The next justice: Repairing the Supreme Court appointments process

The Next Justice: Repairing the Supreme Court Appointments Process

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages

  Eisgruber, Christopher L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883977049     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (164)

1. Samuel A. Alito, Jr., to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court: Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate (hereafter, "Alito Hearings"), 109th Cong., 2nd Sess., 2006, 432.
2. Benjamin Wittes, Confirmation Wars: Preserving Independent Courts in Angry Times (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), 95-100.
3. Henry J. Abraham, Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999).
4. Michael Comiskey, Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004).
5. Lee Epstein and Jeffrey A. Segal, Advice and Consent: The Politics of Supreme Court Appointments (New York: Oxford University 193 Press, 2005).
6. Michael J. Gerhardt, The Federal Appointments Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000).
7. John Anthony Maltese, The Selling of Supreme Court Nominees (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
8. Mark Silverstein, Judicious Choices: The New Politics of Supreme Court Confirmations (New York: Norton, 1994).
9. David Alistair Yalof, Pursuit of Justices: Presidential Politics and the Selection of Supreme Court Nominees (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
10. The closest vote was on Stewart, whom the Senate confirmed 70-17. There were 11 dissenting votes on Harlan; the other three nominees were confirmed by acclamation. Yalof, Pursuit of Justices, 50-67.
11. Abraham, Justices, Presidents, and Senators, 284-85.
12. Elena Kagan, "Confirmation Messes, Old and New," 62 University of Chicago Law Review 919, 941 (1995).
13. Dale Russakoff, "Alito Disavows Controversial Group; Nominee Touted His Membership in 1985," Washington Post, January 12, 2006, A6.
14. Terry M. Neal, "Conservative Themes, but Moderate Words," Washington Post, December 4, 1999, A8; Jan Crawford Greenberg, "The Cause Bush Did Justice To," Washington Post, January 21, 2007, B1.
15. Jan Crawford Greenberg, Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control of the United States Supreme Court (New York: Penguin, 2007), 313-15.
16. Linda Greenhouse, "Roberts Is at Court's Helm, but He Isn't Yet in Notes to Chapter 1 194 Control," New York Times, July 2, 2006, 1:1.
17. John G. Roberts, Jr., to be Chief Justice of the United States: Hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate (hereafter "Roberts Hearings"), 109th Cong., 1st Sess., 2005, 10.
18. Charles M. Cameron, Albert D. Cover, and Jeffrey A. Segal, "Senate Voting on Supreme Court Nominees: A Neoinstitutional Model," 84 American Political Science Review 525, 532 (1990).
19. Terri Jennings Peretti, In Defense of a Political Court (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 88-89.
20. Linda Greenhouse, "Roberts Is at Court's Helm, but He Isn't Yet in Control," New York Times, July 2, 2006, 1:1.
21. Lee Epstein and Jeffrey A. Segal, Advice and Consent: The Politics of Judicial Appointments (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 124-29.
22. Terri Jennings Peretti, In Defense of a Political Court (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 101-11.
23. Epstein and Segal, Advice and Consent, 130-35; Peretti, In Defense of a Political Court, 111-31.
24. Jeffrey A. Segal and Harold J. Spaeth, The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
25. Cass R. Sunstein, David Schkade, Lisa M. Ellman, and Andres Sawicki, Are Judges Political? An Empirical Analysis of the Federal Judiciary (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2006).
26. Robert H. Bork, The Tempting of America: The Political Seduction of the Law (New York: Free Press, 1990).
27. Lucas A. Powe, Jr., "Justice Douglas after Fifty Years: The First Amendment, McCarthyism, and Rights," 6 Constitutional Commentary 267, 278-79 (1989).
28. Roger K. Newman, Hugo Black: A Biography (New York: Pantheon, 1994), 488-514.
29. Akhil Reed Amar, "Hugo Black and the Hall of Fame," 53 Alabama Law Review 1221 (2002).
30. Lucas A. Powe, Jr., The Warren Court and American Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 340.
31. Robert G. McCloskey, The American Supreme Court, ed. Sanford Levinson, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 21-22.
32. Robert L. Stern, Eugene Gressman, and Stephen M. Shapiro, Supreme Court Practice, 6th ed. (Washington: Bureau of National Affairs, 1986), 221.
33. Charles Lane, "Hopefuls' Preferences for Court Spring to Forefront: Usually Low-Key Issue Gets Attention as Rehnquist's Illness Becomes Public," Washington Post, October 27, 2004, A13.
34. Dan Balz, "Bush Protects His Right Flank; President Winning Favor by Courting Conservatives," Washington Post, February 12, 2001, A1.
35. Antonin Scalia, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 23.
36. Ronald M. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), 133-37.
37. David Alistair Yalof, Pursuit of Justices: Presidential Politics and the Selection of Supreme Court Nominees (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 143-44.
38. Lawrence G. Sager, Justice in Plainclothes: A Theory of American Constitutional Practice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 30-41.
39. Lawrence Lessig, "Fidelity in Translation," 71 Texas Law Review 1165 (1993); Lawrence Lessig, "Fidelity and Constraint," 65 Fordham Law Review 1365 (1997).
40. Ronald M. Dworkin, Freedom's Law: The Moral Reading of the Constitution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 13-14, 72-76.
41. Alexander Hamilton, "Federalist 1," in The Federalist Papers, ed. Clinton Rossiter (New York: New American Library 1961), 33.
42. William E. Nelson, The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988), 100-102.
43. Christopher L. Eisgruber, Constitutional Self-Government (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 25-45.
44. Robin Toner, "Bush Allies Push Flag Amendment before Panel," New York Times, July 20, 1989, A14.
45. Michael W. McConnell, "The Origins and Historical Understanding of Free Exercise of Religion," 103 Harvard Law Review 1409 (1990).
46. Michael W. McConnell, "Free Exercise Revisionism and the Smith Decision," 57 University of Chicago Law Review 1109 (1990).
47. Martin Flaherty, "History 'Lite' and Modern American Constitutionalism," 95 Columbia Law Review 923 (1995).
48. Akhil Reed Amar, The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
49. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, 2nd ed. (Boston: C. C. Little & J. Brown, 1851), 2:590-97.
50. Sarah Barringer Gordon, The Mormon Question: Polygamy and Constitutional Conflict in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
51. John Paul Stevens, "A Judge's Use of History," 1989 Wisconsin Law Review 223, 234-35 (1989).
52. James Bradley Thayer, "The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law," 7 Harvard Law Review 129 (1893).
53. Robert G. McCloskey, The American Supreme Court, ed. Sanford Levinson, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 123-26.
54. Lucas A. Powe, Jr., The Warren Court and American Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 6.
55. Henry J. Abraham, Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), 166-70.
56. Learned Hand, The Bill of Rights (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958), 54.
57. William W. Van Alstyne, "A Critical Guide to Marbury v. Madison," 1969 Duke Law Journal 1.
58. Christopher L. Eisgruber, "Marbury, Marshall, and the Politics of Constitutional Judgment," 89 Virginia Law Review 1203 (2003).
59. Linda Greenhouse, "Justice Weighs Desire v. Duty (Duty Prevails)," New York Times, August 24, 2005, A1.
60. Phillip J. Cooper, Battles on the Bench: Conflict inside the Supreme Court (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995), 168.
61. Antonin Scalia, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 30-37.
62. Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong, The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), 522-39.
63. Cass R. Sunstein and Richard A. Epstein, eds., The Vote: Bush, Gore, and the Supreme Court (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
64. William Kristol and E. J. Dionne, Jr., eds., Bush v. Gore: The Court Cases and the Commentary (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2001).
65. Howard Gillman, The Votes That Counted: How the Court Decided the 2000 Presidential Election (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).
66. Richard A. Posner, Breaking the Deadlock: The 2000 Election, the Constitution, and the Courts (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
67. Jeffrey Toobin, Too Close to Call: The Thirty-Six-Day Battle to Decide the 2000 Election (New York: Random House, 2002).
68. Jack M. Balkin, "Bush v. Gore and the Boundary between Law and Politics," 110 Yale Law Journal 1407 (2001).
69. Evan Thomas and Michael Isikoff, "The Truth behind the Pillars," Newsweek, December 25, 2000, 46.
70. Mary McGrory, "Supreme Travesty of Justice," Washington Post, December 14, 2000, A3.
71. Lawrence G. Sager, Justice in Plainclothes: A Theory of American Constitutional Practice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 207-13.
72. Richard H. Fallon, Jr., Implementing the Constitution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 52-55.
73. Gerald Gunther, "The Subtle Vices of the 'Passive Virtues'-A Comment on Principle and Expediency in Judicial Review," 64 Columbia Law Review 1 (1964).
74. Alexander M. Bickel, "The Supreme Court, 1960 Term-Foreword: The Passive Virtues," 75 Harvard Law Review 40 (1961).
75. Stephen Breyer, Active Liberty: Interpreting our Democratic Constitution (New York: Knopf, 2005), 110.
76. Douglas Laycock, "Conceptual Gulfs in City of Boerne v. Flores," 39 William and Mary Law Review 743, 776 (1998).
77. Keith Whittington, Political Foundations of Judicial Supremacy: The Presidency, the Supreme Court, and Constitutional Leadership in U.S. History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 139-42.
78. Frank Michelman, "Saving Old Glory: On Constitutional Iconography," 42 Stanford Law Review 1337, 1345-54 (1990).
79. Geoffrey R. Stone, "Flag Burning and the Constitution," 75 Iowa Law Review 111, 117-22 (1989).
80. Rebecca L. Brown, "Christopher Eisgruber's Constitutional Self-Government: A Government for the People," 37 University of San Francisco Law Review 5, 17-18 (2002).
81. Erwin Chemerinsky, "Why the Supreme Court Was Wrong about the Solomon Amendment," 1 Duke Journal of Constitutional Law and Public Policy 201 (2006).
82. Antonin Scalia, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 43-44.
83. Christopher E. Smith and Madhavi McCall, "Justice Scalia's Influence on Criminal Justice," 34 University of Toledo Law Review 535 (2003).
84. Christopher E. Smith, "Justice Antonin Scalia and Criminal Justice Cases," 81 Kentucky Law Journal 187 (1993).
85. Stephanos Bibas, "Originalism and Formalism in Criminal Procedure: The Triumph of Justice Scalia, the Unlikely Friend of Criminal Defendants?" 94 Georgetown Law Journal 183 (2005).
86. Richard Kluger, Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality (New York: Knopf, 1975).
87. Dennis J. Hutchinson, "Unanimity and Desegregation: Decisionmaking in the Supreme Court, 1948-1958," 68 Georgetown Law Journal 1 (1979).
88. Mark Tushnet with Katya Lezin, "What Really Happened in Brown v. Board of Education," 91 Columbia Law Review 1867 (1991).
89. Michael Klarman, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
90. Derrick Bell, "Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma," 93 Harvard Law Review 518 (1980).
91. Adam Liptak and Janet Roberts, "Campaign Cash Mirrors a High Court's Rulings," New York Times, October 1, 2006, A1.
92. Pamela S. Karlan, "Exit Strategies in Constitutional Law: Lessons for Getting the Least Dangerous Branch Out of the Political Thicket," 82 Boston University Law Review 667, 695-98 (2002).
93. Samuel Issacharoff, "Bush v. Gore: Political Judgments," 68 University of Chicago Law Review 637, 650 (2001).
94. Adam Liptak, "Many Experts Fault Reasoning of Judge in Surveillance Ruling," New York Times, August 19, 2006, A1; see also "A Judicial Misfire: The First Federal Court Opinion on Warrentless NSA Surveillance Is Full of Sound and Fury," Washington Post, August 18, 2006, A20.
95. Ann Althouse, "A Law unto Herself" New York Times, August 23, 2006, A23.
96. Eric Lichtblau, "Conflict of Interest Is Raised in Eavesdropping Case," New York Times, August 23, 2006, A19.
97. John Hart Ely, Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980).
98. Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 59-65.
99. Allison Marston Danner and Adam Samaha, "Judicial Oversight in Two Dimensions: Charting Area and Intensity in the Decisions of Justice Stevens," 74 Fordham Law Review 2051 (2006).
100. Barry Cushman, Rethinking the New Deal Court: The Structure of a Constitutional Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
101. Bruce Ackerman, We the People, vol. 2, Transformations (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000).
102. Michael Ariens, "A Thrice-Told Tale, or Felix the Cat," 107 Harvard Law Review 620 (1994).
103. Robert M. Cover, "The Origins of Judicial Activism in the Protection ofMinorities," 91 Yale Law Journal 1287, 1316 (1982).
104. Lucas A. Powe, Jr., The Warren Court and American Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 487-97.
105. Morton J. Horwitz, "In Memoriam: William J. Brennan, Jr.," 111 Harvard Law Review 23, 25 (1997).
106. Frank I. Michelman, Brennan and Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 40-41.
107. Roger K. Newman, Hugo Black: A Biography (New York: Pantheon, 1994), 568.
108. Charles A. Reich, "Mr. Justice Black and the Living Constitution," 76 Harvard Law Review 673, 676-77 (1963).
109. Hutchinson, "Hugo Black among Friends,"1885; Lucas A. Powe, Jr., "Justice Douglas after Fifty Years: The First Amendment, McCarthyism, and Rights," 6 Constitution Commentary 267, 284-85 (1989).
110. Stephen Breyer, Active Liberty: Interpreting Our Democratic Constitution (New York: Knopf, 2005).
111. Richard A. Posner, "Justice Breyer Throws Down the Gauntlet," 115 Yale Law Journal 1699, 1708 (2006).
112. R. Sunstein, "Justice Breyer's Democratic Pragmatism," 115 Yale Law Journal 1719 (2006).
113. Paul Gewirtz, "The Pragmatic Passion of Stephen Breyer," 115 Yale Law Journal 1675 (2006).
114. Antonin Scalia, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
115. Antonin Scalia, "The Rule of Law as a Law of Rules," 56 University of Chicago Law Review 1175 (1989).
116. Kathleen Sullivan, "The Justices of Rules and Standards," 106 Harvard Law Review 22 (1992).
117. Cass R. Sunstein, "Problems with Minimalism," 58 Stanford Law Review 1899, 1902 (2006).
118. Eugene Volokh, "The Rehnquist Court: Pragmatism vs. Ideology in Free Speech Cases," 99 Northwestern University Law Review 33, 40-41 (2004).
119. Cass R. Sunstein, Radicals in Robes: Why Extreme Right-Wing Courts Are Wrong for America (New York: Basic Books, 2005), 29.
120. Cass R. Sunstein, "John Roberts, Minimalist," Wall Street Journal, September 1, 2005, A10.
121. Sheldon Goldman, "Federal Judicial Recruitment," in The American Courts: A Critical Assessment, ed. John B. Gates and Charles A. Johnson (Washington: CQ Press, 1991), 189-90.
122. Michael Gerhardt, The Federal Appointments Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000), 129-30.
123. generally Gerhardt, The Federal Appointments Process; Henry J. Abraham, Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999).
124. David Alistair Yalof, Pursuit of Justices: Presidential Politics and the Selection of Supreme Court Nominees (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
125. Abraham, Justices, Presidents, and Senators, 182 (Burton), 199-200 (Brennan), and 256 (O'Connor).
126. Abraham, Justices, Presidents, and Senators, 271-72.
127. Michael Comiskey, Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 105.
128. Victor H. Kramer, "The Case of Justice Stevens: How to Select, Nominate and Confirm a Justice of the United States Supreme Court," 7 Constitutional Commentary 325, 336-37 (1990).
129. Laurence H. Tribe, God Save This Honorable Court (New York: Random House, 1985), 50. See also Peretti, In Defense of a Political Court, 111-30.
130. Lee Epstein and Jeffrey A. Segal, Advice and Consent: The Politics of Judicial Appointments (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 132.
131. Elisabeth Bumiller, "Bush Criticized over Emphasis on Religion of Nominee," New York Times, October 13, 2005, A23.
132. David D. Kirkpatrick, "Endorsement of Nominee Draws Committee's Interest," New York Times, October 10, 2005, A17.
133. David D. Kirkpatrick and Anne E. Kornblut, "Steady Erosion in Support Undercut Nomination," New York Times, October 28, 2005, A16.
134. Michael Comiskey, Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 75-76.
135. Michael J. Gerhardt, The Federal Appointments Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000), 51-52.
136. John Anthony Maltese, The Selling of Supreme Court Nominees (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 26-31.
137. Henry J. Abraham, Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of U.S. Supreme Court Appointments from Washington to Clinton (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield 1999), 284.
138. David A. Strauss and Cass R. Sunstein, "The Senate, the President, and the Confirmation Process," 101 Yale Law Journal 1491, 1494- 1502 (1992).
139. Elena Kagan, "Confirmation Messes, Old and New," 62 University of Chicago Law Review 919, 936-37 (1995).
140. Erwin Chemerinsky, "Ideology and the Selection of Federal Judges," 36 University of California at Davis Law Review 619, 630 (2003).
141. Comiskey, Seeking Justices, 135-36; Lucas A. Powe, Jr., "The Senate and the Court: Questioning a Nominee," 54 Texas Law Review 891, 893 (1976).
142. Grover Rees III, "Questions for Supreme Court Nominees at Confirmation Hearings: Excluding the Constitution," 17 Georgia Law Review 913, 962-63 (1983).
143. Kagan, "Confirmation Messes Old and New," 925-28.
144. Strauss and Sunstein, "The Senate, the President, and the Confirmation Process," 1492.
145. Lee Epstein and Jeffrey A. Segal, Advice and Consent: The Politics of Judicial Appointments (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 111, 125-27.
146. David A. Strauss and Cass R. Sunstein, "The Senate, the President, and the Confirmation Process," 101 Yale Law Journal 1491, 1518-19 (1992).
147. John Anthony Maltese, The Selling of Supreme Court Nominees (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 108-9.
148. Lucas A. Powe, Jr., The Warren Court and American Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 89-102 and 135-56.
149. Elena Kagan, "Confirmation Messes, Old and New," 62 University of Chicago Law Review 919, 936 and n. 29 (1995).
150. William H. Rehnquist, The Supreme Court (New York: Vintage, 2001), 210.
151. David Alistair Yalof, Pursuit of Justices: Presidential Politics and the Selection of Supreme Court Nominees (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 144-45.
152. Robert H. Bork, The Tempting of America: The Political Seduction of the Law (New York: Free Press, 1990), 32, 110-26.
153. Steve Lash, "Supreme Court: Two Justices May Retire This Year; Fierce Fight on Nominees Predicted," Atlanta Journal- Constitution, May 20, 2003, 3A.
154. Cass R. Sunstein, "The Minimalist: Chief Justice Roberts Favors Court Rulings That Create Consensus and Tolerate Diversity," Los Angeles Times, May 25, 2006, B11.
155. Henry J. Abraham, Justices, Presidents,and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments Process from Washington to Clinton (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), 269.
156. Michael Comiskey, Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 137.
157. Lucas A. Powe, Jr., The Warren Court and American Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000), 215-16, 485-94,.
158. Bruce A. Ackerman, We the People, vol. 2, Transformations (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998).
159. Keith E. Whittington, Political Foundations of Judicial Supremacy: The Presidency, the Supreme Court, and Constitutional Leadership in U.S. History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 28-82, 210-28.
160. John P. Diggins, Ronald Reagan, Fate, Freedom, and the Making of History (New York: Norton, 2007).
161. Morris P. Fiorina with Samuel J. Abrams and Jeremy C. Pope, Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America (New York: Pearson Longman, 2005).
162. Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal, Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2006).
163. Alan Wolfe, One Nation, After All: What Middle- Class Americans Really Think about God, Country, Family, Racism, Welfare, Immigration, Homosexuality, Work, the Right, the Left, and Each Other (New York: Penguin, 1999).
164. Jeffrey Rosen, The Most Democratic Branch: How the Courts Serve America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 3-4.