Role of Human Metapneumovirus, Influenza A Virus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Causing WHO-Defined Severe Pneumonia in Children in a Developing Country

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 9, 2013, Pages

  Ali, Asad ^a   Khowaja, Asif Raza ^a   Bashir, Maaman Zahoor ^a   Aziz, Fatima ^a   Mustafa, Sultan ^b   Zaidi, Anita ^a  

^a AGA KHAN UNIVERSITY   (Pakistan)

^b ABBASI SHAHEED HOSPITAL   (Pakistan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS; HUMAN METAPNEUMOVIRUS INFECTION; INFANT; INFLUENZA A; INFLUENZA VIRUS A; INFLUENZA VIRUS A H1N1; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NONHUMAN; PAKISTAN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PUBLIC HOSPITAL; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL PNEUMOVIRUS; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SCHOOL CHILD; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; THROAT CULTURE; VIRUS PNEUMONIA;

CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFLUENZA A VIRUS; INFLUENZA, HUMAN; MALE; METAPNEUMOVIRUS; PAKISTAN; PARAMYXOVIRIDAE INFECTIONS; PNEUMONIA; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS, HUMAN; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

EID: 84884220661     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074756     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. (2012) Levels and Trends in Child Mortality. UNICEF, WHO, The World Bank, UN DESA/Population Division.
2. (2008) Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Population Studies and Macro International Inc.
3. Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, Murdoch DR, (2011) Viral pneumonia. Lancet 377: 1264-1275.
4. Weber MW, Mulholland EK, Greenwood BM, (1998) Respiratory syncytial virus infection in tropical and developing countries. Trop Med Int Health 3: 268-280.
5. Pang T, Peeling RW, (2007) Diagnostic tests for infectious diseases in the developing world: two sides of the coin. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 856-857.
6. (2005) Hand Book Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses: World Health Organization.
7. (2001) Standardization of Interpretation of Chest Radiographs for the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Children. World Health Organization. Pneumonia Vaccine Trial Investigators' Group.
8. Mentel R, Wegner U, Bruns R, Gurtler L, (2003) Real-time PCR to improve the diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Med Microbiol 52: 893-896.
9. Selvaraju SB, Selvarangan R, (2010) Evaluation of three influenza A and B real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays and a new 2009 H1N1 assay for detection of influenza viruses. J Clin Microbiol 48: 3870-3875.
10. Torzillo P, Dixon J, Manning K, Hutton S, Gratten M, et al. (1999) Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infection in Central Australian Aboriginal children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 18: 714-721.
11. Hasan K, Jolly P, Marquis G, Roy E, Podder G, et al. (2006) Viral etiology of pneumonia in a cohort of newborns till 24 months of age in Rural Mirzapur, Bangladesh. Scand J Infect Dis 38: 690-695.
12. Forgie IM, O'Neill KP, Lloyd-Evans N, Leinonen M, Campbell H, et al. (1991) Etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections in Gambian children: II. Acute lower respiratory tract infection in children ages one to nine years presenting at the hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J 10: 42-47.
13. Nokes D (2007) Respiratory Syncytial Virus disease burden in the developing world. In: PA C, editor. Perspectives in Medical Virology. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 183-230.
14. Nokes DJ, Ngama M, Bett A, Abwao J, Munywoki P, et al. (2009) Incidence and severity of respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in rural Kenyan children identified through hospital surveillance. Clin Infect Dis 49: 1341-1349.
15. John TJ, Cherian T, Steinhoff MC, Simoes EA, John M, (1991) Etiology of acute respiratory infections in children in tropical southern India. Rev Infect Dis 13 (Suppl 6): S463-469.
16. Turner C, Turner P, Cararra V, Eh Lwe N, Watthanaworawit W, et al. (2012) A high burden of respiratory syncytial virus associated pneumonia in children less than two years of age in a South East Asian refugee population. PLoS One 7: e50100.
17. Edwards KM, Zhu Y, Griffin MR, Weinberg GA, Hall CB, et al. (2013) Burden of human metapneumovirus infection in young children. N Engl J Med 368: 633-643.
18. Wolf DG, Greenberg D, Kalkstein D, Shemer-Avni Y, Givon-Lavi N, et al. (2006) Comparison of human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25: 320-324.
19. Caracciolo S, Minini C, Colombrita D, Rossi D, Miglietti N, et al. (2008) Human metapneumovirus infection in young children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract disease: virologic and clinical features. Pediatr Infect Dis J 27: 406-412.
20. (2008) The Global Burden of Disease-2004 Update. Geneva: World Health Organization.
21. Brooks WA, Goswami D, Rahman M, Nahar K, Fry AM, et al. (2010) Influenza is a major contributor to childhood pneumonia in a tropical developing country. Pediatr Infect Dis J 29: 216-221.
22. Clara W, Armero J, Rodriguez D, de Lozano C, Bonilla L, et al. (2012) Estimated incidence of influenza-virus-associated severe pneumonia in children in El Salvador, 2008-2010. Bull World Health Organ 90: 756-763.