The Roman predicament: How the rules of international order create the politics of empire

The Roman Predicament: How the Rules of International Order Create the Politics of Empire

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  James, Harold ^a  

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References (192)

1. Helen Milner, Interests, Institutions and Information: Domestic Politics and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997), 244.
2. Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984);
3. G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001);
4. John J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (New York: Norton, 2003).
5. Gibbon to Adam Ferguson, April 1, 1776, in The Letters of Edward Gibbon, edited by J. E. Norton,Vol. 2 (New York:Macmillan, 1956), 101.
6. The editions cited in this book are Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, edited by Edwin Cannan, with a new Preface by George J. Stigler (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); and Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 3 vols. (New York: Modern Library, 1983).
7. Edward Gibbon: bicentenary essays, edited by David Womersley, with the assistance of John Burrow and John Pocock (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1997); David Womersley, The Transformation of "The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire" (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
8. Edward Gibbon, Memoirs of My Life, edited by Betty Radice (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), 16; see also p. 143 for an alternative formulation.
9. Gibbon to Richard Hurd, Ca. August 1772, Letters of Edward Gibbon, I: 329.
10. Gibbon to Deyverdun, May 7, 1776; and May 20, 1783, Letters of Edward Gibbon, II: 104.
11. Patricia B. Craddock, Edward Gibbon: Luminous Historian, 1772-1794, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989), 50.
12. Gibbon to John Whitaker, October 16, 1775, Letters of Edward Gibbon, II: 90.
13. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, I: 453.
14. Craddock, Gibbon, 170.
15. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, I: 1-2. Citations in the following passages refer to this edition, and page numbers appear in parentheses.
16. Roy Porter, Edward Gibbon: Making history (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988), 147.
17. Gibbon,Memoirs, 122-133.
18. J.G.A. Pocock, "Between Machiavelli and Hume: Gibbon as Civic Humanist and Philosophical Historian," in Edward Gibbon and the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, edited by G.W. Bowersock, John Clive, and Stephen R. Graubard (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), 112.
19. J.G.A. Pocock, "Gibbon and the Late Enlightenment," in Virtue, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 149.
20. Political Economy Club, Revised Report of the Proceedings at the Dinner of 31 May 1876 Held in Celebration of the Hundredth Year of the Publication of the "Wealth of Nations" (London: Longmans Green, 1876), 47.
21. Alexander Cairncross, "The Market and the State", in The Market and the State: Essays in Honour of Adam Smith, edited by Thomas Wilson and Andrew S. Skinner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), 134; proceedings of a conference at the University of Glasgow, April 1976.
22. Smith,Wealth of Nations, II: 284. Citations in the following passages refer to this edition, and page numbers appear in parentheses.
23. Gibbon,Memoirs, 78.
24. See E. A. Wrigley, Continuity, Chance and Change: the Character of the Industrial Revolution in England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 57-60.
25. Adam Smith, with an introduction by E. G. West, The Theory of the Moral Sentiments (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1976), 264-265.
26. Quoted in Joseph Frank, Dostoevsky: The Mantle of the Prophet 1871-1881 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 288.
27. On this, see Garth Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
28. Michael Gorbachev, Gipfelgespräche: Geheime Protokolle aus meiner Amtszeit (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1993), 128-129.
29. Quoted in Alastair Horne, Macmillan, Volume II, 1957-1986 (London: Macmillan, 1989), 284.
30. There is an extensive literature on the "democratic peace," taking up an idea originally propounded by Kant.
31. See Michael Doyle,"Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs," Philosophy and Public Affairs 12 (1983): 205-235, 323-353;
32. and "Liberalism and World Politics" American Political Science Review 80 (1986): 1151-1169.
33. See also Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
34. Wilfrid Ward, ed. Newman's "Apologia pro vita sua" (London: Oxford University Press, 1913), 336-337.
35. Norman Angell, The Great Illusion: A Study of the Relation of Military Power to National Advantage (Toronto:McClelland and Goodchild, 1913), 271.
36. Notably in William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life: An Essay on the Causes and Character of America's Present Predicament, along with a few thoughts about an alternative (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980).
37. The very generalized use of "empire" and "imperialism" as a way of understanding the modern world was presented in what became a cult book by Michael Hardt and Toni Negri, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000). The recent books include Chalmers Johnson, The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic (New York: Metropolitan, 2004); Benjamin R. Barber, Fear's Empire: War, Terrorism, and Democracy (New York: Norton, 2003); Michael Mann, Incoherent Empire (New York: Verso, 2003); Emmanuel Todd, After the Empire: The Breakdown of the American Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003).
38. Charles A. Beard, Giddy Minds and Foreign Quarrels: An Estimate of American Foreign Policy (New York: Macmillan, 1939), 65, 78, 81-2.
39. Also Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 11-23, 242-243.
40. Niall Ferguson, Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (New York: Basic, 2003), 367.
41. Michael Ignatieff, Empire Lite: Nation-building in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Afghanistan (London: Vintage, 2003).
42. Washington Post, December 28, 2003.
43. See his review of a recent collection of this literature: G. John Ikenberry, "Illusions of Empire: Defining the New American Order," Foreign Affairs, March/April 2004.
44. See Charles Kindleberger, The World in Depression, 1929-1939 (London: Allen Lane, 1973);
45. Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987).
46. Charles P. Kindleberger, "Rules vs.Men: Lessons from a Century of Monetary Policy", in Zerrissene Zwischenkriegszeit: wirtschaftshistorische Beiträge: Knut Borchardt zum 65. Geburtstag edited by Christoph Buchheim, Michael Hutter, Harold James (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1994), 175.
47. Gilpin, Political Economy, 78.
48. See also Aaron Friedberg's reflection on a past experience of hegemonic weariness: The Weary Titan: Britain and the Ex- perience of Relative Decline, 1895-1905 (Princeton: N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1988).
49. See for instance, Harold James, "From Grandmotherliness to Governance: The Development of IMF Conditionality," in Finance and Development, December 1998.
50. Robert Kagan, Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (New York: Knopf, 2003).
51. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 3rd ed. (New York: Knopf, 1963), 63.
52. Financial Times, "Ukraine Poll Divides EU and Russia," November 28, 2004.
53. F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (London: Routledge and Hegan Paul, 1960), 226.
54. Friedrich Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (London: Routledge, 1944), 163.
55. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, II: 728.
56. See Philip H. Gordon and Sophie Meunier, The French Challenge: Adapting to Globalization (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001).
57. See Keohane, After Hegemony.
58. Julius W. Pratt, Cordell Hull, 1933-44 (New York: Cooper Square, 1964), 112.
59. Address by Henry Morgenthau, Jr., July 1, 1944, United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, Bretton Woods, New Hampshire: Final Act and Related Documents (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing House, 1944).
60. See Charles Lipson, Standing Ground: Protecting Foreign Capital in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
61. Friedrich List, The National System of Political Economy, transl. Sampson S. Lloyd (Fairfield, N.J.: Kelley, 1991), 368.
62. See the hostile account by Henri Hauser, Germany's Commercial Grip on the World, Her Business Methods Explained (London: Eveleigh Nash, 1917).
63. E. E. Schattschneider, Politics, Pressures and the Tariff: A Study of Free Private Enterprise in Pressure Politics, as Shown in the 1929-1930 Revision of the Tariff (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1935);
64. Mancur Olson, Jr., The logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965).
65. See the model of this process described by Kyle Bagwell and Robert W. Staiger, The Economics of the World Trading System(Cambridge: MIT Press, 2002).
66. Kenneth Dam, The Rules of the Global Game: A New Look at U.S. International Economic Policymaking (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 119.
67. See Fritz Breuss, Stefan Griller, Erich Vranes, eds., The Banana Dispute: An Economic and Legal Analysis (Vienna and New York: Springer, 2003);
68. Karen Alter and Sophie Meunier, "Nested and Overlapping Regimes in the Transatlantic Banana Dispute," working paper, 2004;
69. also Gordon and Meunier, The French Challenge.
70. Robert J. Samuelson, "The Airbus Showdown,"Newsweek, December 13, 2004.
71. See Carmen Reinhart and Kenneth Rogoff, NBER Working Paper 10296, "Serial Default and the 'Paradox' of Rich to Poor Capital Flows," February 2004.
72. See Niall Ferguson, The House of Rothschild: Money's Prophets 1798-1848 (New York: Viking, 1998), 231-256.
73. Max Huber, quoted in Independent Commission of Experts, Switzerland National Socialism and the Second World War (Zurich: Pendo, 2002), 299. I have added the word "unconditonally" from the German original "selbstverständlich, dass das Unternehmen seine volkswirtschaftliche Aufgabe in jedem Lande, desses Staat ihm Aufnahme und dessen recht ihm Schutz gewährt, in unbedingter Loyalität und mit dem Willen zu verständnisvoller Einordnung erfülle."
74. Quoted in Henry A. Turner, General Motors and the Nazis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 27.
75. "Betriebsklima: Küssen verboten! Wal-Mart untersagt den Mitarbeiten die Liebe zu Kollegen," Stern 13,March 23, 2005, pp. 58-59.
76. See Wendy Dobson and Pierre Jacquet, Financial Services Liberalization in the WTO (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1998), 29.
77. See Dam, Rules of the Global Game, 228.
78. "For Citigroup, Scandal in Japan Shows Danger of Global Sprawl," Wall Street Journal, December 22, 2004.
79. See Joseph Weiler, "The Constitution of the Common Market Place: The Free Movement of Goods," in The Evolution of EU Law, edited by P. P. Craig and G. de Bùrca (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
80. "Indonesia-Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies," January 15, 1998; available on www.imf.org.
81. "Russia Looks East as West Disappoints," Financial Times, January 3, 2005.
82. See Harold James, International Monetary Cooperation since Bretton Woods (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 50.
83. See Henry B. Russell, International Monetary Conferences: Their Purposes, Character, and Results, with a study of the conditions of currency and finance in Europe and America during intervening periods, and in their relations to international action (New York and London: Harper, 1898).
84. See also Luca Einaudi, Money and Politics: European Monetary Unification and the International Gold Standard (1865-1873) (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
85. Dam, Rules of the Game, 24.
86. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (New York: Farrar 1944), 193-194.
87. For a contrary view, see Barry Eichengreen, Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919-1939 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 8: "What rendered the commitment to the gold standard credible, then, was that the commitment was international, not merely national. That commitment was activated through international cooperation." There is a good description of the "increased cooperation" after 1890 in Eichengreen's Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 32-35.
88. Article IV, Section 1 (a) of International Monetary Fund, Articles of Agreement (1944).
89. Alain Peyrefitte, C'était de Gaulle (Paris: Gallimard, 2002), 603, 663.
90. See on this episode James, International Monetary Cooperation, 212.
91. Jean Peyrelevade and Jean-Antoine Kosciusko-Morizet, La mort du dollar (Paris, 1975), 142.
92. Cited in James, International Monetary Cooperation, 298.
93. Smith,Wealth of Nations, vol.V, chap. 3, pp. 446, 466-67.
94. The most famous version of this kind of thesis was presented by Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987).
95. Dominic Lieven, Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000).
96. The classic account of the postwar order is by Richard Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy: The Origins and the Prospects of Our International Economic Order (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969).
97. See now G. John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
98. Patrick Low, Trading Free: The GATT and U.S. Trade Policy (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1995), 247.
99. See Kenneth Rogoff and Maurice Obstfeld, "The Unsustainable US Current Account Position Revealed," NBER Working Paper 10869, November 2004;
100. Barry Eichengreen, "Global Imbalances and the Lessons of Bretton Woods," NBER Working Paper 10497,May 4.
101. The argument is most fully laid out in a set of papers by a group of Deutsche Bank economists: Michael P. Dooley, David Folkerts-Landau, Peter Garber, "An Essay on the Revived Bretton Woods System," NBER Working Paper 9971, September 2003; "The Revived Bretton Woods System: The Effects of Periphery Intervention and Reserve Management on Interest Rates and Exchange Rates in Center Countries," NBER Working Paper 10332, March 2004; "Direct Investment, Rising Real Wages and the Absorption of Excess Labor in the Periphery," NBER Working Paper 10626, July 2004; "The US Current Account Deficit and Economic Development: Collateral for a Total Return Swap," NBER Working Paper 10727, September 2004.
102. Eichengreen, "Global Imbalances."
103. See Nouriel Roubini and Brad Setser, "Will the Bretton Woods 2 Regime Unravel Soon? The Risk of a Hard Landing in 2005-6," paper for conference on "The Revived Bretton Woods System: A New Paradigm for Asian Development?" Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Conference, February 4, 2005.
104. This is a point made very effectively by Tim Congdon: see Lombard Street Research Ltd., "The Analyses of Unsustainability, and Total Unsustainability, Based on the Familiar Theory of Debt Dynamics Have Been Dumbfounded," Monthly Economic Review, November/December 2002, p. 5.
105. Though see Keith Bradsher, High and Mighty: SUVs-The World's Most Dangerous Vehicles and How They Got That Way (New York: Public Affairs, 2002).
106. See Paco Underhill, Call of the Mall (New York and London: Simon and Schuster, 2004).
107. Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004).
108. Peyrefitte, de Gaulle, 664.
109. See also Francis J. Gavin, Gold, Dollars, and Power: The Politics of International Monetary Relations, 1958-1968 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), 121.
110. Lawrence Kotlikoff, Hans Fehr and Sabine Jokisch, "The Developed World's Demographic Transition-The Roles of Capital Flows, Immigration, and Policy," mimeo, October 2003;
111. Lawrence Kotlikoff and Niall Ferguson, "Going Critical,"National Interest, Fall 2003.
112. IMF,World Economic Outlook, September 2004, pp. 218-219.
113. Stanley Fischer, "On the Need for an International Lender of Last Resort," Journal of Economic Perspectives 13, no. 4 (Fall 1999): 85-104.
114. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, I: 440.
115. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper, 1947).
116. Smith,Wealth of Nations (1976 ed.), I: 445.
117. Edward M. Bernstein, "War and the Pattern of Business Cycles," American Economic Review 30 (1940): 24-35.
118. Figures from "In Perspective: America's Conflicts," New York Times, April 20, 2003, p. B16.
119. Edward Luttwak, "Toward Post-Heroic Warfare: The Obsolescence of Total War," Foreign Affairs 74, no. 3 (May/June 1995);
120. Jeremy Black, Why Wars Happen (London: Reaktion Books, 1998);
121. Black,Warfare and the Western World 1882-1975, (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2002).
122. Smith,Wealth of Nations, II: 455-456.
123. The canonical texts are J. A.Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (New York: J. Pott, 1902); Rudolf Hilferding, Das Finanzkapital (Vienna, 1910); V. I. Lenin, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism [1916], new trans. (New York: International Publishers, 1939). For analyses, see David Fieldhouse, "Imperialism: An Historical Revision," Economic History Review 14 (1961); and Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Imperialismustheorien (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1977).
124. Martin Luther, "Trade and Usury," in Walther Brandt, ed., Luther's Works, Vol. 45: The Christian in Society (Philadephia:Muhlenberg Press, 1962), 245-246.
125. See Emma Rothschild, Economic Sentiments: Adam Smith, Condorcet and the Enlightenment (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 27, 32, 73.
126. Smith,Wealth of Nations, II: 158.
127. Lucy S. Sutherland, The East India Company in Eighteenth-Century Politics (Westport, Conn.: Hyperion, 1979).
128. J. A. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study [1902] (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1965), 8.
129. George Friedman and Meredith LeBard, The Coming War with Japan (New York: St.Martin's, 1991).
130. Werner Sombart, Händler und Helden: Patriotische Besinnungen (Munich and Leipzig: Duncker and Humblot, 1915).
131. Amy Chua, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (New York: Doubleday, 2003).
132. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, vol. I, chap. 24, pp. 838-839.
133. Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth, 14.
134. Jack Snyder,Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991).
135. Quoted in Richard Koebner and Helmut Dan Schmidt, Imperialism: The Story and Significance of a Political Word, 1840-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964), 201;
136. Ferguson, Empire, xxiii;
137. Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, De la colonisation chez les peuples modernes 6th ed. Paris: Alcan, 1908), xxvii, 687.
138. See Michael W. Doyle, Empires (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986).
139. Richard Cobden, How Wars Are Got Up in India: The Origin of the Burmese War (London:William and Frederick Cash, 1953), 58.
140. Patrick O'Brien, "European Economic Development: The Contribution of the Periphery," Economic History Review 35 (1982): 1-18.
141. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, "The Political Economy of British Overseas Expansion, 1750-1914," Economic History Review 33 (1980): 484-485;
142. Eric Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire: An Economic History of Britain since 1750 (London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1968), 122.
143. Koebner and Schmidt, Imperialism, 123.
144. Benjamin Disraeli, Crystal Palace Speech, June 24, 1872, "Conservative and Liberal Principles," in Selected Speeches of the Late Right Honourable the Earl of Beaconsfield, arranged and edited with introduction and explanatory notes by T. E. Kebbel, vol. 2 (London: Longmans, 1882), 530-551.
145. See Ronald Robinson and John Gallagher, with Alice Denny, Africa and the Victorians: The Official Mind of Imperialism (London:Macmillan, and New York: St.Martin's, 1961).
146. Peter Marsh, Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 585, 590, 614.
147. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (London: Cardinal, 1989), 123.
148. See the recent books by David Anderson, Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire (New York: Norton, 2004);
149. Caroline Elkins, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of the End of Empire in Kenya (New York: Henry Holt, 2004).
150. Richard Haas quoted in Andrew J. Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 219.
151. See especially Kenneth Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May be Better, (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1981).
152. Jack A. Goldstone et al., State Failure Task Force Report: Phase III Findings (McLean, Va: Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), September 30, 2000).
153. See Paul Collier, Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy (Washington,D.C.:World Bank, and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
154. Stuart Eizenstat, John Edward Porter, and Jeremy Weinstein, "Rebuilding Weak States," Foreign Affairs, January/February 2005.
155. For instance, John Lewis Gaddis, "Grand Strategy in the Second Term," Foreign Affairs, January/February 2005.
156. Chalmers Johnson, "America's Empire of Bases," TomDispatch.com, January 15, 2004.
157. Also Chalmers Johnson, Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire, (New York:Metropolitan/Owl Book, 2004).
158. Lynne Truss, Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation (New York: Gotham, 2004).
159. "The National Security Strategy of the United States of America," available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html.
160. See especially Jeffrey Kopstein and David A. Reilly, "Geographic Diffusion and the Transformation of the Postcommunist World,"World Politics 53, no. 1 (October 2000): 1-37.
161. Fareed Zakaria, The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad (New York: Norton, 2003).
162. Of this group, Leonard is the only European author.
163. Cited in Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Ruler 1945-1970 (New York: Norton, 1992), 353.
164. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, vol. III, chap. 68, p. 784.
165. Montek Singh Ahluwalia, "The Emerging Global Financial Architecture and Its Implications for India," Indian Council for Research in International Economic Relations, paper, July 1999.
166. Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (New York: Penguin, 2005), 164-165.
167. Hans Magnus Enzensberger, "Vom Missvergnügen an der Politik," Neue Zürcher Zeitung, January 12, 2005.
168. Friedrich Naumann, Central Europe (London: King, 1916), 84.
169. See Harold James, A German Identity 1770-1990 (London:Weidenfeld, 1989), 158;
170. Jean Monnet,Memoirs (London: Collins, 1978), 339.
171. Andrew Moravcsik, "Striking a New Transatlantic Bargain," Foreign Affairs, 82, no. 4. (July/August 2003).
172. Robert Cooper, The Breaking of Nations: Order and Chaos in the Twenty-first Century (London: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003), 7, 16, 53.
173. Jeremy Rifkin, The European Dream (New York: Penguin, 2003), 231.
174. "Genoa Summit Meeting,"New York Times, July 21, 2001;
175. "Chirac Takes Aim at EU Liberals," Guardian,March 24, 2005.
176. See Anne-Marie Slaughter, A New World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), 189.
177. Rifkin, The European Dream, 191, 196.
178. Dominique Strauss-Kahn, "Une nation est née," Le Monde, February 26, 2004.
179. Jürgen Habermas, "Was bedeutet der Denkmalsturz?" Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, April 17, 2003.
180. "Chirac Will Not Resign If Vote Is Lost," Financial Times,April 15, 2005.
181. Heinrich Heine quoted in Andrei S.Markovits, Amerika, dich hasst sich besser: Antiamerikanismus und Antisemitismus in Europa (Hamburg: Konkret, 2004), 83.
182. See Joseph Weiler, Ein christliches Europa (Salzburg: Pustet, 2004).
183. Cooper, The Breaking of Nations, 21.
184. Carl Seeling, ed., Novalis: Gesammelte Werke (Zurich: Bühl, 1945), 24, 32, 34.
185. Rudolf Hilferding, "Das historische Problem," Zeitschrift für Politik 1 (1954): 293-324. (The article was published only posthumously.)
186. Bernard-Henri Lévy, Wall Street Journal, April 5, 2005;
187. Dominique Moisi, Ouest-France, April 5, 2005.
188. Jürgen Habermas and Joseph Ratzinger, Dialektik der Säkulisierung: Über Vernunft und Religion (Freiburg: Herder, 2005), Habermas quote on p. 32, Ratzinger quotes on pp. 53, 57. The fullest transcript of this remarkable discussion was published at the time in the Rheinische Merkur, no. 4, January 22, 2004: "Duell des Geistes," pp. 23-24.
189. Isaiah Berlin, "European Unity and Its Vicissitudes," in The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas (London: John Murray, 1990), 175, 204.
190. Adam Smith, The Theory of the Moral Sentiments (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1969), 264, 266, 271-272.
191. Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit, Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of its Enemies (New York: Penguin, 2004), 11.
192. "Funeral Presents Opportunity to Renew Diplomatic Contacts," Financial Times, April 8, 2005.