Contamination and Decontamination

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Subtypes and Spectrum Conditions

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 3-18

  Tolin, David F ^a,b   Meunier, Suzanne A ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF LIVING   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84884063535     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-008044701-8/50002-4     Document Type: Chapter

References (97)

1. Abramowitz J.S., Franklin M.E., Schwartz S.A., Furr J.M. Symptom presentation and outcome of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2003, 71:1049-1057.
2. Baer L. Factor analysis of symptom subtypes of obsessive compulsive disorder and their relation to personality and tic disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994, 55(Suppl):18-23.
3. Baxter L.R., Schwartz J.M., Bergman K.S., Szuba M.P., Guze B.H., Mazziotta J.C., Alazraki A., Selin C.E., Ferng H.K., Munford P., et al. Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992, 49:681-689.
4. Beck A.T., Emery G., Greenberg R.L. Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective 1985, Basic Books, New York.
5. Breiter H.C., Rauch S.L. Functional MRI and the study of OCD: from symptom provocation to cognitive-behavioral probes of cortico-striatal systems and the amygdala. NeuroImage 1996, 4:S127-S138.
6. Calamari J.E., Wiegartz P.S., Janeck A.S. Obsessive-compulsive disorder subgroups: a symptom-based clustering approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1999, 37:113-125.
7. Calamari J.E., Wiegartz P.S., Riemann B.C., Cohen R.J., Greer A., Jacobi D.M., Jahn S.C., Carmin C. Obsessive-compulsive disorder subtypes: an attempted replication and extension of a symptom-based taxonomy. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2004, 42:647-670.
8. Cottraux J., Mollard E., Bouvard M., Marks I. Exposure therapy, fluvoxamine, or combination treatment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: one-year followup. Psychiatry Research 1993, 49:63-75.
9. Cottraux J., Note I., Yao S.N., Lafont S., Note B., Mollard E., Bouvard M., Sauteraud A., Bourgeois M., Dartigues J.F. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy versus intensive behavior therapy in obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2001, 70:288-297.
10. de Jong P.J., Andrea H., Muris P. Spider phobia in children: Disgust and fear before and after treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1997, 35:559-562.
11. de Jong P.J., Vorage I., van den Hout M.A. Counterconditioning in the treatment of spider phobia: Effects on disgust, fear and valence. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2000, 38:1055-1069.
12. Edwards S., Salkovskis P.M. An experimental demonstration that fear, but not disgust, is associated with return of fear in phobias. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2006, 20:58-71.
13. Emmelkamp P.M., Visser S., Hoekstra R.J. Cognitive therapy vs exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsives. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1988, 12:103-144.
14. Fairbrother N., Newth S.J., Rachman S. Mental pollution: Feelings of dirtiness without physical contact. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2005, 43:121-130.
15. Bairbrother N., Rachman S. Feelings of mental pollution subsequent to sexual assault. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2004, 42:173-189.
16. Fals-Stewart W., Marks A.P., Schafer J. A comparison of behavioral group therapy and individual behavior therapy in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1993, 181:189-193.
17. Feinstein S.B., Fallon B.A., Petkova E., Liebowitz M.R. Item-by-item factor analysis of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 2003, 15:187-193.
18. Foa E.B., Goldstein A. Continuous exposure and complete response prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Behavior Therapy 1978, 9:821-829.
19. Foa E.B., Ilai D., McCarthy P.R., Shoyer B., Murdock T. Information processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitve Therapy and Research 1993, 17:173-189.
20. Foa E.B., Kozak M.J., Goodman W.K., Hollander E., Jenike M.A., Rasmussen S.A. DSM-IV field trial: Obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1995, 152:90-96.
21. Foa E.B., Liebowitz M.R., Kozak M.J., Davies S., Campeas R., Franklin M.E., Huppert J.D., Kjernisted K., Rowan V., Schmidt A.B., Simpson H.B., Tu X. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005, 162:151-161.
22. Goodman W.K., Price L.H., Rasmussen S.A., Mazure C., Fleischmann R.L., Hill C.L., Heninger G.R., Charney D.S. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. I. Development, use, and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry 1989, 46:1006-1011.
23. Greist J.H., Jefferson J.W., Kobak K.A., Katzelnick D.J., Serlin R.C. Efficacy and tolerability of serotonin transport inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder. A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 1995, 52:53-60.
24. Hantouche E.G., Lancrenon S. Modern typology of symptoms and obsessive-compulsive syndromes: results of a large French study of 615 patients. Encephale 1996, 22(Spec No. 1):9-21.
25. Hodgson R.J., Rachman S. The effects of contamination and washing in obsessional patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1972, 10:111-117.
26. Izard C.E. Organizational and motivational functions of discrete emotions. Handbook of emotions 1993, Guilford Press, New York. M. Lewis, J.M. Haviland (Eds.).
27. Jacobson N.S., Truax P. Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1991, 59:12-19.
28. Jones M.K., Menzies R.G. Danger ideation reduction therapy (DIRT): preliminary findings with three obsessive-compulsive washers. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1997, 35:955-960.
29. Jones M.K., Menzies R.G. Danger ideation reduction therapy (DIRT) for obsessive-compulsive washers: A controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1998, 36:959-970.
30. Kampman M., Keijsrs G.P., Hoogduin C.A., Verbraak M.J. Addition of cognitive-behaviour therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder patients non-responding to fluoxetine. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2002, 106:314-319.
31. Kozak M.J., Foa E.B. Mastery of obsessive-compulsive disorder: A cognitive-behavioral approach 1997, The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
32. Krochmalik A., Jones M.K., Menzies R.G. Danger Ideation Reduction Therapy (DIRT) for treatment-resistant compulsive washing. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2001, 39:897-912.
33. Leckman J.F., Grice D.E., Boardman J., Zhang H., Vitale A., Bondi C., Alsobrook J., Peterson B.S., Cohen D.J., Rasmussen S.A., Goodman W.K., McDougle C.J., Pauls D.L. Symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997, 154:911-917.
34. Levenson R.W. Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions. Psychological Science 1992, 3:23-27.
35. Lindsay M., Crino R., Andrews G. Controlled trial of exposure and response prevention in obsessive-compulsive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997, 171:135-139.
36. Maltby N., Tolin D.F., Worhunsky P., O'Keefe T.M., Kiehl K.A. Dysfunctional action monitoring hyperactivates frontal-striatal circuits in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an event-related fMRI study. NeuroImage 2005, 24:495-503.
37. Mancini F., Gragnani A., D'Olimpio F. The connection between disgust and obsessions and compulsions in a non-clinical sample. Personality and Individual Differences 2001, 31:1173-1180.
38. Mataix-Cols D., Baer L., Rauch S.L., Jenike M.A. Relation of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions of obsessive-compulsive disorder to personality disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2000, 102:199-202.
39. Mataix-Cols D., Cullen S., Lange K., Zelaya F., Andrew C., Amaro E., Brammer M.J., Williams S.C., Speckens A., Phillips M.L. Neural correlates of anxiety associated with obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in normal volunteers. Biological Psychiatry 2003, 53:482-493.
40. Mataix-Cols D., Marks I.M., Greist J.H., Kobak K.A., Baer L. Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions as predictors of compliance with and response to behaviour therapy: results from a controlled trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2002, 71:255-262.
41. Mataix-Cols D., Rauch S.L., Manzo P.A., Jenike M.A., Baer L. Use of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions to predict outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999, 156:1409-1416.
42. Mataix-Cols D., Wooderson S., Lawrence N., Brammer M.J., Speckens A., Phillips M.L. Distinct neural correlates of washing, checking, and hoarding symptom dimensions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 2004, 61:564-576.
43. Matchett G., Davey G.C. A test of a disease-avoidance model of animal phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1991, 29:91-94.
44. McKay D. Treating disgust reactions in contamination-based obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2006, 37:53-59.
45. McLean P.D., Whittal M.L., Thordarson D.S., Taylor S., Sochting I., Koch W.J., Paterson R., Anderson K.W. Cognitive versus behavior therapy in the group treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2001, 69:205-214.
46. Merckelbach H., De Jong P.J., Arntz A., Schouten E. The role of evaluative learning and disgust sensitivity in the etiology and treatment of spider phobia. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 1993, 15:243-255.
47. Muris P., Merckelbach H., Schmidt H., Tierney S. Disgust sensitivity, trait anxiety and anxiety disorder symptoms in normal children. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1999, 37:953-961.
48. OCCWG (Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group) Cognitive assessment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1997, 35:667-681.
49. OCCWG (Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Working Group) Psychometric validation of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire and the Interpretation of Intrusions Inventory: Part 2, factor analyses and testing of a brief version. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2005, 43:1527-1542.
50. Olatunji B.O., Lohr J.M., Sawchuk C.N., Tolin D.F. Multimodal assessment of disgust in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2007, 45:263-276.
51. Olatunji B.O., Sawchuk C.N., Lohr J.M., De Jong P.J. Disgust domains in the prediction of contamination fear. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2004, 42:93-104.
52. Phan K.L., Wager T., Taylor S.F., Liberzon I. Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neurolmage 2002, 16:331-348.
53. Phillips M.L., Marks I.M., Senior C., Lythgoe D., O'Dwyer A.M., Meehan O., Williams S.C., Brammer M.J., Bullmore E.T., McGuire P.K. A differential neural response in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients with washing compared with checking symptoms to disgust. Psychological Medicine 2000, 30:1037-1050.
54. Phillips M.L., Young A.W., Senior C., Brammer M., Andrew C., Calder A.J., Bullmore E.T., Perrett D.I., Rowland D., Williams S.C., Gray J.A., David A.S. A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust. Nature 1997, 389:495-498.
55. Rachman S. Pollution of the mind. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1994, 32:311-314.
56. Rachman S. A cognitive theory of obsessions: elaborations. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1998, 36:385-401.
57. Radomsky A.S., Rachman S. Memory bias in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Behaviour Research and Therapy 1999, 37:605-618.
58. S.A.Rasmussen, Eisen J.L. Treatment strategies for chronic and refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1997, 58(Suppl 13):9-13.
59. Rauch S.L., Dougherty D.D., Shin L.M., Baer L., Breiter H.C.R., Savage C.R., Jenike M.A. Neural correlates of factor-analyzed OCD symptom dimension: A PET study. CNS Spectrums. 3 1998.
60. Rosario-Campos M.C., Miguel E.C., Quatrano P.C., Ferrao Y., Findley D., Scahill L., King R., Woody S., Tolin D.F., Hollander E., Kano Y., Goodman W.K., Leckman J.F. The Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS): An instrument for assessing obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions. Molecular Psychiatry 2006, 11:495-504.
61. Rozin P., Haidt J., McCauley C.R. Disgust. Handbook of Emotions 1993, Guilford Press, New York. M. Lewis, J.M. Haviland (Eds.).
62. Rozin P., Millman L., Nemeroff C. Operations of the laws of sympathetic magic in disgust and other domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986, 50:703-712.
63. Salkovskis P.M. Obsessional-compulsive problems: A cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1985, 23:571-583.
64. Sanavio E. Obsessions and compulsions: The Padua Inventory. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1988, 26:169-177.
65. Sawchuk C.N., Lohr J.M., Tolin D.F., Lee T.C., Kleinknecht R.A. Disgust sensitivity and contamination fears in spider and blood-injection-injury phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2000, 38:753-762.
66. Saxena S., Rauch S.L. Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North America 2000, 23:563-586.
67. Schafer A., Schienle A., Vaitl D. Stimulus type and design influence hemodynamic responses towards visual disgust and fear elicitors. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2005, 57:53-59.
68. Schienle A., Schafer A., Stark R., Walter B., Waitl D. Neural responses of OCD patients towards disorder-relevant, generally disgust-inducing and fear-inducing pictures. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2005, 57:69-77.
69. Schienle A., Stark R., Walter B., Blecker C., Ott U., Kirsch P., Sammer G., Vaitl D. The insula is not specifically involved in disgust processing: an fMRI study. Neuroreport 2002, 13:2023-2026.
70. Schienle A., Stark R., Walter B., Vaitl D. The connection between disgust sensitivity and blood-related fears. faintness symptoms, and obsessive-compulsiveness in a non-clinical sample. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 2003, 16:185-193.
71. Shapira N.A., Liu Y., He A.G., Bradley M.M., Lessig M.C., James G.A., Stein D.J., Lang P.J., Goodman W.K. Brain activation by disgust-inducing pictures in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biological Psychiatry 2003, 54:751-756.
72. Sieg J., Scholz O.B. Subjektives Gefühls- und Körpererleben bei Wasch- und Kontrollzwangshandlungen. Verhaltenstherapie 2001, 11:288-296.
73. Smits J.A., Telch M.J., Randall P.K. An examination of the decline in fear and disgust during exposure-based treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2002, 40:1243-1253.
74. Sprengelmeyer R., Rausch M., Eysel U.T., Przuntek H. Neural structures associated with recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions. Proceedings: Biological Sciences 1998, 265:1927-1931.
75. Stark R., Schienle A., Walter B., Kirsch P., Sammer G., Ott U., Blecker C., Vaitl D. Hemodynamic responses to fear and disgust-inducing pictures: an fMRI study. International Journal of Psychophysiology 2003, 50:225-234.
76. Stein D.J., Spadaccini E., Hollander E. Meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy trials for obsessive-compulsive disorder. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1995, 10:11-18.
77. Summerfeldt L.J., Richter M.A., Antony M.M., Swinson R.P. Symptom structure in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a confirmatory factor-analytic study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1999, 37:297-311.
78. Tallis F. Compulsive washing in the absence of phobic and illness anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1996, 34:361-362.
79. Tata P.R., Leibowitz J.A., Prunty M.J., Cameron M., Pickering A.D. Attentional bias in obsessional compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1996, 34:53-60.
80. Taylor S. Dimensional and subtype models of OCD. Concepts and controversies in obsessive-compulsive disorder 2005, 27-41. Springer, New York. J.S. Abramowitz, A.C. Houts (Eds.).
81. Thorpe S.J., Patel S.P., Simonds L.M. The relationship between disgust sensitivity, anxiety and obsessions. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2003, 41:1397-1409.
82. Tolin D.F., Abramowitz J.S., Diefenbach G.J. Defining 'response' in clinical trials for OCD: A signal detection analysis of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2005, 66:1549-1557.
83. Tolin, D. F., Brady, R. E., & Hannan, S. E. (in press). Obsessive beliefs and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder in a clinical sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy.
84. Tolin D.F., Lohr J.M., Sawchuk C.N., Lee T.C. Disgust and disgust sensitivity in blood-injection-injury and spider phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1997, 35:949-953.
85. Tolin D.F., Maltby N., Diefenbach G.J., Hannan S.E., Worhunsky P. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for medication nonresponders with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A wait-list-controlled open trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2004, 65:922-931.
86. Tolin D.F., Woods C.M., Abramowitz J.S. Relationship between obsessive beliefs and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research 2003, 27:657-669.
87. Tolin D.F., Woods C.M., Abramowitz J.S. Disgust sensitivity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2006, 37:30-40.
88. Tolin D.F., Worhunsky P., Maltby N. Sympathetic magic in contamination-related OCD. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 2004, 35:193-205.
89. Tsao S.D., McKay D. Behavioral avoidance tests and disgust in contamination fears: distinctions from trait anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2004, 42:207-216.
90. van Balkom A.J., de Haan E., van Oppen P., Spinhoven P., Hoogduin K.A., van Dyck R. Cognitive and behavioral therapies alone versus in combination with fluvoxamine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1998, 186:492-499.
91. van Oppen P., de Haan E., van Balkom A.J., Spinhoven P., Hoogduin K., van Dyck R. Cognitive therapy and exposure in vivo in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995, 33:379-390.
92. van Oppen P., Hoekstra R.J., Emmelkamp P.M. The structure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995, 33:15-23.
93. Whittal M.L., Thordarson D.S., McLean P.D. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: cognitive behavior therapy vs. exposure and response prevention. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2005, 43:1559-1576.
94. Wilhelm S., Steketee G. Cognitive therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A guide for professionals 2006, New Harbinger, Oakland, CA.
95. Williams J.M.G., Watts F.N., MacLeod C., Mathews A. Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders 1997, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 2nd ed.
96. Woody S.R., Tolin D.F. The relationship between disgust sensitivity and avoidant behavior: studies of clinical and nonclinical samples. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2002, 16:543-559.
97. Wright P., He G., Shapira N.A., Goodman W.K., Liu Y. Disgust and the insula: fMRI responses to pictures of mutilation and contamination. Neuroreport 2004, 15:2347-2351.