Farber JM. 2003. A feline kidney cell line-based plaque assay for feline calicivirus, a surrogate for Norwalk virus. J. Virol. Methods 107:163-167.
41. Ansari SA, Sattar SA, Springthorpe VS, Wells GA, Tostowaryk W. 1988. Rotavirus survival on human hands and transfer of infectious virus to animate and nonporous inanimate surfaces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 26:1513- 1518.
42. Mbithi JN, Springthorpe VS, Boulet JR, Sattar SA. 1992. Survival of hepatitis A virus on human hands and its transfer on contact with animate and inanimate surfaces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:757-763.
43. Adams MH. 1959. Bacteriophages. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, NY.
44. Marples RR, Towers AG. 1979. A laboratory model for the investigation of contact transfer of micro-organisms. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 82:237-248.
45. Paulson DS. 2005. The transmission of surrogate Norwalk virus-from inanimate surfaces to gloved hands: is it a threat? Food Prot. Trends 25: 450-454.
46. Chen Y, Jackson KM, Chea FP, Schaffner DW. 2001. Quantification and variability analysis of bacterial cross-contamination rates in common food service tasks. J. Food Prot. 64:72-80.
47. Julian TR, Leckie JO, Boehm AB. 2010. Virus transfer between fingerpads and fomites. J. Appl. Microbiol. 109:1868-1874.
48. Gibson LL, Rose JB, Haas CN. 1999. Use of quantitative microbial risk assessment for evaluation of the benefits of laundry sanitation. Am. J. Infect. Control 27:S34 -S39.
49. Wein LM, Atkinson MP. 2009. Assessing infection control measures for pandemic influenza. Risk Anal. 29:949-962.
50. Gfatter R, Hackl P, Braun F. 1997. Effects of soap and detergents on skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration and fat content in infants. Dermatology 195:258-262.
51. Hubner N-O, Hubner C, Kramer A, Assadian O. 2011. Survival of bacterial pathogens on paper and bacterial retrieval from paper to hands: preliminary results. Am. J. Nurs. 111:30-34.
52. MacKintosh CA, Hoffman PN. 1984. An extended model for transfer of micro-organisms via the hands: differences between organisms and the effect of alcohol disinfection. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 92:345-355.
53. Sattar SA, Springthorpe S, Mani S, Gallant M, Nair RC, Scott E, Kain J. 2001. Transfer of bacteria from fabrics to hands and other fabrics: development and application of a quantitative method using Staphylococcus aureus as a model. J. Appl. Microbiol. 90:962-970.
54. Scott E, Bloomfield SF. 1990. The survival and transfer of microbial contamination via cloths, hands and utensils. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 68:271- 278.
55. Rheinbaben F, Schünemann S, Gross T, Wolff MH. 2000. Transmission of viruses via contact in ahousehold setting: experiments using bacteriophage πX174 as a model virus. J. Hosp. Infect. 46:61-66.
56. Harrison WA, Griffith CJ, Ayers T, Michaels B. 2003. Bacterial transfer and cross-contamination potential associated with paper-towel dispensing. Am. J. Infect. Control 31:387-391.
57. Pancic F, Carpentier DC, Came PE. 1980. Role of infectious secretions in the transmission of rhinovirus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 12:567-571.
58. Reed SE. 1975. An investigation of the possible transmission of rhinovirus colds through indirect contact. J. Hyg. (Lond.) 75:249-258.
59. Gwaltney JM, Jr, Moskalski PB, Hendley JO. 1978. Hand-to-hand transmission of rhinovirus colds. Ann. Intern. Med. 88:463-467.
60. Abad FX, Pinto RM, Bosch A. 1994. Survival of enteric viruses on environmental fomites. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:3704-3710.
61. Eginton PJ, Gibson H, Holah J, Handley PS, Gilbert P. 1995. Quantification of the ease of removal of bacteria from surfaces. J. Ind. Microbiol. 15:305-310.
62. Gerba CP. 1984. Applied and theoretical aspects of virus adsorption to surfaces. Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 30:133-168.
63. Mbithi JN, Springthorpe VS, Sattar SA. 1991. Effect of relative humidity and air temperature on survival of hepatitis A virus on environmental surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57:1394-1399.
64. Dowd SE, Pillai SD, Wang S, Corapcioglu MY. 1998. Delineating the specific influence of virus isoelectric point and size on virus adsorption and transport through sandy soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:405-410.