Mumbai fables

Mumbai Fables

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Prakash, Gyan ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84884100373     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (400)

1. Jonathan Raban, Soft City (London: Harvill Press, 1974), 4.
2. Philip Knightley, A Hacker's Progress (London: Vintage, 1996), 83-97.
3. Author's interview with Philip Knightley, London, June 2005.
4. Allen V. Ross, Bombay after Dark (New York: Macfadden-Bartell, 1971), 25, 50.
5. Captain F. D. Colaabavala, Bombay by Night (Bombay: Hind Pocket Books, 1977), 18.
6. "Protima's Naked Run," http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/proj_tabloid/protimastory.sh tml (accessed July 10, 2009).
7. See Ranjit Hoskote, "The Complicit Observer: Reflections on the Art of Sudhir Patwardhan," in his Sudhir Patwardhan: The Complicit Observer (Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 2010), 7-39.
8. Chugtai, "Communal Violence and Literature (Fasaadat aur Adab)," in My Friend, My Enemy, 3-5.
9. Abbas, I Am Not an Island, 289.
10. See the color plates Riot, 107, and Lower Parel, 128-29.
11. Suketu Mehta, Maximum City (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004).
12. Darryl D'Monte and Priyanka Kakodkar, "Bye-Bye, B'Bay?" Outlook, February 4, 2002.
13. Rohinton Mistry, Family Matters (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), 263-64.
14. Museebat mein Bambai (Bombay: Krunal Music Company, 2005).
15. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), 86.
16. United Nations Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2001 Revision (New York: United Nations Publications, 2002), 1.
17. Mike Davis, Planet of Slums (New York: Verso, 2006).
18. David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989).
19. Ravi Sundaram, Pirate Modernity: Delhi's Media Urbanism (London: Routledge, 2009).
20. Arjun Appadurai and James Holston, "Introduction: Cities and Citizenship," in Cities and Citizenship, ed. James Holston (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), 1-20.
21. Partha Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004).
22. Paul Virilio, The Lost Dimension, trans. Daniel Moshenberg (Paris: Semiotext[e], 1991).
23. Rem Koolhaas, "Postscript: Introduction for New Research 'the Contemporary City,'" Architecture and Urbanism 217 (October 1988), reprinted in Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture, ed. Kate Nesbitt (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996), 325.
24. Rem Koolhaas and Bruce Mau, S,M,L,XL (New York: Monacelli Press, 1995).
25. On Walter Benjamin's method of urban archaeology, see his Berlin essays in Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, vol. 2, pt. 2, ed. Michael Jennings (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1999), 595-637;
26. Walter Benjamin: Selected Writings, vol. 3, ed. Michael Jennings (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2002), 344-413.
27. I have benefited from Graeme Gilloch's insightful discussion of the concept in his Myth and Metropolis: Walter Benjamin and the City (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996), 70-78.
28. See also Madhav Prasad, "The State in/of Cinema," in Wages of Freedom: Fifty Years of the Indian Nation-State, ed. Partha Chatterjee (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998); and Ravi Vasudevan, introduction to Making Meanings in Indian Cinema, ed. Ravi Vasudevan (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), 1-36.
29. The epigraph by Namdeo Dhasal, "Mumbai, Mumbai My Dear Slut," trans. Vidyut [Bhagwat] and Sharmila, is in "Bombay in Dalit Literature," by Vidyut Bhagwat, in Bombay: Mosaic of Modern Culture, ed. Sujata Patel and Alice Thorner (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995), 123.
30. Gerson da Cunha, "The Origin of Bombay," The Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, extra number (1900): 83.
31. The following account comes from Oriente Conquistado a Jesus Christo and is cited in Cunha, "Origin of Bombay," 151-53.
32. See Christine Dobbin, Urban Leadership in Western India (London: Oxford University Press, 1972), ch. 1, for details on Bombay's merchant communities.
33. Amar Farooqui, Opium City: The Making of Early Victorian Bombay (Delhi: Three Essays Collective, 2006).
34. John F. Richards, "The Opium Industry in India," Indian Economic and Social History Review 39, nos. 2-3 (2002): 168.
35. Pamela Nightingale, Trade and Empire in Western India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 17-22.
36. D. F. Karaka, History of the Parsis Including Their Manners, Customs, Religion, and Present Position (London: Macmillan, 1884; repr., Bombay: Indigo, 2002), 2:57.
37. Karaka, History of the Parsis 2:78-88
38. Farooqui, Opium City; Asiya Siddiqi, "The Business World of Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy," Indian Economic and Social History Review 19, nos. 3-4 (1982): 302-24
39. Christine Dobbin, Asian Entrepreneurial Minorities (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1996), ch. 4.
40. Mody, Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 28.
41. Farooqui, Opium City, 57.
42. Siddiqi, "Business World of Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy," 307-8.
43. Dinshaw Wacha, Premchund Roychund: His Early Life and Career, 99, cited in Teresa Albuquerque, Urbs Prima in Indis: An Epoch in the History of Bombay, 1840-1865 (New Delhi: Promilla, 1985), 17.
44. Albuquerque, Urbs Prima in Indis, 18.
45. Raj Chandavarkar, The Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 65.
46. Meera Kosambi, Bombay in Transition: The Growth and Social Ecology of a Colonial City, 1880-1980 (Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1986), 55-56.
47. I have drawn on the following: Rashmi Varma, "Provincializing the Global City: From Bombay to Mumbai," Social Text 81, vol. 22, no. 4 (2004); Gopal, Literary Radicalism, 123-62. See also Madhav Prasad, "The State in/of Cinema," in Wages of Freedom: Fifty Years of the Indian Nation-State, ed. Partha Chatterjee (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998); and Ravi Vasudevan, introduction to Making Meanings in Indian Cinema, ed. Ravi Vasudevan (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), 1-36.
48. Abbas, I Write as I Feel, 317.
49. Sharada Dwivedi and Rahul Mehrotra, Bombay: The Cities Within, 2nd ed. (Bombay: Eminence Designs Private Ltd., 2001), 92.
50. Christopher W. London, Bombay Gothic (Mumbai: India Book House Publishing Limited, 2002), 28.
51. See David Harvey, Paris: Capital of Modernity (New York: Routledge, 2003);
52. Carl E. Schorske, Fin-de-Siècle Vienna: Politics and Culture (New York: Vintage, 1981).
53. G. W. Stevens, "All India in Miniature," in The Charm of Bombay: An Anthology of Writing in Praise of the First City in India, ed. R. P. Karkaria (Bombay: D. B. Tarporevala & Sons, 1915), 82.
54. Govind Narayan Madgavkar, Mumbaichi Varnan (1863); translated as Govind Narayan's Mumbai: An Urban Biography from 1863, trans. Murali Ranganathan (London: Anthem Press, 2007).
55. Walter Benjamin, "The Paris of Second Empire in Baudelaire," in Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism, trans. Harry Zohn (London: Verso, 1983), 9-106;
56. D. E. Wacha, Shells from the Sands of Bombay (Bombay: Bombay Chronicle Press, 1920).
57. D. E. Wacha, Rise and Growth of Bombay Municipal Government (Madras: G. A. Natesan, 1913).
58. Wacha, Shells from the Sands of Bombay, 558.
59. What follows is based on Wacha, Shells from the Sands of Bombay, 82-93.
60. Henri Lefebvre, Everyday Life in the Modern World (New York: Harper and Row, 1971), 21.
61. Madgavkar, Mumbaichi Varnan, 7.
62. Hari Narayan Apte, Pan Lakshyat Kon Gheto! cited in Meera Kosambi's "Marathi Writers," in Bombay: Mosaic of Modern Culture, ed. Sujata Patel and Alice Thorner (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), 264.
63. Madgavkar, Mumbaichi Varnan, 29.
64. Benjamin, "Paris of the Second Empire," 44;
65. See also Gleber, Art of Taking a Walk, 57;
66. David Frisby, Cityscapes of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity, 2001), 52-56.
67. Naoroji M. Dumasia, A Biographical Sketch of Sardar Mir Abdul Ali, Khan Bahadur, Head of the Detective Police, Bombay (Bombay: Bombay Gazette Press, 1896).
68. Stevens, Charm of Bombay, 82-83.
69. S. M. Edwardes, By-Ways of Bombay (Bombay: Times of India Office, 1912), 6-7.
70. See, for example, A. R. Burnett-Hurst, Labour and Housing in Bombay: A Study in Economic Conditions of the Wage-Earning Classes in Bombay (London: P. S. King, 1925).
71. See Robert Alter's perceptive reading of Dickens on this point in his Imagined Cities: Urban Experience and the Language of the Novel (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 54.
72. Gillian Tindall, City of Gold (London: Temple Smith, 1982), 252.
73. See, for example, Tindall, City of Gold, 252-53.
74. Cf. Chandavarkar, Imperial Power and Popular Politics, 107.
75. Edwardes, Gazetteer of Bombay City and Island 3:174.
76. This description is taken from Parliamentary Papers, Report of the Indian Plague Commission, 1898-99, with Appendices and Summary, v (1902), vol. 82, cmd. 810, app. 3, 446-54.
77. See also Ira Klein, "Urban Development and Death: Bombay City, 1870-1914," Modern Asian Studies 20, no. 4 (1986): 725-54.
78. Bleak House, edited with an introduction and notes by Nicola Bradbury (London: Penguin Books, 1996), 710.
79. Robert Alter suggests that the typhus epidemics in London were very much on Dickens's mind when he wrote this. Alter, Imagined Cities, 67.
80. The above is taken from Report of the Outbreak of Bubonic Plague in Bombay, 1896-97, by P.C.H. Snow (Bombay: Times of India Steam Press, 1897), 5-6.
81. J. K. Condon, The Bombay Plague, Being a History of the Progress of Plague in the Bombay Presidency from September 1896 to June 1899 (Bombay: Education Society's Steam Press, 1900), 130.
82. The above epigraph is from "Mumbai," in Maze Vidyapeeth, trans. Mangesh Kulkarni, Jatin Wagle, and Abhay Sardesai (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1975), reprinted in Shirin Kudchekar's "Poetry and the City," in Bombay, ed. Patel and Thorner, 149.
83. Daya Pawar, Balute (Bombay: Granthali, 1982), 132
84. See Prashant Kidambi, The Making of an Indian Metropolis: Colonial Governance and Public Culture in Bombay, 1890-1920 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), 71-113, for a detailed account of the Improvement Trust's projects.
85. Evidence Oral and Documentary Recorded by the Back Bay Enquiry Committee, 1926, pt. 3 (London: HMSO, 1927), 5.
86. Bombay Development Committee, Report, xiii-xv.
87. Government of India, Report of the Committee Appointed by the Government of India to Enquire into the Bombay Back Bay Reclamation Scheme, 1926 (London: HMSO, 1926), 7-8.
88. "Letters from Lord Lloyd to Halifax," December 22, 1918, BL, OIOLR, Mss. Eur. B.158.
89. Proceedings of the Legislative Council of the Government of Bombay, 3rd August 1920, 565-66.
90. W. R. Davidge, "The Development of Bombay," Town Planning Review (1924): 273-79.
91. S. Nihal Singh, Development of Bombay (Bombay: Director of Public Information, 1924), 16-29.
92. Government of India, Report of the Back Bay Enquiry Committee, 39.
93. Government of Bombay, Second ad Interim Report of the Advisory Committee Dealing with the Back Bay Reclamation Scheme (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1925), 9.
94. Bombay Legislative Council Debates: Official Report, Tuesday, March 3, 1925 (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1925), 546.
95. Bombay Chronicle, March 17, 1926.
96. Times of India, August 6, 1926.
97. Bombay Chronicle, August 23, 1926.
98. Harvey-Nariman Libel Case, ed. S. M. Surveyor (Bombay: S. M. Surveyor, 1927-28).
99. Government of India, Report of the Back Bay Enquiry Committee, 82-83.
100. Cf. Charlotte Benton and Tim Benton, "The Style and the Age," in Art Deco, 1910-1939, ed. Charlotte Benton, Tim Benton, and Ghislaine Wood (New York: Bulfinch, 2003), 12-27.
101. Cf. Jon Alff, "Art Deco: Gateway to Indian Modernism," Architecture + Design 8, no. 6 (November-December 1991): 58.
102. "The Ideal Home Exhibition," Journal of the Indian Institute of Architects (JIIA) 4, no. 3 (January 1938): 323.
103. "Review of Construction and Materials," JIIA 1, no. 2 (July 1934): 79.
104. Editorial, Indian Concrete Journal 9, no. 10 (October 1935): 329.
105. Dwivedi and Mehrotra, Bombay Deco, 264-99.
106. See also Kamu Iyer, ed., Buildings That Shaped Bombay (Mumbai: KRVI, 2000).
107. "Back Bay Reclamation Scheme," Times of India, July 29, 1935;
108. "Back Bay Reclamation Scheme: Detailed Programme of Development," Times of India, March 10, 1936.
109. "New Back Bay Buildings," Illustrated Weekly of India, January 3, 1936, iv;
110. "Building Boom in Bombay," Illustrated Weekly of India, February 2, 1936, iii.
111. "Palm Trees along Marine Drive," Indian Concrete Journal 12, no. 2 (February 1939): 46.
112. Alff, "Art Deco," 59.
113. What follows is drawn from Jon Alff, "Temples of Light: Bombay's Art Deco Cinemas and the Birth of the Modern Myth," in Bombay to Mumbai: Changing Perspectives (Mumbai: Marg Publications, 1997), 250-57;
114. Dwivedi and Mehrotra, Bombay Deco, 46-81.
115. "Parsi Business Man's Experiences: Mr. Cambata in Hollywood and New York," Illustrated Weekly of India, October 25, 1936.
116. Louis Bromfield, Night in Bombay (New York: P. F. Collier & Son, 1939), 94.
117. Dwivedi and Mehrotra, Bombay Deco, 28-32.
118. Mustansir Dalvi, "'Domestic Deco' Architecture in Bombay: G.B.'s Milieu," in Buildings That Shaped Bombay, ed. Iyer, 14.
119. Illustrated Weekly of India, May 3, 1936, vi-vii.
120. Vikram Doctor and Alikhan, "A Century of Indian Advertising," Advertising Brief, December 30, 1999, 33-47. What follows is drawn from this article.
121. Government of India, Report of the Indian Cinematograph Committee (Madras: Government Press, 1928), 180.
122. Erik Barnow and S. Krishnaswamy, Indian Film (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 31-36.
123. Valentina Vitali, Hindi Action Cinema: Industries, Narratives, Bodies (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008), 22-24.
124. What follows is based on Rosie Thomas, "Not Quite (Pearl) White: Fearless Nadia, Queen of the Stunt," in Bollyworld: Popular Indian Cinema through a Transnational Lens, ed. Raminder Kaur and Ajay J. Sinha (New Delhi: Sage, 2005), 35-69;
125. Dorothee Wenner, Fearless Nadia: The True Story of Bollywood's Original Stunt Queen (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2005);
126. Vitali, Hindi Action Cinema, 56-118;
127. J.B.H. Wadia, "Those Were the Days" (unpublished autobiography, Bombay, 1980).
128. Thomas, "Not Quite (Pearl) White," 51.
129. Bromfield, Night in Bombay, 8.
130. For example, J. P. Orr, Density of Population in Bombay (Bombay: British India Press, 1914),
131. A. R. Burnett-Hurst, Labour and Housing in Bombay (London: P. S. King, 1925).
132. Burnett-Hurst, Labour and Housing in Bombay, 22.
133. Census of India, 1931, vol. 9, pt. 1 (Bombay: Government Central Press, 1933), 81.
134. Kosambi, Bombay in Transition, 165.
135. Bromfield, Night in Bombay, 51-52.
136. Bombay Vigilance Association, Report of the Prostitution Committee (Bombay: Bombay Vigilance Association, 1927), 8-10, 31.
137. Claude Batley, "The Importance of City Planning," in Bombay Looks Ahead, ed. Clifford Manshardt (Bombay: D. B. Tarporevala Sons, 1934), 39.
138. Illustrated Weekly of India, February 9, 1936.
139. Bombay Chronicle, October 10, 1947.
140. Saadat Hasan Manto, "Mammad Bhai," in Saadat Hasan Manto: Dastavez, ed. Balraj Menra and Sharad Dutt (Delhi: Rajkamal Prakashan, 1993), 1:343-54.
141. For an English translation, see "A Question of Honour," in Bitter Fruit: The Very Best of Saadat Hasan Manto, ed. and trans. Khalid Hasan (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2008), 249-57.
142. Saadat Hasan Manto, "Naya Qanoon," in Dastavez 1:241-49.
143. For an English translation, see "New Constitution," in Bitter Fruit, 206-15.
144. Saadat Hasan Manto, "Babu Gopinath," in Dastavez 1:215-28.
145. English translation in Bitter Fruit, 279-90.
146. See Shabana Mahmud, "Angare and the Founding of the Progressive Writers' Association," Modern Asian Studies 30, no. 2 (1996): 447-67.
147. Ismat Chugtai, "Lihaaf " [Quilt], trans. M. Asaduddin, in Women Writing in India, ed. S. Tharu and K. Lalita (New York: Feminist Press, 1993). On Chugtai, see Priyamvada Gopal, "Habitations of Womanhood: Ismat Chugtai's Secret History of Modernity," in her Literary Radicalism in India (London: Routledge, 2005), 65-88.
148. Chugtai, "The 'Lihaaf ' Trial," in My Friend, My Enemy, 135.
149. Chugtai, "Mera Dost, Mera Dushman," in My Friend, My Enemy, 193.
150. "Chugtai, "'Lihaaf ' Trial," 131-47.
151. For Manto's account of his relationship with Chugtai, see Manto, "On Ismat," in Ismat: Her Life, Her Times, ed. Sukrita Paul Kumar and Sadique (New Delhi: Katha, 2000), 156-72.
152. Ahmed Ali, "The Progressive Writers' Movement and Creative Writers in Urdu," in Marxist Influences and South Asian Literature, ed. Carlo Coppola, South Asian Monograph Series Occasional Paper No. 23, vol. 1 (East Lansing: Michigan State University, 1974), 36.
153. See Sajjad Zaheer, "Reminiscences," in Marxist Cultural Movement in India: Chronicles and Documents (1936-1947), ed. Sudhi Pradhan, vol. 1 (Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1979), 33-46; and Carlo Coppola, "All India Progressive Writers' Association: The European Phase," in Marxist Influences, ed. Coppola, 1:1-34, for an account of the PWA's founding efforts in Europe.
154. Coppola, "All India Progressive Writers' Association," 7.
155. What follows is largely based on Hafeez Malik, "The Marxist Literary Movement in India and Pakistan," Journal of Asian Studies 26, no. 4 (1967): 649-64.
156. Ali Husain Mir and Raza Mir, Anthems of Resistance (New Delhi: Roli Books, 2006), 37.
157. Saadat Hasan Manto, "Taraqqipasand," in Dastavez 1:287-95;
158. "To My Readers," in Bitter Fruit," 657.
159. Khwaja Ahmed Abbas, I Write as I Feel (Bombay: Hind Kitabs, 1948), 30.
160. "Indian People's Theatre Association," Bulletin No. 1, July 1943, in Marxist Cultural Movement, ed. Pradhan, 1:124-42. On the formation of IPTA, see Nandi Bhatia, "Staging Resistance: Indian People's Theatre Association," in The Politics of Culture in the Shadow of Capital, ed. Lisa Lowe and David Lloyd (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), 432-60.
161. Nandi Bhatia, "Staging Resistance: Indian People's Theatre Association," in The Politics of Culture in the Shadow of Capital, ed. Lisa Lowe and David Lloyd (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), 432-60.
162. "Provincial Reports Bombay," in Marxist Cultural Movements, ed. Pradhan, 1:145.
163. Khwaja Ahmed Abbas, I Am Not an Island: An Experiment in Autobiography (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1977), 97-98.
164. Balraj Sahni, Balraj Sahni: An Autobiography (Delhi: Hind Pocket Books, 1979), 17.
165. Sahni, Balraj Sahni: An Autobiography, 23-26.
166. Uma Anand and Ketan Anand, Chetan Anand: The Poetics of Film (Mumbai: Himalaya Films-Media Entertainment, 2007), 9-10.
167. Sahni, Balraj Sahni: An Autobiography, 46-47.
168. What follows is based on Sahni, Balraj Sahni: An Autobiography, 51-56.
169. "Diary of Margaret C Godley," C 827/3, June 29 to July 7, OIOLR: Mss. Eur. C.827.
170. Raj Thapar, All These Years (New Delhi: Seminar Publications, 1991), 4.
171. Thapar, All These Years, 20.
172. J. C. Masselos, "The City as Represented in Crowd Action: Bombay 1893," EPW 28, no. 5 (1993): 182-90.
173. Patrick Kelly, Commissioner of Police, Bombay, to Secretary, Government of Bombay, Home Department, September 29, 1932, BL, OIOLR, L/PJ/7/371.
174. The account of violence in the city is contained in "Fortnightly Reports from the Governor of Bombay" for the years 1946 and 1947.
175. A. C. Clow, Governor, to Archibald Wavell, Viceroy, September 17, 1946;
176. "Fortnightly Reports from the Governor of Bombay, 1946."
177. Abbas, I Am Not an Island, 277.
178. Saadat Hasan Manto, Stars from Another Sky: The Bombay Film World of the 1940s, trans. Khalid Hasan (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1998), 74-75.
179. Chugtai, "Mera Dost, Mera Dushman," in My Friend, My Enemy, 209.
180. Aamir Mufti, Enlightenment in the Colony: The Jewish Question and the Crisis of Postcolonial Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 207-8.
181. Saadat Hasan Manto, "Toba Tek Singh," in Dastavez 2:192-98.
182. Manto, Stars from Another Sky, 73.
183. Saadat Hasan, "Mozail," in Dastavez 2:249-67.
184. The English translation appears in Bitter Fruit, 26-38.
185. Abbas, I Write as I Feel, 315-16.
186. John Lobo, "Now It Can Be Told-the Nanavati Story," in Leaves from a Policeman's Diary (New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1992), 21.
187. Unless stated otherwise, what follows is taken from Lobo's account, 21-22.
188. "For the Love of Sylvia," Time, March 28, 1960, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,826134,00.html (accessed April 15, 2008);
189. Emily Hahn, "Commmander Nanavati and the Unwritten Law," New Yorker, November 26, 1960, 188-205.
190. Salman Rushdie, Midnight's Children (London: Jonathan Cape, 1980),
191. Vijaya Sharma, "Prem Bhagwandas Ahuja," http://www.hindustantimes. com/news/specials/proj_tabloid/nanavati1.shtml (accessed April 15, 2008).
192. P. Sainath, "R. K. Karanjia: Living through the Blitz," http://www.hindu .com/2008/02/06/stories/2008020652441100.htm (accessed February 28, 2010).
193. Homi D. Mistry, "The Young Rebel," in Blitz: Four Fighting Decades (Bombay: Blitz Publications, 1981), 3.
194. What follows is drawn from this article, 3-4.
195. "Mighty All-Party Rally Felicitates Editor Karanjia," Blitz, February 27, 1965.
196. "Festival of Indo-Arab Amity," Blitz, July 3, 1965.
197. "Great Morarji Fraud," Blitz, January 19, 1952.
198. "U.S.A. Welcomes Indian Mediation in Korea," Blitz, July 19, 1952.
199. Blitz, October 4, 1952.
200. These headlines are from Blitz, December 2, 1961, and March 13, 1965.
201. The following description comes from "Naval Officer Says He Is Not Guilty," Times of India, September 24, 1959.
202. John Lobo, "Now It Can Be Told: The Nanavati Story," in Leaves from a Policeman's Diary, 28. The excluded testimony appears in his memoir.
203. "Nanavati Says He Did Not Kill Intentionally: 'Bullets Went Off during the Struggle for Revolver,' " Times of India, October 6, 1959.
204. " 'Reason for Bringing Gun from the Ship Was to Shoot Myself ': Commander Nanavati Is First Defence Witness," Times of India, October 7, 1959.
205. "Prem Ahuja Tried to Avoid Marrying Accused's Wife: Mrs. Nanavati's Evidence in Murder Case," Times of India, October 14, 1959.
206. Hahn, "Commander Nanavati," 194-95.
207. The following description comes from R. P. Aiyar, "The Full Story of the Trials of Nanavati . . . the Ahuja Murder Case," Blitz, January 6, 1962.
208. "Nanavati Is Not Guilty, Says Jury. Judge Disagrees: Refers Case to High Court," Times of India, October 22, 1959.
209. Blitz, October 24, 1959.
210. Unless stated otherwise, what follows is from Blitz, October 24 and 31, 1959.
211. Mohan Deep, "Line of Fire," http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/proj_tabloid/lof1912.shtml (accessed April 15, 2008).
212. V. Gangadhar, "Dial M for Murder," http://www.rediff.com/style/1998/mar/14gang.htm (accessed April 15, 2008).
213. Blitz, November 7, 1959.
214. Unless otherwise stated, what follows is from Blitz, February 6, 13, 20, 27, and March 5, 1960.
215. "Commander Nanavati Found Guilty of Murder," Times of India, March 10, 1960.
216. "Naval Custody for Nanavati till Appeal Is Heard," Times of India, March 12, 1960.
217. "Mr. Nehru Says He Advised Governor," Times of India, March 15, 1960.
218. Blitz, March 21, 1964.
219. "Suspension of Sentence Deplored: Resolution Adopted by C.P.I. Secretariat," Times of India, March 17, 1959.
220. "Full Bench of High Court May Hear Writ Issue Tomorrow," Times of India, March 16, 1960.
221. Blitz, March 19, 1960.
222. What follows is from Blitz, March 19 and 26, 1960.
223. "High Court Says Governor's Order Is Valid," Times of India, March 31, 1960.
224. Blitz, April Fool number, 1960.
225. "Governor Has No Power to Suspend Life Sentence: Supreme Court Ruling in Nanavati Case," Times of India, September 6, 1960.
226. Blitz, September 17, 1960.
227. "Nanavati's Plea Dismissed by Supreme Court," Times of India, November 25, 1961; for full judgment, see 1961 ind l aw sc 397 [Supreme Court of India], State of Maharashtra v. K. M. Nanavati.
228. Blitz, December 2, 1961.
229. R. P. Aiyar, "The Full Story of the Trials of Nanavati . . . the Ahuja Murder Case: Great Trials That Rocked India. . . ." The first installment appeared in Blitz, December 2, 1961, and continued for every subsequent week until January 13, 1962.
230. Gerson da Cunha, "Decline of a Great City," Seminar 528 (August 2003): 15.
231. Aarti Sethi, "The Honourable Murder: The Trial of Kawas Maneckshaw Nanavati," in Sarai Reader 05: Bare Acts, ed. Monica Narula, Shuddhabrata Sengupta, Jeebesh Bagchi, and Geert Lovink (Delhi: CSDS, 2005), 444-53.
232. Blitz, April 7, 1962.
233. Times of India, June 6, 1970.
234. Times of India, June 9, 1970; Vaibhav Purandare, The Sena Story (Mumbai: Business Publications, 1999), 145.
235. Vaibhav Purandare, The Sena Story (Mumbai: Business Publications, 1999), 145.
236. Yugantar, June 14 and June 21, 1970.
237. Blitz, June 13, 1970, 10.
238. Raj Chandavarkar, The Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), ch. 5. What follows draws heavily from this meticulously researched work.
239. See the transcript of the oral testimony of Khatu, a retired mill worker, in Neera Adarkar and Meena Menon, One Hundred Years, One Hundred Voices (Calcutta: Seagull, 2004), 107-8.
240. See the transcript of Madhukar Nerale's oral testimony in Adarkar and Menon, One Hundred Voices, 121-24.
241. Katzenstein, Ethnicity and Equality, 112-13.
242. What follows draws on Raj Chandavarkar's Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, c. 1850-1950 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 129-31.
243. S. V. Ghate, "Girni Kamgar Hadtaal," in CPI, Jan Sangharshon ki Amar Gaathaayen (Delhi: New Age Printing Press, 1975), 10-11 (in Hindi). This text consists of the reminiscences of Ghate, a prominent trade union and Communist activist in the mills, recorded in 1971.
244. Ghate, "Girni Kamgar Hadtaal," 11.
245. Dange, Selected Writings 3:154-66.
246. Adarkar and Menon, One Hundred Voices, 156;
247. Ghate, "Girni Kamgar Hadtaal," 12.
248. Ghate, "Girni Kamgar Hadtaal," 12-13.
249. Dange, Selected Writings 3:55.
250. see Dange, Selected Writings 3:191-201;
251. Chandavarkar, Imperial Power and Popular Politics, 132.
252. See A.D.D. Gordon, Businessmen and Politics: Rising Nationalism and a Modernizing Economy in Bombay, 1918-1933 (Columbia, Mo.: South Asia Books, 1978), particularly chs. 5 and 6.
253. Adarkar and Menon, One Hundred Voices, 133.
254. "Shahir Com Da. Na. Gavankar," Saaptahik Yugaantar (Marathi), April 4, 1971, 3.
255. Adarkar and Menon, One Hundred Voices, 131.
256. See David Bradby and John McCormick, People's Theatre (London: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978).
257. "Shahir Com Da. Na. Gavankar," 3.
258. Sheikh Jainu Chand's oral testimony's transcript in Adarkar and Menon, One Hundred Voices, 140.
259. Author's interview with Tara Reddy, September 1, 2005.
260. Sitaram Jagtap's oral testimony transcript, in One Hundred Voices, by Adarkar and Menon, 165.
261. see M. R. Masani, The Communist Party of India: A Short History (London: Derek Verschoyle, 1954), 76-86.
262. Documents of the History of the Communist Party of India, vol. 8, ed. Mohit Sen (New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1977), 65.
263. For an account of the shifts in the CPI's policies, see Gene D. Overstreet and Marshall Windmiller, Communism in India (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959), 276-93.
264. See H. Van Wersch, Bombay Textile Strike, 1982-83 (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1992), 66-70.
265. The epigraph is from Rushdie, Midnight's Children, 228.
266. Times of India, October 20, 1970.
267. Marshall Windmiller, "The Politics of States Reorganization in India: The Case of Bombay," Far East Survey 25, no. 9 (1956): 129.
268. See also Jyotindra Das Gupta, Language Conflict and National Development (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970), 116-17.
269. Windmiller, "Politics of States Reorganization," 130.
270. Kosambi, Bombay in Transition, 129.
271. Windmiller, "Politics of States Reorganization," 131.
272. Y. D. Phadke, Politics and Language (Bombay: Himalaya Publishing House, 1972), 20, 61-62.
273. Windmiller, "Politics of States Reorganization," 132. Unless indicated otherwise, what follows is based on this article.
274. Phadke, Politics and Language, 149. Chapters 3-7 contain a detailed account of the different phases of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement.
275. Adarkar and Menon, One Hundred Voices, 255.
276. S. A. Dange, "People of Maharashtra Have Rejected Bilingual State," Blitz, April 13, 1957, 15.
277. Marmik, May 25, 1997, 4.
278. Purandare, Sena Story, 21.
279. Mary Fainsod Katzenstein, Ethnicity and Equality: The Shiv Sena Party and Preferential Policies in Bombay (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979), 49.
280. Purandare, Sena Story, 40.
281. The account of the public meeting is drawn from Purandare's Sena Story, 41-45.
282. See also Jayant Lele, "Saffronization of the Shiv Sena: The Political Economy of the City, State and Nation," in Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India, ed. Sujata Patel and Alice Thorner (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995), 187.
283. A. N. Confectioner, The Shiv Sena: Why? And Why Not? (Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1967), 8-10.
284. Lele, "Saffronization of the Shiv Sena," 189,
285. Sujata Patel, "Bombay and Mumbai: Identities, Politics, and Populism," in Bombay and Mumbai: The City in Transition, ed. Sujata Patel and Jim Masselos (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), 10.
286. Katzenstein, Ethnicity and Equality, 76.
287. "The Interview of Purnashambu for Marmikam," Marmik, August 15, 1965
288. Kapilacharya, Shiv Sena Speaks: Official Statement (Bombay: Marmik Cartoon Weekly, 1967), 3.
289. Katzenstein, Ethnicity and Equality, 66, 79.
290. Purandare, Sena Story, 66.
291. "Shabbas Pralhadkhan Atre! Anantali Bhide," Marmik, March 12, 1961, 4.
292. Marmik, August 29, 1965.
293. Purandare, Sena Story, 70.
294. Cf. Ram Joshi, "The Shiv Sena: A Movement in Search of Legitimacy," Asian Survey 10, no. 11 (1970): 975.
295. Purandare, Sena Story, 69.
296. Justice D. P. Madon, Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Communal Disturbances at Bhiwandi, Jalgaon and Mahad in May 1970, excerpted in Sabrang, Damning Verdict (Mumbai: Sabrang Communications and Publishing, 1998), 264. Unless indicated otherwise, the following account is drawn from the excerpts on 252-323.
297. Cf. Julia Eckert, The Charisma of Direct Action: Power, Politics, and the Shiv Sena (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003).
298. See also Gérard Huezé, "Cul tural Populism: The Appeal of the Shiv Sena," in Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India, ed. Patel and Thorner, 211-47,
299. Thomas Blom Hansen, Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 56.
300. Purandare, Sena Story, 107-8.
301. E. S. Modak, Sentinel of the Sahyadris (Memories and Reflections) (Delhi: Originals, 2001), 115-22.
302. Times of India, February 9 and 10, 1969.
303. Purandare, Sena Story, 60.
304. Hansen, Wages of Violence, 60.
305. Lele, "Saffronization of the Shiv Sena," 199.
306. Huezé, "Cultural Populism," 236.
307. Sujata Patel, "Bombay and Mumbai," 10.
308. Purandare, Sena Story, 85.
309. Dinanath Kamat, Ladai Prasthapitanshi [Marathi] (Mumbai: Shilalekh Printers and Advertisers, 2004), 115.
310. Purandare, Sena Story, 84-86.
311. The above account is compiled from Purandare's Sena Story, 141-44;
312. Times of India, June 6, 7, and 8, 1970;
313. Blitz, June 13, 1970;
314. Yugantar (Marathi), June 14, 1970.
315. Kulkarni, Footprints on the Sands, 70-71.
316. Blitz, June 13, 1970.
317. Mulk Raj Anand, "Editorial: In Dreams Begins Responsibility," MARG 18, no. 3 (1965): 2-3.
318. Jawaharlal Nehru, The Discovery of India (1946; repr., Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985), 50-51.
319. "Nehru's Reply to Gandhi," October 9, 1945, in Gandhi, Hind Swaraj and Other Writings, 152.
320. See James Holston, The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Brasilia (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 51, 52.
321. Norma Evenson, The Indian Metropolis: A View toward the West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 183.
322. K. C. Zachariah, Migrants in Greater Bombay (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1968), 12.
323. J. F. Bulsara, Bombay: A City in the Making (Bombay: National Information and Publications, 1948), 5.
324. Kekoo Gandhy, "Beginnings of an Art Movement," Seminar 528 (August 2003).
325. Charles Correa, "Mulk Raj Anand at 100," in Mulk Raj Anand, ed. Garimella, 66-67.
326. The following articles are all in MARG. "The Charter of Athens: A Treatise on Town Planning," 3, no. 4 (1949): 10-17;
327. "Le Corbusier," 2, no. 4 (1947): 9-11;
328. Le Corbusier, "Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow," 2, no. 4 (1947): 12-19.
329. see "Le Corbusier on Town Planning," 6, no. 3 (1953): 2-3;
330. "Urbanism," 6, no. 4 (1953): 10-18;
331. Balkrishna Doshi, "A Note on Le Corbusier," 6, no. 4 (1953): 8-9.
332. Mustansir Dalvi, "Mulk and Modern Indian Architecture," in Mulk Raj Anand, ed. Garimella, 61, 65.
333. "Architecture and Planning," MARG 1, no. 3 (1947): 23-28.
334. JIIA, January 1945, 1-2.
335. MARG 2, no. 1 (1947): 28.
336. N. V. Modak and Albert Mayer, An Outline of the Master Plan of Greater Bombay (Bombay: Bombay Municipal Printing Press, 1948), 3.
337. N. V. Modak and Albert Mayer, Master Plan for Greater Bombay: First Progress Report (Bombay: Bombay Municipal Printing Press, 1949), 2.
338. Modak and Mayer, Outline of the Master Plan, 10.
339. Charles Correa, Pravina Mehta, and Shirish Patel, "Planning for Bombay," MARG 18, no. 3 (June 1965): 29-56.
340. Municipal Corporation of Greater Bombay, Report on the Development Plan, xii-xii.
341. J. H. Ghadiali, "Plan for Bombay: Another View," Times of India, July 12, 1964.
342. Charles Correa, "Evolution of the Concept," Architecture + Design 14, no. 2 (1997): 124-26.
343. Shirish Patel, author's interview, Bombay, July 20, 2009.
344. "Twin City on the Sea," Times of India, March 29, 1964.
345. Charles Correa, "New Bombay: MARG as an Urban Catalyst," in Bombay to Bombay: Changing Perspectives, ed. Pauline Rohatgi, Pheroza Godrej, and Rahul Mehrotra (Bombay: MARG Publications, 1997), 312-13.
346. H. Foster King, "Editorial: Greater Bombay-across the Harbour," JIIA 12, no. 1 (1945): 2.
347. Correa, Mehta, and Patel, "Planning for Bombay," 44.
348. Mulk Raj Anand, "Splendors and Miseries of Bombay," MARG 18, no. 3 (1965): 16.
349. Anand, "In Dreams Begins Responsibility," 3.
350. Annapurna Shaw, The Making of Navi Bombay (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2004), 74-79.
351. J. B. D'Souza, No Trumpets or Bugles: Recollections of an Unrepentant Babu (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 2002), 168.
352. "Last Page: Will the Twin City across the Harbour Be a Better Bombay?" Blitz, July 11, 1970.
353. "Bombay's Neo-Manhattan Twin City: Playground for Monopolists and Speculators," Blitz, June 5, 1971.
354. Shaw, The Making of Navi Bombay, 80-81.
355. The above is based on Shaw, in The Making of Navi Bombay, 251-64.
356. Rahul Mehrotra, "Learning from Mumbai," Seminar 530 (October 2003).
357. Shirish B. Patel, "The Thirty-Year Journey," Architecture + Design 14, no. 2 (1997): 120.
358. Patel, "Thirty-Year Journey," 120.
359. "A Little More Suffering, a Little More Style," Economic and Political Weekly 11, no. 30 (July 24, 1976): 1101-6, contains an overview of the reclamation in the 1970s.
360. "Inside Bombay's Concrete Jungle . . . Hell for Six Millions," Blitz, June 10, 1971.
361. B. B. King et al., "Main Report," in Urban and Regional Report No. 73-6:
362. Current, January 29, 1972.
363. What follows is based on D'Souza's No Trumpets or Bugles, 168-73.
364. The following details are taken from "A Little More Suffering, a Little More Style," 1104.
365. For examples, see "The Backbay Blight," Times Weekly, December 9, 1973;
366. "NCPA: Big Plans, Small Returns," Times Weekly, February 17, 1974;
367. "Naik Govt's Newest Racket: Super-Skyscrapers without Tenders," Blitz, March 26, 1973;
368. "King's Ransom for Queen's Barrack," Free Press Journal, April 18, 1972.
369. "A Little More Suffering, a Little More Style," 1105-6;
370. Atul D. Ranade, "What Has Gone Wrong at Backbay?" JIIA 42, no. 4 (1976): 14-18.
371. Anand, "Splendours and Miseries of Bombay," 19-20.
372. Raban, Soft City, 16.
373. Rahul Mehrotra, "From New Bombay to Navi Bombay: The Twenty-Five Years," Architecture + Design 14, no. 2 (1997): 22.
374. Anand, "Splendours and Miseries of Bombay," 17.
375. Nigel Harris, "Bombay in the Global Economy," in Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India, ed. Patel and Thorner, 50.
376. Sandip Pendse, "The Datta Samant Phenomenon," pts. 1 and 2, Economic and Political Weekly 16, no. 16 (1981): 695-97 and 16, no. 17 (1981): 745-49;
377. H. van Wersch, The Bombay Textile Strike, 1982-83 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1992), 95-100.
378. Jan Nijman, "Mumbai's Real Estate Market in the1990s: Deregulation, Global Money and Casino Capitalism," Economic and Political Weekly 35, no. 7 (2000): 575-82.
379. See, for example, "The Other Bombay: Some Glimpses of the City's Underworld," Illustrated Weekly of India, September 9, 1959, 11-13;
380. "The Matka Menace," Illustrated Weekly of India, February 11, 1968, 8-11;
381. "Operation Gold I" and "Operation Gold II," Illustrated Weekly of India, May 24 and June 7, 1970;
382. "Dubai Daredevils Defy Bombay Customs Dragnet," Blitz, November 14, 1970, 12-13;
383. "The New Golden Triangle," Times Weekly, January 6, 1974, 7.
384. The details of Dawood's career are drawn from Greater Bombay Police (Crime Branch), "Growth of Gangsterism," 7-42.
385. Rajdeep Sardesai, "The Great Betrayal," in When Bombay Burned, ed. Padgaonkar, 199-200.
386. Quoted in "A City at War with Itself," by Fernandez and Fernandes, 74.
387. "Kick Them Out-No Compromise with the Muslims: The Rhetoric of Hatred from Shiv Sena's Bal Thackeray," Time, January 25, 1993.
388. Srikrishna Commission Report 1:25.
389. The term "crime melodrama" comes from Ravi Vasudevan, "Shifting Codes, Dissolving Identities: The Hindi Social Film of the 1950s as Popular Culture," in Making Meanings in Indian Cinema, ed. Ravi Vasudevan (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000), 99-121.
390. Ranjani Mazumdar, Bombay Cinema: Archive of a City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), 1-40.
391. Siegfried Kracauer, The Mass Ornament, trans. and ed. Thomas Y. Levin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 74.
392. Georg Simmel, "Metropolis and Mental Life," in On Individuality and Social Forms (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971), 324-39.
393. Gillian Tindall, City of Gold (Delhi: Penguin Books, 1982), 3-4.
394. Darshini Mahadevia and Harini Narayan, "Slumbay to Shanghai: Envisioning Renewal or Takeover?" in Inside the Transforming Urban Asia: Processes, Policies and Public Actions (New Delhi: Concept Publishing House, 2008), 94-131, particularly 121-27.
395. Farah Baria, "A Pile of Dirt Worth Its Weight in Gold," September 24, 2006, http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-pile-of-dirt-worth-its-weight-in-gol d/13295/2 (accessed July 20, 2009).
396. Nancy Adjania, "Gaman/Aagaman: The Interstitial Spaces between Departure and Arrival," in Tum Kab Aaoge (exhibition catalog) (New Delhi: Anant Art Gallery, 2005).
397. Nancy Adjania, "Narrative Geographies: Meera Devidayal's Map of Bombay," Where I Live (exhibition catalog) (Mumbai: Chemould Prescott Road, 2009).
398. Matias Echanove and Rahul Srivastava,"Taking the Slum Out of 'Slumdog,' " New York Times, February 21, 2009.
399. Erik Barnouw and S. Krishnaswamy, Indian Film, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 155.
400. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), 38.