Higher education in the digital age

Higher Education in the Digital Age

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages

  Bowen, William G ^a   Delbanco, Andrew ^b   Gardner, Howard ^c   Hennessy, John L ^d   Koller, Daphne ^d  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^c HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883944192     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (55)

1. Clark Kerr, foreword to William G. Bowen, The Economics of the Major Private Universities (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968).
2. William J. Baumol and William G. Bowen, Performing Arts, the Economic Dilemma: A Study of Problems Common to Theater, Opera, Music, and Dance (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1966).
3. Robert H. Frank, "The Prestige Chase Is Raising College Costs," New York Times, March 10, 2012. As several commentators have pointed out, it is clear that Frank was referring to only the first movement of Beethoven's String Quartet No. 4 in C minor, Op. 18, which is approximately nine minutes long. The quartet in its entirety is approximately twenty-five minutes long.
4. See Baumol and Bowen, Performing Arts, the Economic Dilemma, especially chapters 8 and 9, which document trends in the overall cost of performance, performers' salaries, and other cost components.
5. See Christopher Newfield, "Democrats Need a Huge Push to Fix Public Higher Education," Chronicle of Higher Education, Conversation blog, November 19, 2012.
6. See Spencer S. Jones, Paul S. Heaton, Robert S. Rudin, and Eric C. Schneider, "Unraveling the IT Productivity Paradox-Lessons for Health Care," New England Journal of Medicine 366 (June 14, 2012): 2243-2245.
7. See William G. Bowen and Derek Bok, The Shape of the River: Long-Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998).
8. Forbes, November 19, 2012.
9. For an early presentation of this line of argument, see Howard Bowen's discussion of the revenue theory of cost in his The Cost of Higher Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1980).
10. Lawrence S. Bacow, personal communication, November 22, 2011.
11. The quotation was provided by a former colleague of mine at the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, Idana Goldberg.
12. As president of Princeton, I led an effort within the Ivy League to create and apply an "academic index" to govern admissions requirements. It had some good effects, but it also had some undesirable side effects that I did not understand until much later. (See William G. Bowen and Sarah Levin, Reclaiming the Game [Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008].)
13. William G. Bowen and Neil L. Rudenstine, In Pursuit of the PhD (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992).
14. See Robert M. Berdahl, "Reassessing the Value of Research niversities," Chronicle of Higher Education, July 13, 2009.
15. See Paul Basken, "Nation's Research Universities Are Offered Hope of Fatter Budgets-at a Price," Chronicle of Higher Education, June 14, 2012.
16. See Bowen, Chingos, and McPherson, Crossing the Finish Line, 237.
17. See chapter 5 of Bowen, Chingos, and McPherson, Crossing the Finish Line, for an extended discussion of the concept of matching and the phenomenon of undermatching in North Carolina, and p. 99 in particular for a description of the important work of the Chicago Consortium in that city.
18. See Sandy Baum, Charles Kurose, and Michael S. McPherson, "An Overview of Higher Education," Future of Children 23, no. 1 (2013).
19. See Sandy Baum and Jennifer Ma, Trends in College Pricing (New York: College Board, 2012).
20. See State Higher Education Executive Officers, State Higher Education Finance, FY 2011.
21. Andrew Martin and Andrew W. Lehren, "A Generation Hobbled by the Soaring Cost of College," New York Times, May 12, 2012, online edition.
22. Baum and McPherson, "The New York Times Blunder."
23. Matthew M. Chingos, personal communication, May 13, 2012.
24. Christopher Avery and Sarah Turner, "Student Loans: Do College Students Borrow Too Much-or Not Enough?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 1 (Winter 2012): 1-30.
25. Richard Fry, A Record One-in-Five Households Now Owe Student Loan Debt, Pew Research Center, September 26, 2012, www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/09/26/a-record-one-in-five-households-now-owe-student-loan-debt/.
26. See Bowen and Bok, The Shape of the River.
27. Matthew M. Chingos, Michael S. McPherson, and I would like to claim some credit for this shift in emphasis from enrollment to degree completion. See Crossing the Finish Line.
28. See William J. Baumol, The Cost Disease (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), especially chapter 4.
29. Kevin Kiley, "Californians Approve Measure That Will Avert Major Education Cuts," Inside Higher Ed, November 7, 2012.
30. Jonathan Medina, "California Cuts Threaten the Status of Universities," New York Times, June 1, 2012.
31. See Baum, Kurose, and McPherson, "Overview."
32. William G. Bowen, At a Slight Angle to the Universe: The University in a Digitized, Commercialized Age, Romanes Lecture for 2000, University of Oxford, October 17, 2000 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 24 (also available online at www.mellon.org/internet/news_publications/ publications/romanes.pdf); "Teaching at an Internet Distance," University of Illinois faculty seminar, December 7, 1999, www.vpaa.uillinois.edu/tid/report.
33. Cited in Bowen, At a Slight Angle to the Universe, 23-24; Peter Navarro, "Economics in the Cyberclassroom," Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 2 (Spring 2000): 129.
34. See Bowen, At a Slight Angle to the Universe, 24. This imagery is from Keynes's explanation of his difficulty rendering a portrait of Lloyd George at the Peace of Paris. John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Biography (New York: Horizon Press, 1951), 33.
35. I shall offer one other snippet from this remarkable essay when I discuss collective decisionmaking.
36. "Changing the Economics of Education," interview with John Hennessy and Salman Khan, Wall Street Journal, June 4, 2012.
37. See also Ken Auletta, "Get Rich U," New Yorker, April 30, 2012; Billy Gallagher, "Q&A: President John Hennessy on Online Education," Stanford Daily, October 30, 2012.
38. For a fuller study of barriers to adoption of online pedagogies, see Lawrence S. Bacow, William G. Bowen, Kevin M. Guthrie, Kelly A. Lack, and Matthew P. Long, Barriers to Adoption of Online Learning Systems in U.S. Higher Education, May 1, 2012, available on the ITHAKA website at www.sr.ithaka.org. The discussion in this book draws heavily on this report but is more cryptic and organizes the issues differently.
39. Kelly A. Lack, "Current Status of Research on Online Learning in Postsecondary Education." This is a revised version of a paper originally dated May 18, 2012, available at www.sr.ithaka.org/research-publications/current-status-research-online-learning-postsecondary-education.
40. William J. Baumol, personal communication, November 7, 2012.
41. See John Lauerman, "Gates Backs MIT Online Course Offering at Community Colleges," Bloomberg, November 18, 2012, www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-18/gates-backs-mit-online-course-offering-atcommunity-colleges.html.
42. For an instructive account of the history of this course, whichenjoyed large-scale support from the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, see Taylor Walsh, Unlocking the Gates (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), chapter 4.
43. See "Informing Innovation in Higher Education: Evidence from Implementing the Latest Online Learning Technologies in a Public University System," Ithaka S+R, November 13, 2012, www.sr.ithaka.org/news/informing-innovation-higher-education-evidence-implementing-latestonline-learning-technologies.
44. See Bacow et al., Barriers to Adoption, 21.
45. Keynes, Essays in Biography, 39. I have often thought that private, family-run foundations yield other examples of the perils of collective decision-making absent a clear sense of direction and some precise location of authority.
46. Personal communication from the very able leader of the CMU project, Candace Thille, to Ira Fuchs, a member of the ITHAKA board, September 25, 2012.
47. Bacow et al., Barriers to Adoption, 19-20.
48. See Kolowich, "Digital Faculty"; I. Elaine Allen and JeffSeaman, "Digital Faculty: Professors, Teaching, and Technology" (Babson Park, MA: Babson Survey Research Group and Inside Higher Ed, August 2012), http://babson.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_bJHd6VpmahG2NGB.
49. Joseph E. Aoun, "A Shakeup of Higher Education," Boston Globe, November 17, 2012.
50. Clay Shirky, "Napster, Udacity, and the Academy," blog post, November 12, 2012, www.shirky.com/weblog/2012/11/napster-udacity-and-the-academy/.
51. Quoted in John Hennessy, "Prepared Remarks for Commencement 2012," Stanford University, Stanford, CA, June 17, 2012, news.stanford .edu/news/2012/june/hennessy-commencement-remarks-061712.html.
52. Jeff Bezos, "We Are What We Choose," baccalaureate address, Princeton University, May 30, 2010, www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S27/52/51O99/index.xml.
53. See Miller, "The Course of Innovation."
54. See Thille and Smith, "Learning Unbound," 31-38, for a description of the features of the Open Learning Initiative courses. Also see chapter 4 of Walsh, Unlocking the Gates, for a description of the development of the Open Learning Initiative.
55. See Hannah Seligson, "10 Universities to Form Consortium for Online Courses," New York Times, November 15, 2012.