Constitutional Faith: With a new afterword by the author

Constitutional Faith: With a new afterword by the author

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages

  Levinson, Sanford ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b HARVARD LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

^c YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883950949     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (450)

1. Michael Parrish, Felix Frankfurter and His Times: The Reform Years (New York: The Free Press, 1982), p. 129.
2. Wallace Mendelson, Felix Frankfurter: A Tribute (New York: Reynal & Co., 1964), p. 49.
3. Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 152.
4. Whittle Johnson, "Little America-Big America," Yale Review 58 (October 1968): 10-11.
5. Irving Kristol, "The Spirit of '87," The Public Interest, no. 86 (1987): 5.
6. Hege Vs Political Writings, trans. T. Knox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 244.
7. Clifford Geertz, "The Uses of Diversity," in Sterling McMurrin, ed., The Tanner Lectures on Human Values (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1986), p. 271.
8. Paul Leicester Ford, Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 10 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1899), p. 42.
9. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, The Federalist, ed. Jacob Cooke (Cleveland: Meridian Books, 1961), p. 340.
10. G. L. Turberville, November 2, 1788, in Max Farrand, ed., Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. 3 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1937), p. 354.
11. James Sundquist, Constitutional Reform and Effective Government (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1986).
12. James Madison, vol. 14, ed. Robert Rutland (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983), pp. 191-92.
13. James Madison, vol. 9, ed. Gaillard Hunt (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1910), pp. 429-31.
14. William and Mary Law Review 29 (1987): 3.
15. Michael Kämmen, A Machine That Would Go of Itself: The Constitution in American Culture (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1986), pp. 70-71.
16. Abraham Lincoln, "The Perpetuation of Our Political Institutions," in Richard Current, ed., The Political Thought of Abraham Lincoln (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1961), pp. 16-17.
17. Robert Bellah, "Civil Religion in America," Daedalus (Winter 1967).
18. Robert Bellah, Beyond Belief: Essays on Religion in a Post-Traditional World (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), pp. 168-89.
19. Russell E. Richey and Donald G. Jones, eds., American Civil Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1974).
20. W. Lance Bennett, "Political Sanctification: The Civil Religion and American Politics," Social Science Information 14 (1975): 79.
21. W. Lance Bennett, "Imitation, Ambiguity, and Drama in Political Life: Civil Religion and the Dilemmas of Public Morality," Journal of Politics 41 (1979): 106.
22. Irving Kristol, "The Spirit of 87," The Public Interest, no. 86 (1987): 5.
23. E. D. Hirsch, Jr., Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1987), pp. 98-101.
24. Alexander Bickel, The Morality of Consent (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), p. 24.
25. Kent Newmyer, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story: Statesman of the Old Republic (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), p. 387.
26. Irving Kristol, "Spirit of'87," p. 5.
27. Anne Norton, Alternative Americas: A Reading of Antebellum Political Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 18.
28. Max Lerner, "Constitution and Court as Symbols," Yale Law Journal 42 (1937): 1294-95.
29. Ben A. Franklin, "Burger Made Chancellor at William and Mary," The New York Times, February 8, 1987, p. 26, col. 4.
30. Michael Kämmen, Machine, p. 45.
31. L. H. Butterfield, The Letters of Benjamin Rush (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951), 1: 475.
32. The Federalist, p. 238.
33. Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, August 30, 1787, in The Adams-Jefferson Letters, ed. Lester J. Cappon, vol. 1 (Chapel Hill: Uni-versity of North Carolina Press, 1959), p. 196.
34. Michael Kämmen, Machine, p. 264.
35. Edward Corwin, "The 'Higher Law' Background of American Constitutional Law," Harvard Law Review 42 (1928): 153.
36. Edward Corwin, "The Worship of the Constitution," Constitutional Review 4 (January 1920): 3.
37. Richard Lass, Corwin and the Constitution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 47-55.
38. Michael Kämmen, Machine, p. 532.
39. Michael Kämmen, Machine p. 235.
40. Barbara Jordan and Shelby Hearon, Barbara Jordan, A Self-Portrait (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1979), p. 187.
41. Theodore H. White, Breach of Faith: The Fall of Richard Nixon (New York: Atheneum/Reader's Digest Press, 1975).
42. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, bk. 4, ch. 8 (trans. Maurice Cranston [Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1968], pp. 176-87.
43. Robin Williams, American Society: A Sociological Interpretation (1951).
44. Will Herberg, "America's Civil Religion: What It Is and Whence It Comes," in Richey and Jones, American Civil Religion, p. 76.
45. Alpheus T. Mason, "The Supreme Court: Temple and Form," Yale Review 48 (1959): 526.
46. Michael Kämmen, Machine, p. 264.
47. William Yandell Elliott, "The Constitution as the American Social Myth," in Conyers Read, ed., The Constitution Reconsidered, rev. ed. by Richard B. Morris (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), p. 219.
48. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (New York: The Modern Library, 1931), p. 277.
49. F. F. Bruce and E. G. Rupp, Holy Book and Holy Tradition (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1968), p. 70.
50. William Chilling-worth, The Religion of Protestants: A Safe Way to Salvation (1638).
51. Cambridge History of the Bible, 3: 94-174.
52. Frank Kermode, "Institutional Control of Interpretation," Salmagundi 43 (Winter 1979): 78.
53. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought: The Age of Reformation, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 146.
54. Thomas Grey, "The Constitution as Scripture," Stanford Law Review 37 (1984): 7.
55. Geo Widengren, "Holy Book and Holy Tradition in Islam," in Bruce and Rupp, Holy Book, pp. 210-27.
56. F. Rahman, Islam, 2d ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 219.
57. F. E. Peters, The Children of Abraham: Judaism/Christianitylls-lam (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 12-13.
58. Marcel Simon, "The Ancient Church and Rabbinical Tradition," in Bruce and Rupp, Holy Book, p. 94.
59. Jacob Neusner, The Oral Torah, The Sacred Books of Judaism (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1986).
60. Isadore Twersky, ed., A Maimonides Reader (New York: Behrman House, 1972), pp. 35-41.
61. Marcel Simon, "The Ancient Church," p. 110.
62. David Biale, Gershom Scholem: Kabbalah and Counter-History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), p. 97.
63. Gershom Scholem, The Messianic Idea in Judaism and Other Essays in Jewish Spirituality (New York: Schocken Books, 1971), p. 290.
64. David Biale, Gershom Scholem, p. 98.
65. Ellen Flesseman-Van Leer, "Present-day Frontiers in the Discussion about Tradition," in Bruce and Rupp, Holy Book, pp. 154-70.
66. Thomas Grey, "Constitution as Scripture," pp. 10-11.
67. Robert M. Grant with David Tracy, A Short History of the Interpretation of the Bible (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984), p. 176.
68. Thomas Grey, "Constitution as Scripture," p. 11.
69. David Kelsey, The Uses of Scripture in Recent Theology (1975), 56-88.
70. David Hartman, The Living Covenant (New York: Macmillan, 1985).
71. S.G.F. Brandon, "The Holy Book, the Holy Tradition and the Holy Ikon: A Phenomenological Survey," in Bruce and Rupp, Holy Book, p. 3.
72. Frank Kermode, "The Canon," in Robert Alter and Frank Kermode, eds., The Literary Guide to the Bible (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), pp. 600-609.
73. David Stern, "Sacred Text and Canon," in Arthur A. Cohen and Paul Mendes-Flohr, eds., Contemporary Jewish Religious Thought (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1987), pp. 841-47.
74. Christopher Arthur, "Gadamer and Hirsch: The Canonical Work and the Interpreter s Intention," Cultural Hermeneutics 4 (1977): 185.
75. Robert M. Grant with David Tracy, Short History, p. 177.
76. Cambridge History of the Bible, 3: 1.
77. Robert M. Grant with David Tracy, Short History, p. 75.
78. Avery Dulles, Models of the Church: A Critical Assessment of the Church in All Its Aspects (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1974), p. 33.
79. Moses ben Nahman [Nachmanides], Commentary on the Torah, trans. Charles Chavel, vol. 5 (New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1976), pp. 206-7.
80. Martin Luther, Three Treatises (Philadelphia: The Muhlenberg Press, 1943), p. 13.
81. Martin Luther, Three Treatises, pp. 21-22.
82. Hans Küng, Infallible? An Inquiry (Garden City, N.Y.: Double-day & Co., 1971), p. 142.
83. Steck, "Die Autorität der Offenbarung. Das Erst Vatikanum im Urteil evangelischer Theologie," Publik (January 16, 1970).
84. Daniel Jeremy Silver, A History of Judaism, vol. 1, From Abraham to Maimonides (New York: Basic Books, 1974), p. 335.
85. L. Nemoy, ed., A Karaite Anthology (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952).
86. Cambridge History of the Bible, 3: 186.
87. Julian Franklin, ed., Constitutionalism and Resistance in the Sixteenth Century: Three Treatises by Hotman, Beza, and Mornay (New York: Pegasus, 1969).
88. Christopher Goodman, How Superior Powers Ought to Be Obeyd of Their Subjects: And Wherein They May Lawfully by Gods Wörde Be Disobeyed and Resisted. Wherein Also Is Declared the Cause of All This Present Miserie in England, and the Only Way to Remedy the Same (Geneva, 1558), in Edmund Morgan, ed., Puritan Political Ideas (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1965), p. 10.
89. Skinner, Foundations, 2: 235-38.
90. Mark DeWolfe Howe, Justice Holmes O.W., vol. 2, The Proving Years (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), p. 156.
91. Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Har-court, Brace, 1955).
92. Marvin Meyers, ed., The Mind of the Founder: Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1973), pp. 303-6.
93. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, vol. 1, 3rd ed. (Boston: Little, Brown & Co. , 1858), p. 271.
94. Charles Black, The People and the Court: Judicial Review in a Democracy (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1960), pp. 56-86.
95. Robert Dahl, "Decision-Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as a National Policy-Maker," Journal of Public Law 6 (1957): 279.
96. David Adamany, "Legitimacy, Realigning Elections, and the Supreme Court," Wisconsin Law Review (1973): 790.
97. Richard Funston, "The Supreme Court and Critical Elections," American Political Science Review 69 (1975): 795.
98. Jonathan Casper, "The Supreme Court and National Policymaking," American Political Science Review 70 (1976): 50.
99. Robert Cover, "The Supreme Court, 1982 Term-Foreword: Nomos and Narrative," Harvard Law Review 97 (1983): 53.
100. Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, vol. 6 (New York: Dodd, Mead Co., 1941), p. 124.
101. Michael Kämmen, The Origins of the American Constitution: A Documentary History (New York: Viking Publishing Co., 1986), p. vii.
102. Robert Davidson, "Moses' Ghostwriters," The New York Times Book Review, August 10, 1987, p. 9.
103. Jonathan Culler, Structuralist Poetics (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975), pp. 131-134.
104. Roland Barthes, Writing Degree Zero, trans. A. Lavers and C. Smith (New York: Hill and Wang, 1978), pp. 19-20.
105. Philip Foner, ed., Writings of Frederick Douglass, vol. 2 (New York: International Publishers, 1950), pp. 467-80.
106. Hugo Black, A Constitutional Faith (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1968), p. 1.
107. Hugo Black, Jr., My Father: A Remembrance (New York: Random House, 1975), pp. 10-14.
108. Philip Bobbitt, Constitutional Fate (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 33.
109. Gerrard Winstanley, The Law of Freedom in a Platform or, True Magistracy Restored [1649] (New York: Shocken Publishers, 1973), p. 49.
110. T. Wilson Hayes, Winstanley the Digger: A Literary Analysis of Radical Ideas in the English Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979).
111. Hugo Black, A Constitutional Faith, p. 9.
112. Edwin Meese, "The Law of the Constitution," Tulane Law Review 61 (1987): 981.
113. Felix Frankfurter, "The Constitutional Opinions of Mr. Justice Holmes," in Philip B. Kurland, ed., Felix Frankfurter on the Supreme Court: Extrajudicial Essays on the Court and the Constitution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 25.
114. Felix Frankfurter, "Taft and the Supreme Court," in Kurland, Felix Frankfurter, p. 61.
115. Christopher G. Tiedman, The Unwritten Constitution of the United States: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Fundamentals of American Constitutional Law (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1890).
116. William B. Munro, The Makers of the Unwritten Constitution (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1930).
117. Thomas Grey, "Do We Have an Unwritten Constitution?" Stanford Law Review 27 (1975): 703.
118. Felix Frankfurter, "Taft," p. 61.
119. Felix Frankfurter, "Constitutional Opinions," p. 30.
120. Hugo Black, A Constitutional Faith, p. 36.
121. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978).
122. Suzanna Sherry, "The Founders' Unwritten Constitution," University of Chicago Law Review (1987): 1124.
123. Peter Chirico, Infallibility: The Crossroads of Doctrine (Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, Inc., 1977).
124. Walter F. Murphy, "Who Shall Interpret the Constitution?" The Review of Politics 48 (1986): 401-423.
125. William Nelson, "The Eighteenth-Century Background of John Marshall's Constitutional Jurisprudence," Michigan Law Review 76 (1978): 911-13.
126. Morton Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977), p. 228.
127. Robert Remini, ed., The Age of Jackson (New York: Harper & Row, 1972).
128. Andrew Jackson, Veto Message, July 10, 1832, in Messages and Papers of the Presidents, ed. James Richardson, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1896), p. 582.
129. Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 16 Pet. 359 (1842).
130. William M. Wiecek, The Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism in America, 1760-1848 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977), p. 7.
131. Herbert Aptheker, ed., Documentary History of the Negro People, vol. 1 (New York: Citadel Press, 1951), p. 318.
132. Paul Angle, ed. , Created Equal? The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), p. 36.
133. Edwin Meese, "Law of the Constitution," p. 983.
134. 163 U.S. 537(1896).
135. 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
136. Edwin Meese, "Law of the Constitution," p. 985.
137. Stuart Taylor, "Liberties Union Denounces Meese," The New York Times, October 24, 1986, p. A17, col. 1.
138. Anthony Lewis, "Law or Power," The New York Times, October 27, 1986, p. A23, col. 1.
139. F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, vol. 3 (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), p. 459.
140. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, vol. 3, The Politics of Upheaval (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), p. 258.
141. Walter F. Murphy, James Fleming, and William Harris, American Constitutional Interpretation (Mineola, N.Y.: Foundation Press, 1986), p. 233.
142. Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority (Garden City, N.Y.: Double-day & Co., 1962), p. 331.
143. Robert Scigliano, The Supreme Court and the Presidency (New York: Free Press, 1971), p. 49.
144. Washington Post, October 29, 1986, p. A18, col. 1.
145. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, p. 211.
146. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, pp. 214-15.
147. William M. Wiecek, Sources of Antislavery Constitutionalism, pp. 242-243.
148. Wendell Phillips, Can Abolitionists Vote or Take Office under the United States Constitution? (1845), p. 14.
149. Wendell Phillips, Review of Lysander Spooners Essay on the Unconstitutionality of Slavery . . . (1847), p. 93.
150. Burt Neuborne, "The Binding Quality of Supreme Court Precedent," Tulane Law Review 61 (1987): 991.
151. Katzenbach v. Morgan, 384 U.S. 641 (1966).
152. Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections, 360 U.S. 45 (1959).
153. Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112 (1970).
154. David Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (New York: William Morrow, 1986), pp. 231-58.
155. Kent Greenawalt, "All or Nothing at All: The Defeat of Selective Conscientious Objection," Supreme Court Review (1971): 31.
156. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, p. 215.
157. Brown v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 540 (1953).
158. Paul Brest and Ann Vandenberg, "Politics, Feminism, and the Constitution: The Anti-Pornography Movement in Minneapolis," Stanford Law Review 39 (1987): 607-61.
159. Sanford Levinson, "What Do Lawyers Know (And What Do They Do With Their Knowledge)? Comments on Shauer and Moore," Southern California Law Review 58 (1985): 454.
160. Sanford Levinson, "What Do Lawyers Know (And What Do They Do With Their Knowledge)? Comments on Shauer and Moore," Southern California Law Review 58 (1985): 52.
161. David Bryden, "Between Two Constitutions: Feminism and Pornography," Constitutional Commentary 2 (1985): 180.
162. Charles Black, Structure and Relationship in Constitutional Law (Baton Rouge: University of Louisiana Press, 1969), pp. 88-89.
163. Paul Brest, "The Conscientious Legislator's Guide to Constitutional Interpretation," Stanford Law Review 27 (1975): 585.
164. Paul Brest, "Congress as Constitutional Decisionmaker and Its Power to Counter Judicial Doctrine," Georgia Law Review 21 (1986): 57.
165. E. D. Hirsch, Validity in Interpretation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), p. 123.
166. E. D. Hirsch, Validity in Interpretation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1967), p. 53.
167. E. D. Hirsch, "Book Review," New York Review of Books, June 14, 1979, p. 20.
168. E. D. Hirsch, The Aims of Interpretation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), p. 20.
169. Avery Dulles, Revelation and the Quest for Unity (1968), pp. 85-86.
170. Thomas Grey, "The Constitution as Scripture," Stanford Law Review 37 (1984): 18.
171. J. Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, vol. 2, 2nd ed. (Washington, D.C.: 1836), p. 202.
172. Philip Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders' Constitution, vol. 4 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 645.
173. Philip Kurland, "The Origins of the Religion Clauses of the Constitution," William and Mary Law Review 27 (1986): 849.
174. Davis v. Beason, 133 U.S. 333 (1890).
175. Orma Linford, "The Mormons and the Law: The Polygamy Cases, Part I," Utah Law Review 9 (1964): 310.
176. Jeffrey Leeds, "A Life on the Court," The New York Times Magazine, October 5, 1986, p. 79.
177. Kent Newmyer, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story: Statesman of the Old Republic (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), p. 377.
178. Christopher Lasch, "What's Wrong with the Right," Tikkun, no. 1 (1986): 28.
179. Gerald Seib, "Religious Discord Rises Among Israeli Jews, Spurs Intense Debate," Wall Street Journal, June 18, 1986, p. 12, col. 1.
180. Owen Fiss, "Objectivity and Interpretation," Stanford Law Review 34 (1982): 753.
181. Paul Brest, "The Misconceived Quest for the Original Understanding," Boston University Law Review 60 (1980): 204.
182. Owen Fiss, "Objectivity," p. 753.
183. C. H. Chase, The North Star, February 9, 1849, in P. Foner, ed., The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, vol. 1 (New York: International Publishers, 1950), p. 353.
184. Owen Fiss, "Objectivity," p. 754.
185. Stephen Macedo, The New Right v. The Constitution (Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 1986), p. 4.
186. William Connolly, "Thomas Hobbes: The Politics of Divine Con-tainment" (unpublished manuscript), p. 7.
187. William Connolly, "Thomas Hobbes," p. 7.
188. Robert Bellah, "The Normative Framework for Pluralism in America," Soundings 61 (1978): 68.
189. Cass Sunstein, "Interest Groups in American Public Law," Stanford Law Review 38 (1985): 41-42.
190. Frank Michelman, "The Supreme Court 1985 Term-Foreword: Traces of Self-Government," Harvard Law Review 100 (1986): 59.
191. Jacob Cooke, ed., The Federalist (Cleveland: The World Publishing Co., 1961), p. 59.
192. Clifford Geertz, "Anti Anti-relativism," American Anthropologist 86 (1984): 263.
193. Martin Redish, Freedom of Expression: A Critical Analysis (Charlottesville, Va.: The Michie Company, 1984), p. 48.
194. First Amendment, "First Amendment, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Expression: Does It Matter What We Call It?" Northwestern University Law Review 80 (1985): 767.
195. Ian Shapiro, The Evolution of Rights in Liberal Theory (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986), p. 60.
196. Robert Leiter, "Unorthdox Leftist," Present Tense 14 (January/February 1987): 31.
197. Cass Sunstein, "Interest Groups," pp. 30-31.
198. Robert N. Bellah, "Religion and Legitimation in the American Republic," in Robert N. Bellah and Phillip E. Hammond, Varieties of Civil Religion, 12-13 (New York: Harper & Row, 1980).
199. Michael Perry, The Court, the Constitution, and Human Rights (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 98-101.
200. Gillette v. U.S., 401 U.S. 437, 457 (1971).
201. Alasdair Maclntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1982), p. 146.
202. R. Booth Fowler, Book Review, Journal of American History 73 (1986): 252.
203. Max Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention, vol. 2 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927), p. 73.
204. William Wiecek, "The Witch at the Christening: Slavery and the Constitution's Origins," in Leonard Levy and Dennis Maho-ney, eds., The Framing and Ratification of the Constitution (New York: Macmillan, 1987), pp. 167-84.
205. Paul Finkelman, "Slavery and the Constitutional Convention: Making a Covenant with Death," in Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward Carter II, eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), pp. 188-225.
206. Walter Merrill, Against Wind and Tide: A Biography ofWm. Lloyd Garrison (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), p. 205.
207. 10 U.S. (6 Cranch) 87 (1810).
208. John T. Noonan, Jr., The Antelope: The Ordeal of the Recaptured Africans in the Administrations of James Monroe and John Quincy Adams (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977).
209. Richard Weisberg, The Failure of the Word (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), p. 147.
210. 23 U.S., at 115, 120.
211. 41 U.S. (16 Pet.) 536 (1842).
212. H. Jefferson Powell, "Joseph Story's Commentaries on the Constitution: A Belated Review," Yale Law Journal 94 (1986): 1311.
213. Holmes O.W., "Introduction to Spirit of the Laws," Collected Legal Papers (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Holt, 1920), p. 258.
214. Holmes O.W., "The Holmes-Cohen Correspondence," Journal of the History of Ideas 9 (January 1948): 27.
215. Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45, 75 (1905).
216. Bailey v. Alabama, 219 U.S. 219 (1911).
217. Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494, 556 (1951).
218. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1 (New York: Vintage Books, 1945), p. 185.
219. Alexander M. Bickel, The Least Dangerous Branch (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co, 1962).
220. Alexander M. Bickel, The Morality of Consent (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975).
221. 198 U.S. at 76.
222. Alexander M. Bickel, Morality of Consent, p. 120.
223. Jeffrey Stout, "Liberal Society and the Languages of Morals," Soundings 69 (1986): 32.
224. H.L.A. Hart, The Concept of Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961), pp. 55-60.
225. Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 47.
226. Sotirios Barber, On What the Constitution Means (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1984), p. 57.
227. Randall Kennedy, "The Constitution of the United States: Is It Pro-Slavery or Anti-Slavery?" Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, vol. 2 (New York: International Publishers, 1950), pp. 467-80.
228. Ronald Dworkin, "The Law of the Slave-Catchers," The Times Literary Supplement, December 5, 1975, p. 1437.
229. Robert Bork, "Tradition and Morality in Constitutional Law," in Mark Cannon and David O'Brien, eds., Views from the Bench: The Judiciary and Constitutional Politics (Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House Publishers, 1985), p. 171.
230. Sotirios Barber, "Epistemological Skepticism, Hobbesian Natural Right and Judicial Self-Res train t," Review of Politics 48 (1986): 379.
231. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977), pp. 133-35.
232. Max Weber, Letter to Edgar Joffe.
233. Carl Schneider, "Moral Discourse and the Transformation of American Family Law," Michigan Law Review 83 (1985): 1819.
234. James Fishkin, The Limits of Obligation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).
235. Robert Bork, "Tradition and Morality," p. 171.
236. Ronald Dworkin, "The Bork Nomination," The New York Review of Books, August 13, 1987, pp. 3-10.
237. 290 U.S. 398 (1934).
238. Paul Brest and Sanford Levinson, Processes of Constitutional Decisionmaking, 2d ed. (Boston: Little Brown & Co., 1983), pp. 1111-34.
239. Hugo Black, "The Bill of Rights," New York University Law Review 35 (1960): 865.
240. Hugo Black and Edmund Cahn, "Justice Black and First Amendment 'Absolutes': A Public Interview," New York Universify Law Review 37 (1962): 549.
241. Justice Hans Linde, "'Clear and Present Danger' Reexamined: Dissonance in the Brandenburg Concerto," Stanford Law Review 22 (1970): 1163.
242. Mark Tushnet, "A Note on the Revival of Textualism in Constitutional Theory," Southern California Law Review 58 (1985): 700.
243. Bruce Ackerman, "Discovering the Constitution," Yale Law Journal 93 (1984): 1066-78.
244. Bennett B. Patterson, The Forgotten Ninth Amendment (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1955).
245. Michael Kent Curtis, No State Shall Abridge: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1986).
246. Robert J. Kac-zorowski, "Revolutionary Constitutionalism in the Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction," New York University Law Review 61 (1986): 863.
247. Robert J. Kac-zorowski, "To Begin the Nation Anew: Congress, Citizen-ship, and Civil Rights after the Civil War," American Historical Review 92 (1987): 45.
248. Suzanna Sherry, "Founders' Unwritten Constitution," p. 1163.
249. Douglas Laycock, "Taking Constitutions Seriously: A Theory of Judicial Review," Texas Law Review 59 (1981): 349.
250. Irving Kristol, "The Spirit of '87," The Public Interest, no. 86 (1987): 9.
251. Men-achem Kellner, "Dogma," in Arthur Cohen and Paul Mendes-Flohr, eds., Contemporary Jewish Religious Thought: Original Essays on Critical Concepts, Movements, and Beliefs (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1987), pp. 141-45.
252. Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 6.
253. John H. Leith, ed., Creeds of the Churches: A Reader in Christian Doctrine from the Bible to the Present, 3rd ed. (Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1982), p. 8.
254. McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 316, 407 (1819).
255. H.W.R. Wade, Constitutional Fundamentals (London: Stevens & Sons, 1980), pp. 37-38.
256. John Locke, Treatise on Civil Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration, ed. C. L. Sherman (New York: Irvington, 1979), p. 212.
257. Merrill D. Peterson, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 132.
258. Leonard Levy, Jefferson and Civil Liberties: The Darker Side (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), pp. 30-31.
259. Karl Barth, "The Christian Community and the Civil Community," in Community, State and Church (1960), pp. 149-151.
260. Robert Cover, "Nomos and Narrative," Harvard Law Review 97 (1984): 14.
261. Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity, p. 6.
262. Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity, p. 112.
263. Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 22-23.
264. Whittle Johnson, "Little America-Big America," Yale Review 58 (October 1968): 10-11.
265. Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics, p. 24.
266. Hans Kohn, American Nationalism: An Interpretive Essay (New York: Macmillan, 1957), p. 8.
267. Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics, p. 30.
268. Gary Jacobsohn, The Supreme Court and the Decline of Constitutional Aspiration (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1986), p. 136.
269. Anne Norton, Alternative Americas: A Reading of Antebellum Political Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 74.
270. Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1984), pp. 31-39.
271. Cass Sunstein, "Interest Groups in American Public Law," Stanford Law Review 38 (1986): 30-31.
272. Peter Schuck and Rogers Smith, Citizenship Without Consent: Illegal Aliens in the American Polity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985).
273. Joseph Carens, "Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders," The Review of Politics 49 (1987): 251.
274. Alan Dowty, Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987).
275. Bruce Acker-man, Social Justice in the Liberal State (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980), 89-95.
276. J. Lichtenberg, "National Boundaries and Moral Boundaries: A Cosmopolitan View," in Boundaries: National Autonomy and Its Limits, ed. P. Brown and H. Shue (Totawa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1981).
277. Roger Nett, "The Civil Right We Are Not Ready For: The Right of Free Movement of People on the Face of the Earth," Ethics 81 (1971): 212.
278. Garry Wills, Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1978), p. xxii.
279. Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics, p. 25.
280. Garry Wills, Inventing America, p. 28
281. John H. Leith, Creeds of the Churches, p. 9.
282. Robert Post, "The Social Foundations of Defamation Law: Reputation and the Constitution," California Law Review 74 (1986): 736-37.
283. Emile Dürkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, trans. George Simpson (Glencoe, 111.: The Free Press, 1933), pp. 108-9.
284. Kai Erikson, Wayward Puritans: A Study in the Sociology of Deviance (New York: John Wiley, 1966), p. 13.
285. Harold Hyman, To Try Mens Souls: Loyalty Tests in American History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959), p. 15.
286. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967).
287. Gordon Wood, The Creation of the American Republic (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1969).
288. Forrest McDonald, Novus Ordo Seculorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1985).
289. H.W.R. Wade, Constitutional Fundamentals, p. 38.
290. Harold Hyman, To Try Mens Souls, pp. 74-75.
291. Charles Royster, A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and American Character, 1775-1783 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), pp. 105-6.
292. Harold Hyman, To Try Mens Souls, pp. 82-84.
293. Cecelia Kenyon, The New York Review of Books, November 14, 1963, pp. 22-23.
294. Harold M. Hyman, Era of the Oath: Northern Loyalty Tests during the Civil War and Reconstruction (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1954).
295. Harold Hyman, Era of the Oath, pp. 107-120.
296. Charles Fairman, History of the Supreme Court of the United States, vol. 6, Reconstruction and Reunion 1864-88, Part One (New York: Macmillan, 1971), pp. 240-48.
297. Ellen Shrecker, No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 114-25.
298. 319 U.S. 624 (1943).
299. Jerold Israel, "Elfbrandt v. Russell: The Demise of the Oath?" Supreme Court Review (1966): 193.
300. Cole v. Richardson, 405 U.S. 676, 677-678 (1972).
301. David Wiessbrodt, Immigration Law and Procedure in a Nutshell (St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 1984).
302. T. Alexander Aleinikoff and David Martin, Immigration: Process and Policy (St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 1985), pp. 859-69.
303. T. Alexander Aleinikoff and David Martin, Immigration, p. 863.
304. 8 U.S.C. § 1424 (1983).
305. 8 U.S.C. § 1448.
306. Kent Greenawalt, "Promise, Benefit, and Need: Ties That Bind Us to the Law," Georgia Law Review 18 (1984): 737-739.
307. T. Alexander Aleinikoff and David Martin, Immigration, pp. 834-49.
308. Gerald Rösberg, "Aliens and Equal Protection: Why Not the Right to Vote?" Michigan Law Review 75 (1977): 1127-35.
309. Robert Reinhold, "Flow of 3d World Immigrants Alters Weave of U.S. Society," The New York Times, June 30, 1986, p. 1, col. 6.
310. Roger Lowenstein, "Immigration Aides Base Big Decisions on 15-Minute Chats," Wall Street Journal, June 5, 1986, p. 1, col. 4.
311. Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
312. Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity, p. 6.
313. Joanna Kates, "Hers," The New York Times, October 9, 1986, p. C2, col. 3.
314. John Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British Marriage 1600 to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 16.
315. Robert Goodin, Protecting the Vulnerable: A Reanalysis of Our Social Responsibilities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), p. 72.
316. John Gillis, For Better, For Worse, pp. 38.
317. John Gillis, For Better, For Worse, pp. 44-45.
318. David Hartman, The Living Covenant: The Innovative Spirit in Traditional Judaism (New York: Macmillan, 1985), p. 5.
319. G. W.F. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right (1821), p. 75.
320. Robert Goodin, Protecting the Vulnerable, p. 91.
321. Holmes O.W., "The Path of the Law," Harvard Law Review 10 (1897): 462.
322. Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice.
323. Judith Shklar, Men and Citizens: A Study of Rousseau s Social Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), p. 57.
324. Emile Dürkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life.
325. Michael Walzer, "Political Alienation and Military Service," in Obligations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), pp. 99-100.
326. Michael Walzer, "Political Alienation and Military Service," in Obligations (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), pp. 112-13.
327. Morton Grodzins, The Loyal and the Disloyal: Social Boundaries of Patriotism and Treason (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), pp. 7-8.
328. Michael Walzer, "The Problem of Citizenship," in Obligations, p. 205.
329. Lewis Coser, Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment (New York: The Free Press, 1974).
330. James Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978), p. 218.
331. James Morton Smith, Freedom's Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1956), p. 23.
332. James Kettner, Development, p. 240.
333. Kawakita v. United States, 343 U.S. 717 (1952).
334. Douglas Laycock, "Taking Constitutions Seriously: A Theory of Judicial Review," Texas Law Review 59 (1981): 388.
335. Perkins v. Elg, 307 U.S. 325, 329 (1939).
336. T. Alexander Aleinikoff and David Martin, Immigration, pp. 917-31.
337. Sanford Levinson, "Testimonial Privileges and the Preferences of Friendship," Duke Law Journal (1984): 631.
338. John H. Howe, The Changing Political Thought of John Adams (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966), pp, 45-46.
339. Lyman Butterfield, ed., Adams Family Correspondence, vol. 2 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), pp. 96-97.
340. Jean Starobinski, 1789: The Emblems of Reason (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1982), pp. 101-124.
341. Jean Starobinski, 1789: The Emblems of Reason (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1982), pp. 105-110.
342. Garry Wills, Cincinnatus: George Washington and the Enlightenment (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1984), p. 186.
343. Stanley Hauerwas, "Freedom of Religion: A Subtle Temptation" (unpublished manuscript), pp. 2-19.
344. Nicholas Capaldi, "Explication Versus Exploration: The Nature of Constitutional Interpretation: Morgan s Disabling America," American Bar Foundation Research Journal (1987): 245.
345. J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1985).
346. R. Booth Fowler, Book Review, Journal of American History 73 (1986): 252-53.
347. Jean Starobinski, 1789, p. 102.
348. Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952).
349. Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 247 (1974).
350. Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982).
351. William E. Connolly, The Terms of Political Discourse, 2nd ed. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983), p. 10.
352. W. B. Gallie, "Essentially Contested Concepts," reprinted in Max Black, ed., The Importance of Language (Engle-wood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1962), p. 123.
353. J. Woodford Howard, Mr. Justice Murphy: A Political Biography (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), p. 310.
354. 320 U.S., at 123.
355. J. Woodford Howard, Mr. Justice Murphy, p. 309.
356. 320 U.S., at 133.
357. Charles Taylor, "Interpretation and the Sciences of Man," in idem, Philosophic Papers: Philosophy and the Human Sciences, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 15-57.
358. J. Woodford Howard, Mr. Justice Murphy, p. 311.
359. Georg Lukacs, History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics (Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1971), p. 263.
360. Robert M. Grant with David Tracy, A Short History of the Interpretation of the Bible (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984), p. 176.
361. Max Farrand, ed., Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, vol. 3 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1937), p. 14.
362. Bruce Ackerman, "The Storrs Lectures: Discovering the Constitution," Yale Law Journal 93 (1984): 1017-6.
363. Richard Kay, "The Illegality of the Constitution," Constitutional Commentary 4 (1987): 57.
364. Bruce Ackerman, "Discovering the Constitution," p. 1017-6.
365. Max Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention, 1: 262.
366. John Locke, Two Treatises on Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), p. 424.
367. Gerard Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of a Republican Government (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1970), p. 34.
368. John Locke, Two Treatises, pp. 425-26.
369. 365 U.S. 265(1961).
370. Act of 1906 § 4.
371. U.S. v. De Francis, 50 F.2d 497, 498.
372. United States v. Mirsky, 17 F.2d 275, 276 (1926).
373. William Preston, Jr., Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903-1933 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), p. 63.
374. William Preston, Jr., Aliens and Dissenters, p. 72.
375. 320 U.S., at 139.
376. George Will, "What to Read? Start with Genesis," Washington Post, June 28, 1984, p. 15, col. 1.
377. Gene Nichol, "Children of Distant Fathers: Sketching an Ethos of Constitutional Liberty," Wisconsin Law Review (1985): 1322.
378. Gris-wold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479.
379. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
380. Moore v. East Cleveland, 431 U.S. 494 (1977).
381. Gene Nichol, "Children," p. 1323.
382. Owen Fiss and Charles Krauthammer, "The Rehnquist Court," The New Republic (March 10, 1982): 20.
383. Roy Basier, ed., Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, vol. 4 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953), p. 169.
384. Anne Norton, Alternative Americas: A Reading of Antebellum Political Culture (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 298.
385. Allen Nevins and Milton H. Thomas, eds., The Diary of George Templeton Strong, vol. 4 (New York: Macmillan, 1952), pp. 20-21.
386. 320 U.S. at 142.
387. J. Woodford Howard, Mr. Justice Murphy, p. 315.
388. Minersville School District v. Gobitis, 310 U.S. 586 (1940).
389. 341 U.S. 494 (1951).
390. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978).
391. Walter Murphy, "An Ordering of Constitutional Values," Southern California Law Review 53 (1980): 754-57.
392. Douglas Linder, "What in the Constitution Cannot Be Amended," Arizona Law Review 23 (1981) 717.
393. Walter Murphy, "An Ordering," p. 757.
394. 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 120 (1866).
395. Walter Murphy, "An Ordering," p. 756.
396. Henry Hart, "The Power of Congress to Limit the Jurisdiction of Federal Courts: An Exercise in Dialectic," Harvard Law Review 66 (1953): 1364-65.
397. Peter Chirico, Infallibility: The Crossroads of Doctrine (Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, Inc., 1977), p. 195.
398. Shmuel Shilo, "Circumvention of the Law in Talmudic Literature," Israel Law Review 17 (1982): 151-68.
399. Robert Goldenberg, "Halakhic Creativity" (Book Review), Tik-kun 2 (November-December 1987): 80.
400. Joel Roth, The Halakhic Process: A Systemic Analysis (New York: Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1986).
401. David Biale, Gershom Scholem: Kabbalah and Counter-History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979).
402. Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973).
403. Mark Yudof, "Library Book Selection and the Public Schools: The Quest for the Archimedean Point," Indiana Law Review 59 (1984): 530-33.
404. Paul Carrington, "Of Time and the River," Journal of Legal Education 34 (1984): 222.
405. Gary Peller, "The Metaphysics of American Law," California Law Review 73 (1985): 1219-40.
406. Owen Fiss, "The Death of the Law?" Cornell Law Review 72 (1986): 16.
407. Paul Carrington, "Of Time," p. 226.
408. Paul Carrington, "Of Time," p. 227.
409. Ted Finman, "Critical Legal Studies, Professionalism, and Academic Freedom: Exploring the Tributaries of Carrington's River," Journal of Legal Education 35 (1985): 180.
410. John H. Leith, ed., Creeds of the Churches: A Reader in Christian Doctrine from the Bible to the Present, 3rd ed. (Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1982), p. 5.
411. Frederick E. Blumer, "Academic Freedom and Church-Related Institutions," Academe 72 (January-February 1986): 51.
412. Joseph Berger, "Vatican Orders a Theologian to Retract Teachings on Sex," The New York Times, March 12, 1986, p. A17, col. 1.
413. Frederick E. Blumer, "Academic Freedom," p. 22.
414. Walter Metzger, Academic Freedom in the Age of the University (New York: Columbia University Press, 1961), pp. 24-29.
415. Jonathan Z. Smith, Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. xi.
416. Alan Freeman and John Henry Schlegel, "Sex, Power and Silliness: An Essay On Ackerman's Reconstructing American Law," Cardozo Law Review 6 (1985): 850.
417. Arthur Green, "Jewish Studies and Jewish Faith," Tikkun, no. 1 (1986): 84-90.
418. Mark Tushnet, The American Law of Slavery 18101860: Considerations of Humanity and Interest (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 54-65.
419. Jay M. Feinman, "Priests and Prophets," Saint Louis University Law Journal 31 (1986): 53.
420. Raymond Geuss, The Idea of a Critical Theory: Habermas and the Frankfort School (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 63.
421. Michael Walzer, Interpretation and Social Criticism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 89.
422. Michael Walzer, Interpretation, p. 73.
423. Charles Fried, "The Lawyer as Friend: The Moral Foundations of the Lawyer-Client Relation," Yale Law Journal 85 (1976): 1060.
424. W. Forsythe, Hortensius the Advocate (1879), p. 379.
425. John Mortimer, Clinging to the Wreckage: A Part of Life (New York: Penguin Books, 1982), pp. 95-96.
426. Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
427. 23 U.S. (10 Wheat.) 66 (1825).
428. John Noonan, The Antelope: The Ordeal of the Recaptured Africans in the Administrations of James Monroe and John Quincy Adams (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977).
429. Holmes O.W., "The Path of the Law," in O. W. Holmes, Collected Legal Papers (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1920), p. 17.
430. Walter Metzger, Academic Freedom, p. 89.
431. Anthony Kronman, "Foreword: Legal Scholarship and Moral Education," Yale Law Journal 90 (1981): 955.
432. James Boyd White, "The Ethics of Argument: Plato's Gorgias and the Modern Lawyer," University of Chicago Law Review 50 (1983): 849.
433. David Trubek, "Where the Action Is: Critical Legal Studies and Empiricism," Stanford Law Review 36 (1984): 595-600.
434. Paul Brest, Journal of Legal Education 35 (1985): 18-19.
435. Paul de Man, Allegories of Reading: Figural Language in Rousseau, Nietzsche, Rilke, and Proust (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), p. 110.
436. Richard Rorty, "The Fate of Philosophy," New Republic (October 18, 1982): 28.
437. Richard Rorty, "Fate of Philosophy," p. 30.
438. Robert McKay, "In Support of the Proposed Model Rules of Professional Conduct," Villanova Law Review 26 (1980-81): 1137.
439. 410 U.S. 113(1973).
440. Mark Tushnet, "Following the Rules Laid Down: A Critique of Interpretivism and Neutral Principles," Harvard Law Review 96 (1983): 821.
441. Philip Bobbitt, Constitutional Fate: Theory of the Constitution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).
442. Richard Rorty, Consequences of Pragmatism, p. 151.
443. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393, 407 (1857).
444. Holmes O.W., "The Path of the Law," p. 202.
445. Paul Brest, "The Misconceived Quest for the Original Understanding," Boston University Law Review 60 (1980): 204.
446. Thurgood Marshall, "Commentary: Reflections on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution," Harvard Law Review 101 (1987): 1-2.
447. H. Jefferson Powell, "What the Constitution Means for Your Town, and for You," Des Moines Register, December 18, 1986, p. 13a.
448. D. M. Risinger, "Honesty in Pleading and Its Enforcement: Some 'Striking' Problems with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11," Minnesota Law Review 61 (1976): 57.
449. Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 354.
450. Anthony Giddens, ed., Dürkheim on Politics and the State (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1986), p. 163.