Beaver wetlands

Wetland Habitats of North America: Ecology and Conservation Concerns

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 161-171

  Johnston, Carol A ^a  

^a SOUTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84884193345     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (166)

1. Allen AA . 1983. Habitat suitability index models: beaver. FWS/OBS-82/10.30. Washington, DC: US Dept. Int., Div. Biol. Serv.
2. Anderson CB, Rosemond AD . 2007. Ecosystem engineering by invasive exotic beavers reduces in-stream diversity and enhances ecosystem function in Cape Horn, Chile. Oecologia 154:141-53.
3. Anderson CB, Griffith CR, et al. 2006. The effects of invasive North American beavers on riparian plant communities in Cape Horn, Chile -do exotic beavers engineer differently in sub-Antarctic ecosystems? Biol. Conserv. 128:467-74.
4. Anderson CB, Pastur GM, et al. 2009. Do introduced North American beavers Castor canadensis engineer differently in southern South America? An overview with implications for restoration. Mammal Rev. 39:33-52.
5. Aznar JC, Desrochers A. 2008. Building for the future: abandoned beaver ponds promote bird diversity. Ecoscience 15:250-57.
6. Baker BW, Ducharme HC, et al. 2005. Interaction of beaver and elk herbivory reduces standing crop of willow. Ecol. Appl. 15:110-18.
7. Banfield AWF. 1954. Tularemia in beavers and muskrats, Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, 1952-53. Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. 32:139-43.
8. Barnes DM, Mallik AU. 1997. Habitat factors influencing beaver dam establishment in a northern Ontario watershed. J. Wildl. Manage. 61:1371-77.
9. Bartel RA, Haddad NM, Wright JP. 2010. Ecosystem engineers maintain a rare species of butterfly and increase plant diversity. Oikos 119:883-890.
10. Beier P, Barrett RH. 1987. Beaver habitat use and impact in the Truckee River basin, California. J. Wildl. Manag. 51:794-99.
11. Bertolo A, Magnan P. 2006. Spatial and environmental correlates of fish community structure in Canadian Shield lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63:2780-92.
12. Bertolo A, Magnan P, Plante M. 2008. Linking the occurrence of brook trout with isolation and extinction in small Boreal Shield lakes. Freshw. Biol. 53:304-21.
13. Bhat MG, Huffaker RG, Lenhart SM. 1993. Controlling forest damage by dispersive beaver populations-centralized optimal management strategy. Ecol. Appl. 3:518-30.
14. Bigler W, Butler DR, Dixon RW. 2001. Beaver-pond sequence morphology and sedimentation in northwestern Montana. Phys. Geogr. 22:531-40.
15. Boyles SL, Savitzky BA. 2008. An analysis of the efficacy and comparative costs of using flow devices to resolve conflicts with North American beavers along roadways in the Coastal Plain of Virginia. In Proc. 23rd Vertebrate Pest Conf. Davis: Univ. Calif., pp. 47-52.
16. Bridgham SD , Johnston CA, Pastor J, Updegraff K. 1995. Potential feedbacks of northern wetlands on climate change. Bioscience 45:262-74.
17. Broschart MR, Johnston CA, Naiman RJ. 1989. Prediction of beaver colony density using impounded habitat variables. Journal of Wildlife Management 53:929-934.
18. Brown D, Hubert W, Anderson S. 1996. Beaver ponds create wetland habitat for birds in mountains of southeastern Wyoming. Wetlands 16:127-33.
19. Brown TN, Johnston CA, Cahow KR. 2003. Lateral flow routing into a wetland: field and model perspectives. Geomorphology 53:11-23.
20. Bubier JL, Moore TR, Roulet NT . 1993. Methane emissions from wetlands in the midboreal region of northern Ontario, Canada. Ecology 74:2240-54.
21. Burns DA , McDonnell JJ. 1998. Effects of a beaver pond on runoff processes: comparison of two headwater catchments. J. Hydrol. 205:248-64.
22. Butler DR. 1989. The failure of beaver dams and resulting outburst flooding: a geomorphic hazard of the southeastern Piedmont. Geogr. Bull. 31:29-38.
23. Butler DR, Malanson GP. 1994. Beaver landforms. Can. Geogr. 38:76-79.
24. Butler DR, Malanson GP. 1995. Sedimentation rates and patterns in beaver ponds in a mountain environment. Geomorphology 13:255-69.
25. Butler DR, Malanson GP. 2005. The geomorphic influences of beaver dams and failures of beaver dams. Geomorphology 71:48-60.
26. Cirmo CP, Driscoll CT. 1993. Beaver pond biogeochemistry -acid neutralizing capacity generation in a headwater wetland. Wetlands 13:277-92.
27. Cirmo CP, Driscoll CT. 1996. The impacts of a watershed CaCO3 treatment on stream and wetland biogeochemistry in the Adirondack Mountains. Biogeochemistry 32:265-97.
28. Collen P, Gibson RJ. 2001. The general ecology of beavers (Castor spp.), as related to their influence on stream ecosystems and riparian habitats, and the subsequent effects on fish -a review. Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 10:439-61.
29. Cooke HA, Zack S. 2008. Influence of beaver dam density on riparian areas and riparian birds in shrubsteppe of Wyoming. West. N. Am. Natur. 68:365-73.
30. Correll DL , Jordan TE , Weller DE . 2000. Beaver pond biogeochemical effects in the Maryland Coastal Plain. Biogeochemistry 49:217-39.
31. Cowell DW. 1984. The Canadian beaver, Castor canadensis, as a geomorphic agent in karst terrain. Can. Field-Natur. 98:227-30.
32. Cunningham JM, Calhoun AJK, Glanz WE. 2006. Patterns of beaver colonization and wetland change in Acadia National Park. Northeast. Natur. 13:583-96.
33. Cunningham JM, Calhoun AJK, Glanz WE. 2007. Pond-breeding amphibian species richness and habitat selection in a beavermodified landscape. J. Wildl. Manage. 71:2517-26.
34. Curry-Lindahl K. 1967. The beaver Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 in Sweden -extermination and reappearance. Acta Theriol. 12:1-15.
35. Curtis PD, Jensen PG. 2004. Habitat features affecting beaver occupancy along roadsides in New York State. J. Wildl. Manage. 68:278-87.
36. Demmer R, Beschta RL. 2008. Recent history (1988-2004) of beaver dams along Bridge Creek in central Oregon. Northw. Sci. 82:309-18.
37. Devito KJ, Dillon PJ. 1993. Importance of runoff and winter anoxia to the P and N dynamics of a beaver pond. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50:2222-34.
38. Devito KJ, Dillon PJ, Lazerte BD. 1989. Phosphorus and nitrogen retention in five Precambrian shield wetlands. Biogeochemistry 8:185-204.
39. Diefenderfer HL, Montgomery DR. 2009. Pool spacing, channel morphology, and the restoration of tidal forested wetlands of the Columbia River, USA . Restor. Ecol. 17:158-68.
40. Dieter CD, McCabe TR. 1989. Factors influencing beaver lodgesite selection on a prairie river. Am. Midl. Natur. 122:408-11.
41. Dove A, Roulet NT , et al. 1999. Methane dynamics of a northern boreal beaver pond. Ecoscience 6:577-86.
42. Driscoll C, Holsapple J, et al. 1998. The chemistry and transport of mercury in a small wetland in the Adirondack region of New York, USA . Biogeochemistry 40:137-46.
43. Driscoll C, Wyskowski B, et al. 1987. Processes regulating temporal and longitudinal variations in the chemistry of a low-order woodland stream in the Adirondack region of New York. Biogeochemistry 3:225-41.
44. Duffy WG, LaBar DL . 1994. Aquatic invertebrate production in southeastern USA wetlands during winter and spring. Wetlands 14:88-97.
45. Erickson BR. 1962. A description of Castoroides ohioensis from Minnesota. Minn. Acad. Sci. Proc. 30:7-13.
46. Erickson HE. 1994. Nitrogen and phosphorus availability, ecosystem processes and plant community dynamics in boreal wetland meadows. Ph.D. diss., Univ. Washington, Seattle.
47. Ervin GN. 2009. An experimental study on the facilitative effects of tussock structure among wetland plants. Wetlands 27:620-30.
48. FISRWG. 2001. Restoration design. In Stream corridor restoration: principles, processes, and practices. Fed. Interagency Stream Restor. Working Group (15 federal agencies of the U.S. government).
49. France RL . 1997. The importance of beaver lodges in structuring littoral communities in boreal headwater lakes. Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. 75:1009-13.
50. Frohnauer NK, Pierce CL, Kallemeyn LW. 2007. Population dynamics and angler exploitation of the unique muskellunge population in Shoepack Lake, Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 27:63-76.
51. Gallant D, Vasseur L, et al. 2009. Habitat selection by river otters (Lontra canadensis) under contrasting land-use regimes. Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. 87:422-32.
52. Gill D. 1972. The evolution of a discrete beaver habitat in the Mackenzie River Delta, Northwest Territories. Can. Field-Natur. 86:233-39.
53. Grover AM, Baldassarre GA. 1995. Bird species richness within beaver ponds in south-central New York. Wetlands 15:108-18.
54. Gurnell AM. 1998. The hydrogeomorphological effects of beaver dam-building activity. Progr. Phys. Geogr.y 22:167-89.
55. Hale JG. 1966. Influence of beaver on some trout streams along the Minnesota north shore of Lake Superior. Minn. Fish. Invest. 4:5-29.
56. Harkonen S. 1999. Forest damage caused by the Canadian beaver (Castor canadensis) in South Savo, Finland. Silva Fenn. 33:247-59.
57. Hill AR , Duval TP. 2009. Beaver dams along an agricultural stream in southern Ontario, Canada: their impact on riparian zone hydrology and nitrogen chemistry. Hydrol. Proc. 23:1324-36.
58. Hillman GR, Feng JC, et al. 2004. Effects of catchment characteristics and disturbances on storage and export of dissolved organic carbon in a boreal headwater stream. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 61:1447-60.
59. Hood GA, Bayley SE . 2008. Beaver (Castor canadensis) mitigate the effects of climate on the area of open water in boreal wetlands in western Canada. Biol. Conserv. 141:556-67.
60. Hood GA, Bayley SE . 2009. A comparison of riparian plant community response to herbivory by beavers (Castor canadensis) and ungulates in Canada's boreal mixed-wood forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 258:1979-89.
61. Howard RJ, Larson JS. 1985. A stream habitat classification system for beaver. J. Wildl. Manage. 49:19-25.
62. Hyvönen T, Nummi P. 2008. Habitat dynamics of beaver Castor canadensis at two spatial scales. Wildl. Biol. 14:302-08.
63. Ives RL . 1942. The beaver-meadow complex. J. Geomorph. 5:191-203.
64. Jakes AF, Snodgrass JW, Burger J. 2007. Castor canadensis (beaver) impoundment associated with geomorphology of southeastern streams. Southeast. Natur. 6:271-82.
65. Jenkins SH, Busher PE. 1979. Castor canadensis. Mammal. Species 120:1-8.
66. Jensen PG, Curtis PD, et al. 2001. Habitat and structural factors influencing beaver interference with highway culverts. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 29:654-64.
67. Johnston CA. 1994. Ecological engineering of wetlands by beavers. In Global wetlands: old world and new, Mitsch WJ, editor. Amsterdam: Elsevier Sci., pp. 379-84.
68. Johnston CA. 2000. Wetland soil and landscape alteration by beavers. In Wetland soils: their genesis, morphology, hydrology, landscapes, and classification, Richardson JL, Vepraskas MJ, editors. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 391-408.
69. Johnston CA, Naiman RJ. 1987. Boundary dynamics at the aquatic-terrestrial interface: the influence of beaver and geomorphology. Landsc. Ecol. 1:47-57.
70. Johnston CA, Naiman RJ. 1990a. Aquatic patch creation in relation to beaver population trends. Ecology 71:1617-21.
71. Johnston CA, Naiman RJ. 1990b. The use of a geographic information system to analyze long-term landscape alteration by beaver. Landsc. Ecol. 4:5-19.
72. Johnston CA, Pastor J, Naiman RJ. 1993. Effects of beaver and moose on boreal forest landscapes. In Landscape ecology and geographical information systems, Cousins SH, Haines-Young R, Green D, editors. London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 236-54.
73. Johnston CA, Pinay G, et al. 1995. Influence of soil properties on the biogeochemistry of a beaver meadow hydrosequence. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 59:1789-99.
74. Karraker NE , Gibbs JP. 2009. Amphibian production in forested landscapes in relation to wetland hydroperiod: a case study of vernal pools and beaver ponds. Biol. Conserv. 142:2293-02.
75. Kaye CA. 1962. Early postglacial beavers in southeastern New England. Science 138:906-07.
76. Klotz RL. 1998. Influence of beaver ponds on the phosphorus concentration of stream water. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55:1228-35.
77. Kretser W, Gallagher J, Nicolette J. 1989. Adirondack lakes study 1984-1987: an evaluation of fish communities and water chemistry. Ray Brook, NY: Adirondack Lakes Surv. Corp.
78. Lawrence WH, Fay LD , Graham SA . 1956. A report on the beaver die-off in Michigan. J. Wildl. Manage. 20:184-87.
79. LeBlanc FA, Gallant D, et al. 2007. Unequal summer use of beaver ponds by river otters: influence of beaver activity, pond size, and vegetation cover. Can. J. Zool. -Rev. Can. Zool. 85:774-82.
80. Le Page C, Keddy PA. 1998. Reserves of buried seeds in beaver ponds. Wetlands 18:242-48.
81. Lesica P, Miles S. 2004. Beavers indirectly enhance the growth of Russian olive and tamarisk along eastern Montana rivers. West. N. Am. Natur. 64:93-100.
82. Lewkowicz AG, Coultish TL . 2004. Beaver damming and palsa dynamics in a subarctic mountainous environment, Wolf Creek, Yukon Territory, Canada. Arct. Antarct. Alpine Res. 36:208-18.
83. Litvaitis JA. 2003. Are pre-Columbian conditions relevant baselines for managed forests in the northeastern United States? For. Ecol. Manage. 185:113-26.
84. Longcore JR, McAuley DG, et al. 2006. Macroinvertebrate abundance, water chemistry, and wetland characteristics affect use of wetlands by avian species in Maine. Hydrobiologia 567:143-67.
85. Longcore T, Rich C, Muller-Schwarze D. 2007. Management by assertion: beavers and songbirds at Lake Skinner (Riverside County, California). Env. Manage. 39:460-71.
86. MacDonald DW, Tattersall FH, et al. 1995. Reintroducing the European beaver to Britain: nostalgic meddling or restoring biodiversity? Mammal Rev. 25:161-200.
87. Maret TJ, Parker M, Fannin TE . 1987. The effect of beaver ponds on the nonpoint source water quality of a stream in southwestern Wyoming. Water Res. 21:263-68.
88. Margolis BE, Castro MS, Raesly RL . 2001. The impact of beaver impoundments on the water chemistry of two Appalachian streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58:2271-83.
89. Margolis BE, Raesly RL , Shumway DL . 2001. The effects of beavercreated wetlands on the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages of two Appalachian streams. Wetlands 21:554-63.
90. McCall TC, Hodgman TP, et al. 1996. Beaver populations and their relation to wetland habitat and breeding waterfowl in Maine. Wetlands 16:163-72.
91. McHale MR, Cirmo CP, et al. 2004. Wetland nitrogen dynamics in an Adirondack forested watershed. Hydrol. Processes 18:1853-70.
92. McKinstry MC, Caffrey P, Anderson SH. 2001. The importance of beaver to wetland habitats and waterfowl in Wyoming. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 37:1571-77.
93. McKinstry MC, Kahru RR , Anderson SH. 1997. Use of active beaver, Castor canadensis, lodges by muskrats, Ondatra zibethicus, in Wyoming. Can. Field-Natur. 111:310-11.
94. McRae G, Edwards CJ. 1994. Thermal-characteristics of Wisconsin headwater streams occupied by beaver -implications for brook trout habitat. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 123:641-56.
95. Meentemeyer RK, Butler DR . 1999. Hydrogeomorphic effects of beaver dams in Glacier National Park, Montana. Phys. Geogr. 20:436-46.
96. Menzel MA, Carter TC, et al. 2001. Tree-roost characteristics of subadult and female adult evening bats (Nycticeius humeralis) in the upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina. Am. Midl. Natur. 145:112-19.
97. Merendino MT, McCullough GB, North NR . 1995. Wetland availability and use by breeding waterfowl in southern Ontario. J. Wildl. Manage. 59:527-32.
98. Metts BS, Lanham JD, Russell KR. 2001. Evaluation of herpetofaunal communities on upland streams and beaver-impounded streams in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. Am. Midl. Natur. 145:54-65.
99. Mitchell CC, Niering WA. 1993. Vegetation change in a topogenic bog following beaver flooding. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 120:136-47.
100. Mitchell SC, Cunjak RA. 2007. Stream flow, salmon and beaver dams: roles in the structuring of stream fish communities within an anadromous salmon dominated stream. J. Anim. Ecol. 76:1062-74.
101. Monzingo DL J, Hibler CP. 1987. Prevalence of Giardia sp. in a beaver colony and the resulting environmental contamination. J. Wildl. Diseases 23:576-85.
102. Moorman MC, Eggleston DB, et al. 2009. Implications of beaver Castor canadensis and trout introductions on native fish in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 138:306-13.
103. Müller-Schwarze D, Sun L. 2003. The beaver: natural history of a wetlands engineer. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
104. Naiman RJ, Johnston CA, Kelley JC. 1988. Alteration of North American streams by beaver. Bioscience 38:753-62.
105. Naiman RJ, Melillo JM, and Hobbie JE. 1986. Ecosystem alteration of boreal forest streams by beaver (Castor canadensis). Ecology 67:1254-1269.
106. Naiman RJ, Pinay G, et al. 1994. Beaver influences on the longterm biogeochemical characteristics of boreal forest drainage networks. Ecology 75:905-21.
107. Newman DG, Griffin CR. 1994. Wetland use by river otters in Massachusetts. J. Wildl. Manage. 58:18-23.
108. Nummi P, Poysa H. 1997. Population and community level responses in Anas-species to patch disturbance caused by an ecosystem engineer, the beaver. Ecography 20:580-84.
109. Parker JD, Caudill CC, Hay ME. 2007. Beaver herbivory on aquatic plants. Oecologia 151:616-25.
110. Parker R, Steginhaus E, et al. 1951. Contamination of natural waters and mud with Pasteurella tularensis and tularemia in beavers and muskrats in the northwestern United States. Nat. Inst. Health Bull. 193:1-61.
111. Pastor J, Bonde J, et al. 1993. Markovian analysis of the spatially dependent dynamics of beaver ponds. In Predicting spatial effects in ecological systems, Gardner RH, editor. Providence, RI: Am. Mathematical Soc., pp. 5-27.
112. Pastor J, Dewey B, Christian DP. 1996. Carbon and nutrient mineralization and fungal spore composition of fecal pellets from voles in Minnesota. Ecography 19:52-61.
113. Pastor J, Downing A, Erickson HE. 1996. Species-area curves and diversity-productivity relationships in beaver meadows of Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota, USA . Oikos 77:399-406.
114. Pastur GM, Lencinas MV, et al. 2006. Understorey succession in Nothofagus forests in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina) affected by Castor canadensis. Appl. Veg. Sci. 9:143-54.
115. Payne NF, Peterson RP. 1986. Trends in complaints of beaver damage in Wisconsin. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14:303-07.
116. Perkins TE , Wilson MV. 2005. The impacts of Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) invasion on wetland plant richness in the Oregon Coast Range, USA , depend on beavers. Biol. Conserv. 124:291-95.
117. Pollock MM, Beechie TJ, Jordan CE. 2007. Geomorphic changes upstream of beaver dams in Bridge Creek, an incised stream channel in the interior Columbia River basin, eastern Oregon. Earth Surf. Processes Landf. 32:1174-85.
118. Pollock MM, Pess GR, Beechie TJ. 2004. The importance of beaver ponds to coho salmon production in the Stillaguamish River basin, Washington, USA. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 24:749-60.
119. Popescu VD, Gibbs JP. 2009. Interactions between climate, beaver activity, and pond occupancy by the cold-adapted mink frog in New York State, USA . Biol. Conserv. 142:2059-68.
120. Power ME, Tilman D, et al. 1996. Challenges in the quest for keystones. Bioscience 46:609-20.
121. Raffel TR, Smith N, et al. 2009. Central place foraging by beavers (Castor canadensis) in a complex lake habitat. Am. Midl. Natur. 162:62-73.
122. Ray HL, Ray AM, Rebertus AJ. 2004. Rapid establishment of fish in isolated peatland beaver ponds. Wetlands 24:399-405.
123. Ray AM, Rebertus AJ, Ray HL. 2001. Macrophyte succession in Minnesota beaver ponds. Can. J. Bot. -Rev. Can. Bot. 79:487-99.
124. Rebertus AJ. 1986. Bogs as beaver habitat in north-central Minnesota. Am. Midl. Natur. 116:240-45.
125. Reddoch JM, Reddoch AH. 2005. Consequences of beaver, Castor canadensis, flooding on a small shore fen in southwestern Quebec. Can. Field-Natur. 119:385-94.
126. Reid DG, Herrero SM, Code TE . 1988. River otters as agents of water loss from beaver ponds. J. Mammal. 69:100-07.
127. Remillard MM, Gruendling GK, Bogucki DJ. 1987. Disturbance by beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) and increased landscape heterogeneity. In Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance, Turner MG, editor. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 103-22.
128. Renouf RN. 1972. Waterfowl utilization of beaver ponds in New Brunswick. J. Wildl. Manage. 36:740-44.
129. Retzer JL, Swope HM, et al. 1956. Suitability of physical factors for beaver management in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Tech. Bull. no. 2. Denver: CO Dept. Game, Fish & Parks.
130. Ringelman JK. 1991. Managing beaver to benefit waterfowl. Washington, DC: USFWS.
131. Robinson S, Beaudoin AB, et al. 2007. Plant macrofossils associated with an early Holocene beaver dam in interior Alaska. Arctic 60:430-38.
132. Rolauffs P, Hering D, Lohse S. 2001. Composition, invertebrate community and productivity of a beaver dam in comparison to other stream habitat types. Hydrobiologia 459:201-12.
133. Rosell F, Bozser O, et al. 2005. Ecological impact of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis and their ability to modify ecosystems. Mammal Rev. 35:248-76.
134. Roulet NT , Ash R, Moore TR. 1992. Low boreal wetlands as a source of atmospheric methane. J. Geophys. Res. 97(D4):3739-49.
135. 4 flux between a boreal beaver pond and the atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 102:29313-19.
136. Rudemann R, Schoonmaker WJ. 1938. Beaver dams as geologic agents. Science 88:523-25.
137. Russell KR, Moorman CE, et al. 1999. Amphibian and reptile communities associated with beaver (Castor canadensis) ponds and unimpounded streams in the Piedmont of South Carolina. J. Freshw. Ecol. 14:149-58.
138. Rybczynski N. 2008. Woodcutting behavior in beavers (Castoridae, Rodentia): estimating ecological performance in a modern and a fossil taxon. Paleobiology 34:389-402.
139. Scott KJ, Kelly CA, Rudd JWM. 1999. The importance of floating peat to methane fluxes from flooded peatlands. Biogeochemistry 47:187-202.
140. Sigourney DB, Letcher BH, Cunjak RA. 2006. Influence of beaver activity on summer growth and condition of age-2 Atlantic salmon parr. Trans. Am. Fish. So. 135:1068-75.
141. Simonaviciute L, Ulevicius A. 2007. Structure of phytocenoses in beaver meadows in Lithuania. Ekologija 53:34-44.
142. Smith DW, Peterson RO. 1991. Behavior of beaver in lakes with varying water levels in northern Minnesota. Env. Manag. 15:395-401.
143. Smith ME, Driscoll CT, et al. 1991. Modification of stream ecosystem structure and function by beaver (Castor canadensis) in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Can. J. Zool. -Rev. Can. Zool. 69:55-61.
144. Snodgrass JW. 1997. Temporal and spatial dynamics of beaver-created patches as influenced by management practices in a southeastern North American landscape. J. Appl. Ecol. 34:1043-56.
145. Snodgrass JW, Meffe GK. 1998. Influence of beavers on stream fish assemblages: effects of pond age and watershed position. Ecology 79:928-42.
146. Songsteralpin MS, Klotz RL. 1995. A comparison of electrontransport system activity in stream and beaver pond sediments. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52:1318-26.
147. Stenlund MH. 1953. Report of Minnesota beaver die-off, 1951-1952. J. Wildl. Manage. 17:376-77.
148. Stevens CE, Paszkowski CA, Foote AL . 2007. Beaver (Castor canadensis) as a surrogate species for conserving anuran amphibians on boreal streams in Alberta, Canada. Biol. Conserv. 134:1-13.
149. Stevens CE, Paszkowski CA, Scrimgeour GJ. 2006. Older is bet-ter: beaver ponds on boreal streams as breeding habitat for the wood frog. J. Wildl. Manage. 70:1360-71.
150. Striped Face-Collins M, Johnston CA. 2007. Rangeland drought mitigation by beaver (Castor canadensis) impounded water. Proc. So. Dakota Acad. Sci. 86:228.
151. Sturtevant BR. 1998. A model of wetland vegetation dynamics in simulated beaver impoundments. Ecol. Model. 112:195-225.
152. Syphard AD , Garcia MW. 2001. Human-and beaver-induced wetland changes in the Chickahominy River watershed from 1953 to 1994. Wetlands 21:342-53.
153. Terwilliger J, Pastor J. 1999. Small mammals, ectomycorrhizae, and conifer succession in beaver meadows. Oikos 85:83-94.
154. Westbrook CJ, Cooper DJ, Baker BW. 2006. Beaver dams and overbank floods influence groundwater-surface water interactions of a Rocky Mountain riparian area. Water Resourc. Res. 42:W06404.
155. Wheatley M. 1997. Beaver, Castor canadensis, home range size and patterns of use in the taiga of southeastern Manitoba. 3. Habitat variation. Can. Field-Natur. 111:217-22.
156. White SM, Rahel FJ. 2008. Complementation of habitats for Bonneville cutthroat trout in watersheds influenced by beavers, livestock, and drought. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 137:881-94.
157. Wilson DE , Reeder DM. 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
158. Wilsson L. 1971. Observations and experiments on the ethology of the European beaver (Castor fiber L.). Viltrevy 8:115-266.
159. Wolff SW, Wesche TA , Hubert WA. 1989. Stream channel and habitat changes due to flow augmentation. Regul. Riv.: Res. & Manage. 4:225-33.
160. Wolter PT, Johnston CA, Niemi GJ. 2006. Land use land cover change in the U.S. Great Lakes Basin 1992 to 2001. J. Great Lakes Res. 32:607-28.
161. Woo MK, Waddington JM. 1990. Effects of beaver dams on subarctic wetland hydrology. Arctic 43:223-30.
162. Wright JP. 2009. Linking populations to landscapes: richness scenarios resulting from changes in the dynamics of an ecosystem engineer. Ecology 90:3418-29.
163. Wright JP, Jones CG. 2006. The concept of organisms as ecosystem engineers ten years on: progress, limitations, and challenges. Bioscience 56:203-09.
164. Wright JP, Flecker AS , Jones CG. 2003. Local vs. landscape controls on plant species richness in beaver meadows. Ecology 84:3162-73.
165. Wright JP, Jones CG, Flecker AS . 2002. An ecosystem engineer, the beaver, increases species richness at the landscape scale. Oecologia 132:96-101.
166. Yavitt JB, Lang GE, Sexstone AJ. 1990. Methane fluxes in wetland and forest soils, beaver ponds, and low-order streams of a temperate forest ecosystem. J. Geophys. Res. 95:22463-74.