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Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages

Citizenship under fire: Democratic education in times of conflict

(1)  Ben Porath, Sigal a  

a NONE

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EID: 84883939026     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (33)

References (215)
  • 1
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    • chap. 3 See, for example, the critical description by Seyla Benhabib, Situating the Self (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press
    • See, for example, the critical description by Seyla Benhabib, Situating the Self (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1992), chap. 3.
    • (1992)
  • 2
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    • Class, Citizenship, and Social Development
    • New York: Anchor Books, in particular the essay "Citizenship and Social Class."
    • T. H. Marshall, Class, Citizenship, and Social Development (New York: Anchor Books, 1965), in particular the essay "Citizenship and Social Class."
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  • 3
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    • Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity
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    • Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
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  • 4
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    • Feminist Reactions to the Contemporary Security Regime
    • Iris Marion Young, "Feminist Reactions to the Contemporary Security Regime," Hypatia 18:1 (2003): 223-31.
    • (2003) Hypatia , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 223-231
    • Iris Marion Young1
  • 5
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    • Main interpretations of Hobbes's Leviathan suggest that he allowed for a vibrant civil society to exist within the limits of his Leviathan
    • I am referring here only to his basic justification for the establishment of the state
    • Main interpretations of Hobbes's Leviathan suggest that he allowed for a vibrant civil society to exist within the limits of his Leviathan. I am referring here only to his basic justification for the establishment of the state.
  • 6
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    • Motivation and Personality
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    • Abraham Maslow, Motivation and Personality, 2nd ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1970).
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  • 7
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    • Civil Liberties in an Era of Mass Terrorism
    • See Russell Hardin, "Civil Liberties in an Era of Mass Terrorism," Journal of Ethics 8:1 (2004): 77-95.
    • (2004) Journal of Ethics , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 77-95
    • Hardin, R.1
  • 8
    • 84883965848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • I chose to focus on democratic citizenship rather than on liberal democracy because the most pressing threats of belligerent citizenship are directed toward the principles of democracy and not necessarily those of liberalism
    • I chose to focus on democratic citizenship rather than on liberal democracy because the most pressing threats of belligerent citizenship are directed toward the principles of democracy and not necessarily those of liberalism.
  • 9
    • 84883948152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a description of some of these characteristics as they materialize in the Israeli public sphere, see Gad Barzilai, Democracy in Time of War: Conflict and Consensus in Israel (Tel Aviv: Sifriat Poalim, 1992) (in Hebrew); Baruch Kimmerling, The Interrupted System: Israeli Civilians in War and Routine Times (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1993)
    • For a description of some of these characteristics as they materialize in the Israeli public sphere, see Gad Barzilai, Democracy in Time of War: Conflict and Consensus in Israel (Tel Aviv: Sifriat Poalim, 1992) (in Hebrew); Baruch Kimmerling, The Interrupted System: Israeli Civilians in War and Routine Times (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1993).
  • 10
    • 1842637359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pro Patria Mori: Death and the State
    • For a variety of examples to this claim, see Yael Tamir, in The Morality of Nationalism, R. McKim and J. McMahan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, For the historical American context, see Cecilia Elizabeth O'Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999)
    • For a variety of examples to this claim, see Yael Tamir, "Pro Patria Mori: Death and the State," in The Morality of Nationalism, ed. R. McKim and J. McMahan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997). For the historical American context, see Cecilia Elizabeth O'Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999).
    • (1997)
  • 11
    • 0010718918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Rocky Road toward Peace
    • Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press, 24 (in Hebrew
    • Daniel Bar-Tal, The Rocky Road toward Peace (Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press, 1996), 24 (in Hebrew).
    • (1996)
    • Bar-tal, D.1
  • 12
    • 84884015899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Text of Zell Miller's RNC Speech
    • CBS News, September 1
    • CBS News, "Text of Zell Miller's RNC Speech," September 1, 2004, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/01/politics/main640299.shtml.
    • (2004)
  • 13
    • 84884063379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For an extensive empirical discussion of the political and civic consequences of the prolonged conflict on the Israeli political system, see Giora Goldberg, Gad Barzilai, and Efraim Inbar, The Impact of Intercommunal Conflict: The Intifada and Israeli Public Opinion (Jerusalem: Leonard Davis Institute, 1991); Gad Barzilai, Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996)
    • For an extensive empirical discussion of the political and civic consequences of the prolonged conflict on the Israeli political system, see Giora Goldberg, Gad Barzilai, and Efraim Inbar, The Impact of Intercommunal Conflict: The Intifada and Israeli Public Opinion (Jerusalem: Leonard Davis Institute, 1991); Gad Barzilai, Wars, Internal Conflicts, and Political Order: A Jewish Democracy in the Middle East (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996).
  • 14
    • 84884109636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion from both a contemporary and a historical perspective on the effects of conflict on free speech, see Jonathan R. Cole, "The Patriot Act on Campus," Boston Review (Summer 2003): 7-10
    • For a discussion from both a contemporary and a historical perspective on the effects of conflict on free speech, see Jonathan R. Cole, "The Patriot Act on Campus," Boston Review (Summer 2003): 7-10.
  • 15
    • 84883977177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a thorough sociological discussion of historic and contemporary Israeli citizenship, see Gershon Shafir and Yoav Peled, Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). The authors tend to conclude that the pull toward liberalization and privatization is stronger in Israel these days; I suggest that this may be the case in certain periods but that overall, the dominance of security issues looms even in more quiet times and readily tips the balance in the direction of a narrower, nationalist, or belligerent conception of citizenship
    • For a thorough sociological discussion of historic and contemporary Israeli citizenship, see Gershon Shafir and Yoav Peled, Being Israeli: The Dynamics of Multiple Citizenship (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). The authors tend to conclude that the pull toward liberalization and privatization is stronger in Israel these days; I suggest that this may be the case in certain periods but that overall, the dominance of security issues looms even in more quiet times and readily tips the balance in the direction of a narrower, nationalist, or belligerent conception of citizenship.
  • 16
    • 29744460582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War
    • Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • Andrew J. Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
    • (2005)
    • Andrew J.Bacevich1
  • 17
    • 84971914975 scopus 로고
    • Presidential Popularity from Truman to Johnson
    • andWar, Presidents, and Public Opinion (New York: Wiley, 1973)
    • John E. Mueller, "Presidential Popularity from Truman to Johnson," American Political Science Review 64 (1970): 18-33; andWar, Presidents, and Public Opinion (New York: Wiley, 1973).
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    • John E.Mueller1
  • 18
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    • Assessing the President
    • Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, Other researchers claim that there are other explanatory factors to the "rally effect," such as type of media coverage. See William D. Baker and John R. O'Neal, "Patriotism or Opinion Leadership?" Journal of Conflict Resolution 45:5 (October 2001): 661-87
    • Richard A. Brody, Assessing the President (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991). Other researchers claim that there are other explanatory factors to the "rally effect," such as type of media coverage. See William D. Baker and John R. O'Neal, "Patriotism or Opinion Leadership?" Journal of Conflict Resolution 45:5 (October 2001): 661-87.
    • (1991)
    • Richard A.Brody1
  • 19
    • 84883936169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Mission to Promote Liberty Around theWorld
    • presentation, Chicago, IL, September 2-5
    • Rogers Smith, "The Mission to Promote Liberty Around theWorld" (presentation), American Political Science Association conference, Chicago, IL, September 2-5, 2004.
    • (2004) American Political Science Association conference
    • Smith, R.1
  • 20
    • 0036711380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How Americans Responded: A Study of Public Reactions to 9/11/01
    • and others, 511- 16, at 516
    • Michael Traugott and others, "How Americans Responded: A Study of Public Reactions to 9/11/01," PS: Political Science and Politics 35:3 (2002): 511- 16, at 516.
    • (2002) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.35 , Issue.3
    • Traugott, M.1
  • 21
    • 84884044774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Gallup poll indicated 90 percent approval on September 21-22
    • A Gallup poll indicated 90 percent approval on September 21-22.
  • 22
    • 84883902349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See preliminary findings in Brian J. Gaines, "Where's the Rally?" PS: Political Science and Politics 35:3 (September 2002): 531-36. See also R. K. Bird and E. B. Brandt, "Academic Freedom and 9/11: How theWar on Terrorism Threatens Free Speech on Campus," Communication Law and Policy 7:4 (October 2002): 431-59. For an account of how the security discourse in America undermines basic civil liberties, see Bruce Shapiro, "All in the Name of Security," Nation, October 21, 2001, 20-21.
    • See preliminary findings in Brian J. Gaines, "Where's the Rally?" PS: Political Science and Politics 35:3 (September 2002): 531-36. See also R. K. Bird and E. B. Brandt, "Academic Freedom and 9/11: How theWar on Terrorism Threatens Free Speech on Campus," Communication Law and Policy 7:4 (October 2002): 431-59. For an account of how the security discourse in America undermines basic civil liberties, see Bruce Shapiro, "All in the Name of Security," Nation, October 21, 2001, 20-21.
  • 23
    • 0036710424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will 9/11 and the War on Terror Revitalize American Civic Democracy
    • September, Stanley B. Greenberg, " 'We'-Not 'Me': Public Opinion and the Return of the Government," American Prospect 12:22 (December 2001): 25-27.
    • See Theda Skocpol, "Will 9/11 and the War on Terror Revitalize American Civic Democracy?" PS: Political Science and Politics 35:3 (September 2002): 537-40; Stanley B. Greenberg, " 'We'-Not 'Me': Public Opinion and the Return of the Government," American Prospect 12:22 (December 2001): 25-27.
    • (2002) PS: Political Science and Politics , vol.35 , pp. 537-540
    • Skocpol, T.1
  • 24
    • 0347112530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postscripts for a 'State of War': Public Administration and Civil Liberties after September 11
    • September
    • See M. J. Dubnick, "Postscripts for a 'State of War': Public Administration and Civil Liberties after September 11," Public Administration Review 62 (September 2002): 86-91.
    • (2002) Public Administration Review , vol.62 , pp. 86-91
    • Dubnick, M.J.1
  • 25
    • 84883950137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Old Words on War Stirring a New Dispute
    • New York Times, January 14, A1. The decision was later reversed
    • Dean Murphy, "Old Words on War Stirring a New Dispute," New York Times, January 14, 2003, A1. The decision was later reversed.
    • (2003)
    • Murphy, D.1
  • 26
    • 84883914338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quoted from a report by cnn.com, February 28, 2003
    • Quoted from a report by cnn.com, February 28, 2003.
  • 27
    • 84883918819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Russians Are Coming! The Russians Are Coming! Pageantry and Patriotism in Cold War America
    • New York: Oxford University Press, A more popular book offering a variety of examples to the same effect is Richard J. Perry, United We Stand: A Visual Journey ofWartime Patriotism (Portland, OR: Collectors Press, 2002)
    • Richard M. Fried, The Russians Are Coming! The Russians Are Coming! Pageantry and Patriotism in Cold War America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). A more popular book offering a variety of examples to the same effect is Richard J. Perry, United We Stand: A Visual Journey ofWartime Patriotism (Portland, OR: Collectors Press, 2002).
    • (2003)
    • Richard M.Fried1
  • 28
    • 33749856942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Which People's War? National Identity and Citizenship in Wartime Britain
    • 1939-1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, This book also offers evidence to the gendered notion of citizenship in wartime, which is discussed in more detail in chapter 4
    • Sonya O. Rose, Which People's War? National Identity and Citizenship in Wartime Britain, 1939-1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). This book also offers evidence to the gendered notion of citizenship in wartime, which is discussed in more detail in chapter 4.
    • (2003)
    • Sonya O.Rose1
  • 29
    • 84884051242 scopus 로고
    • More Than Patriotism: Canada at War
    • 1914-1918 (Toronto: Personal Library Publishers
    • Kathryn M. Bindon, More Than Patriotism: Canada at War, 1914-1918 (Toronto: Personal Library Publishers, 1979).
    • (1979)
    • Kathryn M.Bindon1
  • 30
    • 84884124423 scopus 로고
    • France, A Nation of Patriots
    • New York: Columbia University Press
    • Carlton J. H. Hayes, France, A Nation of Patriots (New York: Columbia University Press, 1930).
    • (1930)
    • Carlton J.H.Hayes1
  • 31
    • 84937387883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minima Politica after September 11
    • Andrew Arato, "Minima Politica after September 11," Constellations 9:1 (2002): 46-52, at 47.
    • (2002) Constellations , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 46-52
    • Arato, A.1
  • 32
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    • Justice and the Politics of Difference
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), 22.
    • (1990) , pp. 22
    • Iris Marion Young1
  • 33
    • 84884004917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, Why Deliberative Democracy
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, chap. 1
    • Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson, Why Deliberative Democracy? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), chap. 1.
    • (2004)
  • 34
    • 84883959389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some of the most influential works in this field are Morris Janowitz, The Reconstruction of Patriotism: Education for Civic Consciousness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); David Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997); Will Kymlica, Multicultural Citizenship (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995)
    • Some of the most influential works in this field are Morris Janowitz, The Reconstruction of Patriotism: Education for Civic Consciousness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); David Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997); Will Kymlica, Multicultural Citizenship (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995).
  • 35
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    • See the detailed introduction to William Rogers Brubaker, ed., Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1989)
    • See the detailed introduction to William Rogers Brubaker, ed., Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1989).
  • 36
    • 84883965952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tamir, Liberal Nationalism, 129
    • Tamir, Liberal Nationalism, 129.
  • 37
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    • Some argue that these attachments are necessary for fulfilling other liberal ends. Tamir claims that among the common economic ends, distributive justice is crucially served by a perceived common identity
    • Some argue that these attachments are necessary for fulfilling other liberal ends. Tamir claims that among the common economic ends, distributive justice is crucially served by a perceived common identity.
  • 38
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    • Creating Citizens: Political Education and Liberal Democracy
    • Oxford: Clarendon Press, Callan's approach to civic and patriotic education is discussed more extensively in chapter 2
    • Eamonn Callan, Creating Citizens: Political Education and Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997). Callan's approach to civic and patriotic education is discussed more extensively in chapter 2.
    • (1997)
    • Callan, E.1
  • 39
    • 84884026604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tamir, Liberal Nationalism, 90
    • Tamir, Liberal Nationalism, 90.
  • 40
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    • Diversity and Distrust: Civic Education in a Multicultural Democracy
    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Stephen Macedo, Diversity and Distrust: Civic Education in a Multicultural Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 3.
    • (2000)
    • Macedo, S.1
  • 41
    • 84884121669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of historical and contemporary ways in which civic society (as well as public and private institutions) generate fear in the national context and benefit from it, see Corey Robin, Fear: The History of a Political Idea (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004)
    • For a discussion of historical and contemporary ways in which civic society (as well as public and private institutions) generate fear in the national context and benefit from it, see Corey Robin, Fear: The History of a Political Idea (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
  • 42
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    • Citizenship as Identity, Citizenship as Shared Fate, and the Functions of Multicultural Education
    • Kevin McDonough and Walter Feinberg (New York: Oxford University Press
    • Melissa S. Williams, "Citizenship as Identity, Citizenship as Shared Fate, and the Functions of Multicultural Education," in Citizenship and Education in Liberal-Democratic Societies, ed. Kevin McDonough and Walter Feinberg (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 208-47.
    • (2003) Citizenship and Education in Liberal-Democratic Societies , pp. 208-247
    • Melissa S.Williams1
  • 43
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    • Community
    • Cambridge, UK: Polity Press
    • Zygmut Bauman, Community (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2001), 4.
    • (2001)
    • Bauman, Z.1
  • 44
    • 84884024695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Under the auspices of a belligerent nationalism and militarism, community is constructed through shared fears
    • Henry Giroux, "Democracy, Schooling, and the Culture of Fear after September 11," in Education as Enforcement, ed. Kenneth J. Saltman and David A. Gabbard (New York: Routledge Falmer
    • "Under the auspices of a belligerent nationalism and militarism, community is constructed through shared fears." Henry Giroux, "Democracy, Schooling, and the Culture of Fear after September 11," in Education as Enforcement, ed. Kenneth J. Saltman and David A. Gabbard (New York: Routledge Falmer, 2003), ix.
    • (2003)
  • 45
    • 84884007709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a helpful discussion of political stability and its relations to questions of justice and conflict, see Wayne Norman, "Justice and Stability in Multination States," in Multinational Democracies, ed. J. Tully and A. Gagnon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), chap. 3
    • For a helpful discussion of political stability and its relations to questions of justice and conflict, see Wayne Norman, "Justice and Stability in Multination States," in Multinational Democracies, ed. J. Tully and A. Gagnon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), chap. 3.
  • 46
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    • Citizenship as Identity
    • Williams, "Citizenship as Identity," 231.
    • Williams1
  • 47
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    • Stories of Peoplehood
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Rogers Smith, Stories of Peoplehood (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
    • (2003)
    • Smith, R.1
  • 48
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    • Nations and Nationalism
    • Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
    • Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983).
    • (1983)
    • Gellner, E.1
  • 49
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    • Citizenship as Identity
    • Williams, "Citizenship as Identity," 231.
    • Williams1
  • 50
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    • Socratic Citizenship
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Dana Villa, Socratic Citizenship (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001).
    • (2001)
    • Villa, D.1
  • 51
    • 84884045825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Citizenship as Identity
    • Williams, "Citizenship as Identity," 233.
    • Williams1
  • 52
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    • In the United States today, as in Israel, the only required unit on civic education is taken in eleventh or, more commonly, twelfth grade and consists mainly of this formal dimension of citizenship
    • In the United States today, as in Israel, the only required unit on civic education is taken in eleventh or, more commonly, twelfth grade and consists mainly of this formal dimension of citizenship.
  • 53
    • 0036710424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will 9/11 and the War on Terror Revitalize American Civic Democracy
    • PS: Political Science and Politics (September 2002): 537-40, at 537 (emphasis added)
    • Theda Skocpol, "Will 9/11 and the War on Terror Revitalize American Civic Democracy?" PS: Political Science and Politics (September 2002): 537-40, at 537 (emphasis added).
    • Skocpol, T.1
  • 54
    • 0036729628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Democracy, Freedom, and Justice after September 11th: Rethinking the Role of Educators and the Politics of Schooling
    • See Henry A. Giroux, "Democracy, Freedom, and Justice after September 11th: Rethinking the Role of Educators and the Politics of Schooling," Teachers College Record 104:6 (2002): 1138-62.
    • (2002) Teachers College Record , vol.104 , Issue.6 , pp. 1138-1162
    • Henry A.Giroux1
  • 55
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    • To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Cecilia O'Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 221.
    • (1999) , pp. 221
    • Cecilia O'Leary1
  • 56
    • 84884016892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quoted in Richard M. Ugland, " 'Education for Victory': The High School Victory Corps and Curricular Adaptation duringWorldWar II," History of Education Quarterly 19:4 (Winter 1979): 435-51, at 436. Note the gender component evident in this statement, which will be explored in chapter 4
    • Quoted in Richard M. Ugland, " 'Education for Victory': The High School Victory Corps and Curricular Adaptation duringWorldWar II," History of Education Quarterly 19:4 (Winter 1979): 435-51, at 436. Note the gender component evident in this statement, which will be explored in chapter 4.
  • 57
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    • Scientists in the Classroom: The Cold War Reconstruction of American Science Education
    • New York: Palgrave
    • John L. Rudolph, Scientists in the Classroom: The Cold War Reconstruction of American Science Education (New York: Palgrave, 2002).
    • (2002)
    • John L.Rudolph1
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    • The Talent at Its Command': The First World War and the Vocational Aspect of Education, 1914-39
    • David H. Parker, " 'The Talent at Its Command': The First World War and the Vocational Aspect of Education, 1914-39," History of Education Quarterly 35:3 (Autumn 1995): 237-59, at 237.
    • (1995) History of Education Quarterly , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 237-259
    • David H.Parker1
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    • The Rocky Road toward Peace
    • Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press, in Hebrew
    • Daniel Bar-Tal, The Rocky Road toward Peace (Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press, 1996) (in Hebrew).
    • (1996)
    • Bar-tal, D.1
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    • Quoted in the Israeli newspaper Yediot Aharonot, August 28, 2003, 1
    • Quoted in the Israeli newspaper Yediot Aharonot, August 28, 2003, 1.
  • 61
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    • Quoted in Orit Ichilov, Education for Citizenship in an Emerging Society (Tel Aviv: Sifriat Poalim, 1993), 84 (in Hebrew)
    • Quoted in Orit Ichilov, Education for Citizenship in an Emerging Society (Tel Aviv: Sifriat Poalim, 1993), 84 (in Hebrew).
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    • Ichilov, Education for Citizenship, 80
    • Ichilov, Education for Citizenship, 80.
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    • Civic Education in the Liberal State
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    • William Galston, "Civic Education in the Liberal State," in Philosophers on Education: Historical Perspectives, ed. Amelie Rorty (London: Routledge, 1998), 471. Published earlier in Nancy Rosenblum, ed., Liberalism and the Moral Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989).
    • (1998) Philosophers on Education: Historical Perspectives
    • Galston, W.1
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    • Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth Century America
    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Arthur Schlesinger, The Disuniting of America (New York: Norton, 1992); Robert Fullinwider, "Patriotic History," in Multiculturalism and Public Education, ed. Robert Fullinwider (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 203-30; Eamonn Callan, Creating Citizens: Political Education and Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997)
    • Richard Rorty, Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998); Arthur Schlesinger, The Disuniting of America (New York: Norton, 1992); Robert Fullinwider, "Patriotic History," in Multiculturalism and Public Education, ed. Robert Fullinwider (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 203-30; Eamonn Callan, Creating Citizens: Political Education and Liberal Democracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997).
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    • A thorough, critical discussion of these approaches, which includes a psycho-political justification for supporting a sense of community (including national affiliation), is offered in Bernard Yack, "Nation and Individual" (unpublished manuscript), introduction and chap. 2
    • A thorough, critical discussion of these approaches, which includes a psycho-political justification for supporting a sense of community (including national affiliation), is offered in Bernard Yack, "Nation and Individual" (unpublished manuscript), introduction and chap. 2.
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    • Amy Gutmann, "Civic Minimalism, Cosmopolitanism and Patriotism: Where Does Democratic Education Stand in Relation to Each?" in Moral and Political Education, Nomos 43, ed. Stephen Macedo and Yael Tamir (New York: New York University Press 2002), 23-57, 49.
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    • Brighouse calls this argument "the argument from mutual effect."
    • Brighouse calls this argument "the argument from mutual effect."
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    • Education for Democracy, Albert Shanker Institute, 2003, 3, accessed June 12, 2005
    • Education for Democracy, Albert Shanker Institute, 2003, 3, www.shanker institute.org/downloads/EfD%20final.pdf (accessed June 12, 2005).
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    • Education for Democracy, 35.
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    • See a critique along similar lines in David Archard, "Should We Teach Patriotism?" Studies in Philosophy and Education 18:3 (1999): 157-73
    • See a critique along similar lines in David Archard, "Should We Teach Patriotism?" Studies in Philosophy and Education 18:3 (1999): 157-73.
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    • William E. Marsden, " 'Poisoned History': A Comparative Study of Nationalism, Propaganda and the Treatment of War and Peace in the Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century School Curriculum," History of Education 29:1 (January 2000): 29-49.
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    • Arthur M. Schlesinger, introduction to A. Walworth, School Histories at War: A Study of the Treatment of Our Wars in the Secondary School History Books of the United States and in Those of Its Former Enemies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1938), xiii-xx.
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    • Ruth Firer, "The Gordian Knot Between Peace Education and War Education," in Peace Education: The Concepts, Principles and Practices Around the World, ed. Gavriel Salomon and Baruch Nevo (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002), 56-62, at 56.
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    • For a thorough defense of this argument in the broader social context, see Rogers Smith, Stories of Peoplehood.
    • For a thorough defense of this argument in the broader social context, see Rogers Smith, Stories of Peoplehood.
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    • For contemporary, cross-national evidence of this claim, see How Children Understand War and Peace, mainly chap. 1, 2, and 4
    • For contemporary, cross-national evidence of this claim, see How Children Understand War and Peace, mainly chap. 1, 2, and 4.
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    • Patterns of Conflict, Paths to Peace
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    • Larry Fisk and John Schellenberg, Patterns of Conflict, Paths to Peace (Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press, 2000), 161.
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    • "Beliefs about War, Conflict and Peace in Israel as a Function of Developmental, Cultural and Situational Factors," in How Children Understand War and Peace, chap. 8.
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    • The Nature of Peace Education: Not all Programs Are Created Equal
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    • Gavriel Salomon, "The Nature of Peace Education: Not all Programs Are Created Equal," in Peace Education: The Concepts, Principles and Practices Around the World, ed. Gavriel Salomon and Baruch Nevo (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002), 3-15, at 6.
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    • Isaac Marks Memorial Lecture: Education for Co-Existence
    • at 5. The article was later published in Antonia Chayes and Martha Minow, eds., Imagine Coexistence (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003), 213-34. In Minow's account, the United States seems to belong to the latter kind, namely, "more remote from immediate conflict," although she writes after September 11
    • Martha Minow, "Isaac Marks Memorial Lecture: Education for Co-Existence," Arizona Law Review 44:1 (2002): 1-29, at 5. The article was later published in Antonia Chayes and Martha Minow, eds., Imagine Coexistence (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003), 213-34. In Minow's account, the United States seems to belong to the latter kind, namely, "more remote from immediate conflict," although she writes after September 11.
    • (2002) Arizona Law Review , vol.44 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-29
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    • Minow, "Isaac Marks Memorial Lecture," 5.
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    • I argue elsewhere for the teaching of history studies as a way of responding to some of the social challenges of conflict ("Time Is on Our Side: Social Challenges of Democracy at War," unpublished manuscript). History studies is one of the main focal points of expansive education. However, contrary to most of the programs Minow describes, expansive education aims to be a politicized approach rather than an implementation of a dual-focus curriculum alone. In the following chapters, I continue the discussion of how to implement expansive education in the history curriculum
    • I argue elsewhere for the teaching of history studies as a way of responding to some of the social challenges of conflict ("Time Is on Our Side: Social Challenges of Democracy at War," unpublished manuscript). History studies is one of the main focal points of expansive education. However, contrary to most of the programs Minow describes, expansive education aims to be a politicized approach rather than an implementation of a dual-focus curriculum alone. In the following chapters, I continue the discussion of how to implement expansive education in the history curriculum.
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    • Sakha Ukuthula: Facilitating Peace Education with Nonviolence and Justice
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    • Katherine D. Lane, "Sakha Ukuthula: Facilitating Peace Education with Nonviolence and Justice," Peace and Change 45:2 (April 2000): 288-91.
    • (2000) Peace and Change , vol.45 , Issue.2 , pp. 288-291
    • Katherine D.Lane1
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    • See, for example, C. E. Johnson and R. A. Templeton, "Promoting Peace in a Place Called School," Learning Environments Research 2:1 (1999): 65-77
    • See, for example, C. E. Johnson and R. A. Templeton, "Promoting Peace in a Place Called School," Learning Environments Research 2:1 (1999): 65-77
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    • All the works mentioned in this paragraph refer to articles in Salomon, Peace Education
    • All the works mentioned in this paragraph refer to articles in Salomon, Peace Education.
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    • For an appraisal of conflict resolution programs in the United States, see Tricia S. Jones and Daniel Kmitta, eds., Does It Work? The Case for Conflict Resolution Education in Our Nation's Schools (Washington, DC: Conflict Resolution Education Network [CREnet], 2000)
    • For an appraisal of conflict resolution programs in the United States, see Tricia S. Jones and Daniel Kmitta, eds., Does It Work? The Case for Conflict Resolution Education in Our Nation's Schools (Washington, DC: Conflict Resolution Education Network [CREnet], 2000).
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    • Minow, "Isaac Marks Memorial Lecture," 5
    • Minow, "Isaac Marks Memorial Lecture," 5.
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    • Multiple Conflicts and Competing Agendas: A Framework for Conceptualizing Structured Encounters Between Groups in Conflict-The Case of a Coexistence Project of Jews and Palestinians in Israel
    • Ifat Maoz, "Multiple Conflicts and Competing Agendas: A Framework for Conceptualizing Structured Encounters Between Groups in Conflict-The Case of a Coexistence Project of Jews and Palestinians in Israel," Peace and Conflict: A Journal of Peace Psychology, 6:2 (2000): 135-56.
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    • Maoz, I.1
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    • When I say "marginal" I do not necessarily mean "insignificant": one young Palestinian woman who was sent to an Israeli neighborhood as a suicide bomber changed her mind at the last minute and took her deadly baggage back home. She later testified that she recalled a young Israeli woman whom she had met in a "personal encounters" program and was afraid she might kill her. Giving the enemy a name and a face can be influential, but it apparently does not promote a reevaluation of political perspectives, as even this same anecdote exemplifies
    • When I say "marginal" I do not necessarily mean "insignificant": one young Palestinian woman who was sent to an Israeli neighborhood as a suicide bomber changed her mind at the last minute and took her deadly baggage back home. She later testified that she recalled a young Israeli woman whom she had met in a "personal encounters" program and was afraid she might kill her. Giving the enemy a name and a face can be influential, but it apparently does not promote a reevaluation of political perspectives, as even this same anecdote exemplifies.
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    • This is Joseph Schumpeter's phrase. As this reference hints, this approach is a relative, if only a remote one, of the classical liberal humanist approach. See Joseph Schumpeter, Imperialism and Social Classes, trans. by Heinz Norden (New York: Meridian, 1955)
    • This is Joseph Schumpeter's phrase. As this reference hints, this approach is a relative, if only a remote one, of the classical liberal humanist approach. See Joseph Schumpeter, Imperialism and Social Classes, trans. by Heinz Norden (New York: Meridian, 1955).
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    • Brock-Utne, Educating for Peace, 2
    • Brock-Utne, Educating for Peace, 2.
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    • Nancy Rosenblum, introduction to Martha Minow, Breaking the Cycles of Hatred: Memory, Law and Repair (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 1-13
    • Nancy Rosenblum, introduction to Martha Minow, Breaking the Cycles of Hatred: Memory, Law and Repair (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002), 1-13.
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    • Notes on Cultures of Violence, Cultures of Caring and Peace, and the Fulfillment of Basic Human Needs
    • Ervin Staub, "Notes on Cultures of Violence, Cultures of Caring and Peace, and the Fulfillment of Basic Human Needs," Political Psychology 24:1 (2003): 1-13, at 1.
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    • For some more radical authors in this trend, like Gur-Ze'ev, a constructive response is practically impossible, as the attempt to educate for peace is in itself a form of oppression, which is a violent act. Hence, it is hard to distinguish the violence of war from violence in a classroom setting where an educator strives to teach peace education materials. Gur-Ze'ev, "Philosophy of Peace Education," 316
    • For some more radical authors in this trend, like Gur-Ze'ev, a constructive response is practically impossible, as the attempt to educate for peace is in itself a form of oppression, which is a violent act. Hence, it is hard to distinguish the violence of war from violence in a classroom setting where an educator strives to teach peace education materials. Gur-Ze'ev, "Philosophy of Peace Education," 316.
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    • The Abandoned Generation: Democracy Beyond the Culture of Fear
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    • Henry Giroux, The Abandoned Generation: Democracy Beyond the Culture of Fear (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 25.
    • (2003)
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    • Reardon, Education for a Culture of Peace, 12
    • Reardon, Education for a Culture of Peace, 12.
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    • From the UNESCO second medium-term plan, 1984-1989, quoted in Brock-Utne, Educating for Peace, 3
    • From the UNESCO second medium-term plan, 1984-1989, quoted in Brock-Utne, Educating for Peace, 3.
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    • (1998) Harvard Negotiation Law Review , vol.3 , pp. 213
    • William S.Haft1    Elaine R.Weiss2
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    • As Reardon suggests, Educating for a Culture of Peace, 85
    • As Reardon suggests, Educating for a Culture of Peace, 85.
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    • The Hague Appeal for Peace Civil Society Conference
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    • Ian Harris in Salomon and Nevo, Peace Education, 24. Harris offers a detailed peace education approach in Ian M. Harris and Mary Kee Morrison, Peace Education (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003)
    • Ian Harris in Salomon and Nevo, Peace Education, 24. Harris offers a detailed peace education approach in Ian M. Harris and Mary Kee Morrison, Peace Education (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003).
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    • Janowitz, The Reconstruction of Patriotism, 74.
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    • Giroux is a notable exception-he offers a thorough review of the political context of teaching in wartime; his analysis often is very convincing, although as I suggested, his constructive position too often resembles the holistic approach. Giroux, "Democracy, Freedom and Justice after September 11th."
    • Giroux is a notable exception-he offers a thorough review of the political context of teaching in wartime; his analysis often is very convincing, although as I suggested, his constructive position too often resembles the holistic approach. Giroux, "Democracy, Freedom and Justice after September 11th."
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    • Staub's perspective was discussed here as a unique exception; however, his approach too does not address the sociopolitical consequences of his psychological findings
    • Staub's perspective was discussed here as a unique exception; however, his approach too does not address the sociopolitical consequences of his psychological findings.
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    • Minow, "Isaac Marks Memorial Lecture," 8
    • Minow, "Isaac Marks Memorial Lecture," 8.
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    • The attempt by some feminists to put aside the question of war as irrelevant to feminist interests is unwarranted. War has too strong an impact on women's lives to justify a refusal to theorize it
    • The attempt by some feminists to put aside the question of war as irrelevant to feminist interests is unwarranted. War has too strong an impact on women's lives to justify a refusal to theorize it.
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    • United Nations Web site
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    • United Nations Web site, www.un.org (accessed September 14, 2004).
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    • Hypatia devoted an issue to contemporary discussions on the problem of evil
    • Some of the essays discuss gendered aspects of war. See Hypatia 18:1 (2003): Debra Bergoffen, "February 22, 2001: Toward a Politics of the Vulnerable Body," 116-34; Mary Anne Franks, "Obscene Undersides: Women and Evil between the Taliban and the United States," 135-56
    • Hypatia devoted an issue to contemporary discussions on the problem of evil. Some of the essays discuss gendered aspects of war. See Hypatia 18:1 (2003): Debra Bergoffen, "February 22, 2001: Toward a Politics of the Vulnerable Body," 116-34; Mary Anne Franks, "Obscene Undersides: Women and Evil between the Taliban and the United States," 135-56.
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    • For an excellent debate on "right to fight" feminism versus antimilitarist feminism, seen through the lens of citizenship rights, see Ilene Rose Feinman, Citizenship Rites: Feminist Soldiers and Feminist Antimilitarists (New York: New York University Press, 2000)
    • For an excellent debate on "right to fight" feminism versus antimilitarist feminism, seen through the lens of citizenship rights, see Ilene Rose Feinman, Citizenship Rites: Feminist Soldiers and Feminist Antimilitarists (New York: New York University Press, 2000).
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    • War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa
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    • Joshua S. Goldstein, War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
    • (2001)
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    • Women and War
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    • Jean Elshtain, Women and War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1995).
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    • The Moral Horror of the September Attacks
    • Sara Ruddick, "The Moral Horror of the September Attacks," Hypatia 18:1 (2003): 212-22.
    • (2003) Hypatia , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 212-222
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    • See, for example, Gideon Alon and Amos Harel, "Female Soldier Charged with Making Palestinian Woman Drink Poison" Ha'aretz, June 23, 2003, A4
    • See, for example, Gideon Alon and Amos Harel, "Female Soldier Charged with Making Palestinian Woman Drink Poison" Ha'aretz, June 23, 2003, A4.
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    • Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives
    • Berkeley: University of California Press, and as discussed in the previous chapter, Brock-Utne, Educating for Peace
    • Cynthia Enloe, Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000); and as discussed in the previous chapter, Brock-Utne, Educating for Peace.
    • (2000)
    • Enloe, C.1
  • 136
    • 84884005043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Goldstein, War and Gender, 127
    • Goldstein, War and Gender, 127.
  • 137
    • 34248061486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender and War: Causes, Constructions, and Critique
    • June, at 335
    • Elizabeth Prugl, "Gender and War: Causes, Constructions, and Critique," Perspectives on Politics 1:2 (June 2003): 335-42, at 335.
    • (2003) Perspectives on Politics , vol.1 , Issue.2 , pp. 335-342
    • Prugl, E.1
  • 138
    • 34248060130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uniform Justice: AssessingWomen in Combat
    • June
    • Elizabeth Kier, "Uniform Justice: AssessingWomen in Combat," Perspectives on Politics 1:2 (June 2003): 343-47, at 343.
    • (2003) Perspectives on Politics , vol.1 , Issue.2
    • Kier, E.1
  • 139
    • 84884015145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a review of the ways in which war affects media coverage and public debate in the media, see Matthew A. Baum, Soft News Goes to War: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy in the New Media Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003). A recent critical sociological survey of the civic effects of militarism on Israeli society can be found in Yagil Levy, A Different Army for Israel: Materialistic Militarism in Israel (Tel Aviv: Yediot Aharonot, 2003) (in Hebrew)
    • For a review of the ways in which war affects media coverage and public debate in the media, see Matthew A. Baum, Soft News Goes to War: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy in the New Media Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003). A recent critical sociological survey of the civic effects of militarism on Israeli society can be found in Yagil Levy, A Different Army for Israel: Materialistic Militarism in Israel (Tel Aviv: Yediot Aharonot, 2003) (in Hebrew).
  • 140
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    • Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education
    • Berkeley: University of California Press
    • Nel Noddings, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 183.
    • (1984) , pp. 183
    • Noddings, N.1
  • 141
    • 84884045884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why We Fight: Moral Clarity and the War on Terrorism
    • New York: Doubleday, For a liberal discussion on the same topic, see Chris Hadges, War Is a Force that Gives Us Meaning (New York: Anchor Books, 2002). See a feminist critique of Bennett's perspective in Bat-ami Bar On, "Manly After-Effects of September 11, 2001," International Journal of Feminist Politics 5:3 (November 2003): 456-58
    • William J. Bennett, Why We Fight: Moral Clarity and the War on Terrorism (New York: Doubleday, 2002). For a liberal discussion on the same topic, see Chris Hadges, War Is a Force that Gives Us Meaning (New York: Anchor Books, 2002). See a feminist critique of Bennett's perspective in Bat-ami Bar On, "Manly After-Effects of September 11, 2001," International Journal of Feminist Politics 5:3 (November 2003): 456-58.
    • (2002)
    • William J.Bennett1
  • 142
    • 9744266302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex, Gender, Politics
    • Tel-Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuhad, in Hebrew
    • Dafna Izraeli, Ariella Friedman, Henriette Dahan-Kalev, Sylvie Fogel-Bijaovi, Hanna Herzog, Manar Hasan, and Hannah Nave, eds., Sex, Gender, Politics (Tel-Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuhad, 1999) (in Hebrew).
    • (1999)
    • Izraeli, D.1
  • 143
    • 84874062972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feminism, Women's Human Rights, and Cultural Differences
    • Susan Moller Okin, "Feminism, Women's Human Rights, and Cultural Differences," Hypatia 13:3 (1998): 32-52, at 36.
    • (1998) Hypatia , vol.13 , Issue.3
    • Susan Moller Okin1
  • 144
    • 85044804957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feminist Reactions to the Contemporary Security Regime
    • Iris Marion Young, "Feminist Reactions to the Contemporary Security Regime," Hypatia 18:1 (2003): 223-31.
    • (2003) Hypatia , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 223-231
    • Iris Marion Young1
  • 145
    • 0010706483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond 'Rambo': Women and the Varieties of Militarized Masculinity
    • Eva Isaksson (London: Harvester, 1988)
    • Cynthia Enloe, "Beyond 'Rambo': Women and the Varieties of Militarized Masculinity," in Women and the Military System, ed. Eva Isaksson (London: Harvester, 1988).
    • Women and the Military System
    • Enloe, C.1
  • 146
    • 84884025694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One such ad hoc lesson plan, prepared hastily by the school district of Philadelphia after the Iraq war began, is Conflict and Crisis. It combines geographic and ethnic facts about Iraq with tips on coping with stress. It does not discuss any political aspect of the conflict, or even the conflict itself, but is designed more as a basic resource for learning about the region. I thank Kathy Schultz for telling me about this lesson plan and for valuable discussion on its civic and gendered aspects
    • One such ad hoc lesson plan, prepared hastily by the school district of Philadelphia after the Iraq war began, is Conflict and Crisis. It combines geographic and ethnic facts about Iraq with tips on coping with stress. It does not discuss any political aspect of the conflict, or even the conflict itself, but is designed more as a basic resource for learning about the region. I thank Kathy Schultz for telling me about this lesson plan and for valuable discussion on its civic and gendered aspects.
  • 147
    • 0003773302 scopus 로고
    • Toward a Caring Society: Ideas into Action
    • Westport, CT: Praeger, Deborah Eaker-Rich and Jane Van Galen, Caring in an Unjust World: Negotiating Borders in Schools (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996); Betty Reardon and Eva Nordland, eds., Learning Peace: The Promise of Ecological and Cooperative Education (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994)
    • Pearl M. Oliner and Samuel P. Oliner, Toward a Caring Society: Ideas into Action (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1995); Deborah Eaker-Rich and Jane Van Galen, eds., Caring in an Unjust World: Negotiating Borders in Schools (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1996); Betty Reardon and Eva Nordland, eds., Learning Peace: The Promise of Ecological and Cooperative Education (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994).
    • (1995)
    • Pearl M.Oliner1    Samuel P.Oliner2
  • 148
    • 0003422654 scopus 로고
    • Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace
    • Boston: Beacon Press
    • Sara Ruddick, Maternal Thinking: Toward a Politics of Peace (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989).
    • (1989)
    • Ruddick, S.1
  • 149
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    • Teaching to Transgress: Education and the Practice of Freedom
    • New York: Routledge, Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black (Boston: South End Press, 1989)
    • bell hooks, Teaching to Transgress: Education and the Practice of Freedom (New York: Routledge, 1994); Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black (Boston: South End Press, 1989).
    • (1994)
    • Hooks, B.1
  • 150
    • 84883901893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Notes Toward a Feminist Peace Politics
    • Gendering War Talk, 109-27, at 109
    • Sara Ruddick, "Notes Toward a Feminist Peace Politics," in Gendering War Talk, 109-27, at 109.
    • Ruddick, S.1
  • 151
    • 84883991683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brock-Utne, Educating for Peace, 73
    • Brock-Utne, Educating for Peace, 73.
  • 152
    • 84883922762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noddings, Caring
    • Noddings, Caring.
  • 153
    • 84883988708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This concept was suggested by Jane Roland Martin and later employed by various feminist philosophers of education. For a rich account of this perspective, see the articles in the volume edited by Ann Diller, Barbara Houston, Kathryn Pauly Morgan, and Maryann Ayim, The Gender Question in Education: Theory, Pedagogy and Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996)
    • This concept was suggested by Jane Roland Martin and later employed by various feminist philosophers of education. For a rich account of this perspective, see the articles in the volume edited by Ann Diller, Barbara Houston, Kathryn Pauly Morgan, and Maryann Ayim, The Gender Question in Education: Theory, Pedagogy and Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996).
  • 154
    • 84884039851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a thorough discussion of these tools from a radical perspective, see Paulo Freire and Ira Shor, A Pedagogy of Liberation (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1987); for a feminist perspective, see Diana Fuss, Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference (New York: Routledge, 1989)
    • For a thorough discussion of these tools from a radical perspective, see Paulo Freire and Ira Shor, A Pedagogy of Liberation (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1987); for a feminist perspective, see Diana Fuss, Essentially Speaking: Feminism, Nature and Difference (New York: Routledge, 1989).
  • 155
    • 84884036254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The combination of caring emotions and cognitive engagement was most effectively put forth again by Nel Noddings
    • For a general outline of this approach, see Nel Noddings, "An Ethics of Care and Its Implications for Instructional Arrangements," in The Education Feminism Reader, ed. Lynda Stone (New York: Routledge, 1994). For a more detailed perspective on emotions and cognition in class, see an excellent article by Kathryn Pauly Morgan, "The Perils and Paradoxes of the Bearded Mothers," in The Gender Question in Education.
    • The combination of caring emotions and cognitive engagement was most effectively put forth again by Nel Noddings. For a general outline of this approach, see Nel Noddings, "An Ethics of Care and Its Implications for Instructional Arrangements," in The Education Feminism Reader, ed. Lynda Stone (New York: Routledge, 1994). For a more detailed perspective on emotions and cognition in class, see an excellent article by Kathryn Pauly Morgan, "The Perils and Paradoxes of the Bearded Mothers," in The Gender Question in Education.
  • 156
    • 84883955296 scopus 로고
    • Creating Inclusive Adult Learning Environments: Insights from Multicultural Education and Feminist Pedagogy
    • Collingdale, PA: DIANE Publishing
    • Elizabeth J. Tisdell, Creating Inclusive Adult Learning Environments: Insights from Multicultural Education and Feminist Pedagogy (Collingdale, PA: DIANE Publishing, 1995).
    • (1995)
    • Elizabeth J.Tisdell1
  • 157
    • 84883974114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ruddick, in Gendering War Talk, 122
    • Ruddick, in Gendering War Talk, 122.
  • 158
    • 0003731344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Susan Moller Okin, Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women? (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 4.
    • (1999)
    • Susan Moller Okin1
  • 159
    • 0004031772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Democratic Education
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, Gutmann demonstrates that at least in the field of public education, the two options are not mutually exclusive
    • Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education, 2nd ed. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 304-5. Gutmann demonstrates that at least in the field of public education, the two options are not mutually exclusive.
    • (1999) , pp. 304-305
    • Gutmann, A.1
  • 160
    • 84884015759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MichaelWalzer, On Toleration (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997)
    • MichaelWalzer, On Toleration (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997).
  • 161
    • 84883970987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some authors argue that this indeed is also an argument against privatizing the relations between society and subgroups within it. I do not attempt to tackle this issue here, for the notion of tolerance as an educational guideline remains less useful for the purposes of expansive education
    • Some authors argue that this indeed is also an argument against privatizing the relations between society and subgroups within it. I do not attempt to tackle this issue here, for the notion of tolerance as an educational guideline remains less useful for the purposes of expansive education.
  • 162
    • 0004144404 scopus 로고
    • Multiculturalism
    • Amy Gutmann (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism, ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 25.
    • (1994)
    • Taylor, C.1
  • 163
    • 84883919584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a recent thorough discussion of a vast array of such claims, see Duncan Ivison, Postcolonial Liberalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
    • For a recent thorough discussion of a vast array of such claims, see Duncan Ivison, Postcolonial Liberalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
  • 164
    • 84887942954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What Is Acknowledgement and Why Is It Important
    • Carol A. L. Prager and Trudy Govier (Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2003), 71
    • Trudy Govier, "What Is Acknowledgement and Why Is It Important?" in Dilemmas of Reconciliation, ed. Carol A. L. Prager and Trudy Govier (Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2003), 71.
    • Dilemmas of Reconciliation
    • Govier, T.1
  • 165
    • 84883899310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple perspectives on the distinction between seeking truth and seeking reparations or punishment in the context of the TRC are available in Robert I. Rotberg and Dennis Thompson, eds., Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). See particularly David A. Crocker, "Truth Commissions, Transitional Justice, and Civil Society," 99-121
    • Multiple perspectives on the distinction between seeking truth and seeking reparations or punishment in the context of the TRC are available in Robert I. Rotberg and Dennis Thompson, eds., Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). See particularly David A. Crocker, "Truth Commissions, Transitional Justice, and Civil Society," 99-121.
  • 166
    • 84883926562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Govier, "What is Acknowledgment?" 82
    • Govier, "What is Acknowledgment?" 82.
  • 167
    • 84883970890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • This is the tendency in various trends of patriotic education, as critically discussed in Harry Brighouse, "Should We Teach Patriotic History?"
    • This is the tendency in various trends of patriotic education, as critically discussed in Harry Brighouse, "Should We Teach Patriotic History?"
  • 168
    • 84883992196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An interesting example of one such history textbook can be seen in Joy Hakim's series, A History of US (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). See the discussion in Gutmann, Democratic Education, 307
    • An interesting example of one such history textbook can be seen in Joy Hakim's series, A History of US (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). See the discussion in Gutmann, Democratic Education, 307.
  • 169
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    • Education in the Eighties: Multiethnic Education
    • Washington, DC: National Education Association
    • James Banks, Education in the Eighties: Multiethnic Education (Washington, DC: National Education Association, 1981).
    • (1981)
    • Banks, J.1
  • 170
    • 0003978781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multicultural Education: Characteristics and Goals
    • J. Banks and C. Banks (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1989). For a more recent account of multiculturalism around the world, see James Banks, Diversity and Citizenship Education: Global Perspectives (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003)
    • James Banks, "Multicultural Education: Characteristics and Goals," in Multicultural Education: Issues and Perspectives, ed. J. Banks and C. Banks (Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1989). For a more recent account of multiculturalism around the world, see James Banks, Diversity and Citizenship Education: Global Perspectives (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003).
    • Multicultural Education: Issues and Perspectives
    • Banks, J.1
  • 171
    • 0004191716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking Multiculturalism
    • Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
    • Bhikhu Parekh, Rethinking Multiculturalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 227.
    • (2000) , pp. 227
    • Parekh, B.1
  • 172
    • 0010775750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Freire approach to libratory education stresses the constructivity of innovative pedagogic approaches
    • such as the dialogical approach, to challenging social issues. See Paulo Freire and Ira Shor, A Pedagogy of Liberation. Coleman suggested that the liberal civic education task could be undertaken more effectively and less confrontationally if done through pedagogic rather than curricular changes (following the Mozert controversy). See Joe Coleman, "Civic Pedagogies and Liberal-Democratic Curricula," Ethics 108:4 (1998): 746-61. These are examples of the importance of pedagogic approaches to the introduction of civic-democratic values
    • The Freire approach to libratory education stresses the constructivity of innovative pedagogic approaches, such as the dialogical approach, to challenging social issues. See Paulo Freire and Ira Shor, A Pedagogy of Liberation. Coleman suggested that the liberal civic education task could be undertaken more effectively and less confrontationally if done through pedagogic rather than curricular changes (following the Mozert controversy). See Joe Coleman, "Civic Pedagogies and Liberal-Democratic Curricula," Ethics 108:4 (1998): 746-61. These are examples of the importance of pedagogic approaches to the introduction of civic-democratic values.
  • 173
    • 84884061189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Michael Ignatieff makes this claim in the context of the Balkan wars in The Warrior's Honour: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience
    • New York: Penguin
    • Michael Ignatieff makes this claim in the context of the Balkan wars in The Warrior's Honour: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience (New York: Penguin, 1997).
    • (1997)
  • 174
    • 0039294677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See most recently the debate in the Journal of Philosophy of Education: Patricia White, "What Should We Teach Children about Forgiveness?" Journal of Philosophy of Education 36:1 (2002): 57-67; L. P. Barnes, "Forgiveness, the Moral Law and Education: A Reply to Patricia White," Journal of Philosophy of Education 36:4 (2002): 519-34; Marianna Papastephanou, "Forgiving and Requesting Forgiveness," Journal of Philosophy of Education 37:3 (2003): 503-24
    • See most recently the debate in the Journal of Philosophy of Education: Patricia White, "What Should We Teach Children about Forgiveness?" Journal of Philosophy of Education 36:1 (2002): 57-67; L. P. Barnes, "Forgiveness, the Moral Law and Education: A Reply to Patricia White," Journal of Philosophy of Education 36:4 (2002): 519-34; Marianna Papastephanou, "Forgiving and Requesting Forgiveness," Journal of Philosophy of Education 37:3 (2003): 503-24.
  • 175
    • 84883916633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some of the prominent examples are Jean Hampton and Jeffrie Murphy, Forgiveness and Mercy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Avishai Margalit, The Ethics of Memory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002); Martha Minow, Breaking the Cycles of Hatred: Memory, Law and Repair (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002); Susan Brison, Aftermath and the Remaking of a Self (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002); Joram Graf Haber, Forgiveness (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1991)
    • Some of the prominent examples are Jean Hampton and Jeffrie Murphy, Forgiveness and Mercy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Avishai Margalit, The Ethics of Memory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002); Martha Minow, Breaking the Cycles of Hatred: Memory, Law and Repair (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002); Susan Brison, Aftermath and the Remaking of a Self (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002); Joram Graf Haber, Forgiveness (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1991).
  • 176
    • 0004184643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness
    • London: Routledge
    • Jacques Derrida, On Cosmopolitanism and Forgiveness (London: Routledge, 2001), 28.
    • (2001)
    • Derrida, J.1
  • 177
    • 0004152399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Human Condition
    • Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 212-23.
    • (1998) , pp. 212-223
    • Arendt, H.1
  • 178
    • 84884070629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A black teenager in Mobile, Alabama, was abducted, tortured, and killed in a Ku Klux Klan plot. A lawsuit brought by his mother, Beulah Mae Donald, later resulted in a landmark judgment that bankrupted one Klan organization and significantly influenced the membership and actions of others. See case number 84-0725, USDC Southern District of Alabama
    • Michael Donald, A black teenager in Mobile, Alabama, was abducted, tortured, and killed in a Ku Klux Klan plot. A lawsuit brought by his mother, Beulah Mae Donald, later resulted in a landmark judgment that bankrupted one Klan organization and significantly influenced the membership and actions of others. See case number 84-0725, USDC Southern District of Alabama.
    • Donald, M.1
  • 179
    • 5944247208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolerance and Forgiveness: Virtues or Vices
    • Tara Smith, "Tolerance and Forgiveness: Virtues or Vices?" Journal of Applied Philosophy 14:1 (1997): 31-41.
    • (1997) Journal of Applied Philosophy , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 31-41
    • Smith, T.1
  • 180
    • 84884013303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White, "What Should We Teach Children about Forgiveness?"
    • White, "What Should We Teach Children about Forgiveness?"
  • 181
    • 84884058678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Papastephanou, "Forgiving and Requesting Forgiveness," 516
    • Papastephanou, "Forgiving and Requesting Forgiveness," 516.
  • 182
    • 84883953119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a competing model of forgiveness that represents the incompatibility of a relaxed model to the Jewish and Israeli context, see Margalit, The Ethics of Memory. I thank Nicole Behnam, a graduate student and educational activist, for a discussion on the irrelevance of a relaxed model of forgiveness in the context of the Balkan wars and certain African cultures such as the one in Sierra Leone, which espouses views of forgiveness which differ significantly from the Abrahamic traditions
    • For a competing model of forgiveness that represents the incompatibility of a relaxed model to the Jewish and Israeli context, see Margalit, The Ethics of Memory. I thank Nicole Behnam, a graduate student and educational activist, for a discussion on the irrelevance of a relaxed model of forgiveness in the context of the Balkan wars and certain African cultures such as the one in Sierra Leone, which espouses views of forgiveness which differ significantly from the Abrahamic traditions.
  • 183
    • 84884099008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See a critique of "cheap grace" as a degradation of the Christian view on forgiveness in Dietrich Bonhoeffer,Works, vol. 4, Discipleship, also published as The Cost of Discipleship, ed. John Godsey and Geffrey B. Kelly, trans. Barbara Green and Reinhard Krauss (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000)
    • See a critique of "cheap grace" as a degradation of the Christian view on forgiveness in Dietrich Bonhoeffer,Works, vol. 4, Discipleship, also published as The Cost of Discipleship, ed. John Godsey and Geffrey B. Kelly, trans. Barbara Green and Reinhard Krauss (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000).
  • 184
    • 84884080064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See President George W. Bush's apology in Senegal: "Speaking in Senegal today, President Bush acknowledged that America was wrong for her involvement in the slave trade," (accessed July 27, 2003). The Canadian government has been pondering similar acts in regard to various discriminations performed by the government in the past. See an official document of the Advisory Committee of the Secretary of State, (accessed November 21, 2003). A similar act of formal request for forgiveness was made by Prime Minister Barak of Israel to the Sephardic Jewish community for decadeslong discrimination against them by governmental institutions
    • See President George W. Bush's apology in Senegal: "Speaking in Senegal today, President Bush acknowledged that America was wrong for her involvement in the slave trade," http://www.msnbc.com/news/936376 .asp?cp1-1 (accessed July 27, 2003). The Canadian government has been pondering similar acts in regard to various discriminations performed by the government in the past. See an official document of the Advisory Committee of the Secretary of State, http:// www.pch.gc.ca/progs/multi/wcar/advisory/redress_e.shtml (accessed November 21, 2003). A similar act of formal request for forgiveness was made by Prime Minister Barak of Israel to the Sephardic Jewish community for decadeslong discrimination against them by governmental institutions.
  • 185
    • 84884080442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Papastephanou, "Forgiving and Requesting Forgiveness," 522
    • Papastephanou, "Forgiving and Requesting Forgiveness," 522.
  • 186
    • 84884088948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There are clear exceptions to this claim-slavery and Nazism are ready examples-but in most conflicts both sides can be identified as guilty of at least some wrongdoing, and thus the expectation from all to consider their contribution to past or present conflicts is relevant
    • There are clear exceptions to this claim-slavery and Nazism are ready examples-but in most conflicts both sides can be identified as guilty of at least some wrongdoing, and thus the expectation from all to consider their contribution to past or present conflicts is relevant.
  • 187
    • 0009342242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What Does Coming to Terms with the Past Mean
    • Geoffrey Hartman, trans. Timothy Bahti and Geoffrey Hartman (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986) (originally published 1959)
    • Theodor W. Adorno, "What Does Coming to Terms with the Past Mean?" in Bitburg in Moral and Political Perspective, ed. Geoffrey Hartman, trans. Timothy Bahti and Geoffrey Hartman (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986) (originally published 1959).
    • Bitburg in Moral and Political Perspective
    • Theodor W.Adorno1
  • 188
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    • Changing One's Heart
    • Calhoun Cheshire, "Changing One's Heart" Ethics 103 (1992): 76-96.
    • (1992) Ethics , vol.103 , pp. 76-96
    • Cheshire, C.1
  • 189
    • 84883981461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See chapter 2
    • See chapter 2.
  • 190
    • 84883904243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Margalit, The Ethics of Memory, 208. See also the discussion on memory and being forgiven in Cheshire, "Changing One's Heart."
    • Margalit, The Ethics of Memory, 208. See also the discussion on memory and being forgiven in Cheshire, "Changing One's Heart."
  • 191
    • 84883921981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Margalit, The Ethics of Memory, 74; Minow, Education for Co-existence
    • Margalit, The Ethics of Memory, 74; Minow, Education for Co-existence.
  • 192
    • 33646936809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Austin Sarat reminds us that reflecting on the universality of death may help us transcend the urge to revenge hateful crimes
    • Austin Sarat, "When Memory Speaks: Remembrance and Revenge in Unforgiven," in Minow, Breaking the Cycles of Hatred, 236-52.
    • Austin Sarat reminds us that reflecting on the universality of death may help us transcend the urge to revenge hateful crimes. Austin Sarat, "When Memory Speaks: Remembrance and Revenge in Unforgiven," in Minow, Breaking the Cycles of Hatred, 236-52.
  • 193
    • 15844370455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Lesser Evil
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Michael Ignatieff, The Lesser Evil (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 9.
    • (2004)
    • Ignatieff, M.1
  • 194
    • 84884115853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • As described most prominently in Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977)
    • As described most prominently in Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977).
  • 195
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    • See, for example, Gutmann, Democratic Education; Stephen Macedo, "Liberal Civic Education and Religious Fundamentalism: The Case of God v. John Rawls?" Ethics 105:3 (1995): 468-96; William Galston, Liberal Purposes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Iris Marion Young, "Mothers, Citizenship and Independence: A Critique of Pure Family Values," Ethics 105:3 (1995): 535-56
    • See, for example, Gutmann, Democratic Education; Stephen Macedo, "Liberal Civic Education and Religious Fundamentalism: The Case of God v. John Rawls?" Ethics 105:3 (1995): 468-96; William Galston, Liberal Purposes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Iris Marion Young, "Mothers, Citizenship and Independence: A Critique of Pure Family Values," Ethics 105:3 (1995): 535-56.
  • 196
    • 84884053408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • David Sehr presents the two conceptions as clearly distinct, as does Diane Ravitch and other authors. A careful reading may reveal that beyond the clear ends of the spectrum of the debate-say, Tooley on the libertarian side and Chomsky on the radical side-most authors express a strong commitment to democratic values, to the introduction of democratic institutions, and to creating the basis for democratic commitments. Emphasis and focus vary, of course, but the similarities are significant as well
    • David Sehr presents the two conceptions as clearly distinct, as does Diane Ravitch and other authors. A careful reading may reveal that beyond the clear ends of the spectrum of the debate-say, Tooley on the libertarian side and Chomsky on the radical side-most authors express a strong commitment to democratic values, to the introduction of democratic institutions, and to creating the basis for democratic commitments. Emphasis and focus vary, of course, but the similarities are significant as well.
  • 197
    • 84883979057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The seminal work presenting what are now widely held conceptions of civic disengagement is Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). The work that began the current debate on civic engagement in the United States is Robert Putnam, "Bowling Alone: The decline of Social Capital in America," Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Summer 1997): 129-40, and in the educational context, Robert Putnam, "Community-Based Social Capital and Educational Performance," in Making Good Citizens, 58-95
    • The seminal work presenting what are now widely held conceptions of civic disengagement is Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993). The work that began the current debate on civic engagement in the United States is Robert Putnam, "Bowling Alone: The decline of Social Capital in America," Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Summer 1997): 129-40, and in the educational context, Robert Putnam, "Community-Based Social Capital and Educational Performance," in Making Good Citizens, 58-95.
  • 198
    • 84884059368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What Is 'Education for Democracy
    • Washington, DC: Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, The document is also available online at, accessed November 11, 2004
    • Katherine Kersten, "What Is 'Education for Democracy'?" in Terrorists, Despots and Democracy: What Our Children Need to Know (Washington, DC: Thomas B. Fordham Foundation, 2003). The document is also available online at http://www.edexcellence.net/foundation/publication/publication .cfm?id-316#836 (accessed November 11, 2004).
    • (2003) Terrorists, Despots and Democracy: What Our Children Need to Know
    • Kersten, K.1
  • 199
    • 0041856903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Socratic Citizenship
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, suggests that this line of argument for citizenship, consisting of a commitment to serve a greater good as exemplified by virtues and acts, marks the Aristotelian tradition in Western political thought. As an alternative, he offers a critical conception of philosophic citizenship based on the Socratic tradition, the focus of which is on the individual's ability to negate given social conventions. His perception of democratic citizenship converges in some respects with the one that informs expansive education
    • Dana Vila, in Socratic Citizenship (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), suggests that this line of argument for citizenship, consisting of a commitment to serve a greater good as exemplified by virtues and acts, marks the Aristotelian tradition in Western political thought. As an alternative, he offers a critical conception of philosophic citizenship based on the Socratic tradition, the focus of which is on the individual's ability to negate given social conventions. His perception of democratic citizenship converges in some respects with the one that informs expansive education.
    • (2001)
    • Vila, D.1
  • 200
    • 84883909555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See additionally many authors in the same volume (Terrorists, Despots and Democracy), in particular Lamar Alexander and William Galston
    • See additionally many authors in the same volume (Terrorists, Despots and Democracy), in particular Lamar Alexander and William Galston.
  • 201
    • 2142790525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Education and Democratic Citizenship
    • Norman Nie and D. Sunshine Hylligus, "Education and Democratic Citizenship," in Making Good Citizens, 30-57, at 30.
    • Making Good Citizens , pp. 30-57
    • Nie, N.1    Hylligus, S.D.2
  • 202
    • 84884056169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a discussion of contemporary research on this question, which supports the claim that civic education is a critical tool in reversing the trend of youth political disengagement, see William Galston, "Civic Knowledge, Civic Education and Civic Engagement: A Summary of Recent Research," in Constructing Civic Virtue: A Symposium on the State of American Citizenship (New York: Campbell Public Affairs Institute, 2003), 33-58
    • For a discussion of contemporary research on this question, which supports the claim that civic education is a critical tool in reversing the trend of youth political disengagement, see William Galston, "Civic Knowledge, Civic Education and Civic Engagement: A Summary of Recent Research," in Constructing Civic Virtue: A Symposium on the State of American Citizenship (New York: Campbell Public Affairs Institute, 2003), 33-58.
  • 203
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    • The interest in news is also reflective of the moralistic and simplistic framing of war, which further diminishes public debate. For a thorough debate, including data on interest in news during military and other crises, see Baum, Soft News Goes to War, mainly chap. 2 and 4
    • The interest in news is also reflective of the moralistic and simplistic framing of war, which further diminishes public debate. For a thorough debate, including data on interest in news during military and other crises, see Baum, Soft News Goes to War, mainly chap. 2 and 4.
  • 204
    • 84884080270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Following Hannah Arendt's discussion of political judgment in Seyla Benhabib, Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics (New York: Routledge, 1992), 192.
    • Following Hannah Arendt's discussion of political judgment in Seyla Benhabib, Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics (New York: Routledge, 1992), 192.
  • 205
    • 84883910302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Williams, "Citizenship as Identity," in McDonough and Feinberg, Citizenship and Education, 237
    • Williams, "Citizenship as Identity," in McDonough and Feinberg, Citizenship and Education, 237.
  • 206
    • 84883915169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical evidence on how perspectives are silenced are discussed in E. Noelle-Neumann, The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion-Our Social Skin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984)
    • Empirical evidence on how perspectives are silenced are discussed in E. Noelle-Neumann, The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion-Our Social Skin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984).
  • 207
    • 84883980978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gutmann, Democratic Education
    • Gutmann, Democratic Education.
  • 208
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    • Challenges of Multiculturalism in Democratic Education
    • Amy Gutmann, "Challenges of Multiculturalism in Democratic Education," Philosophy of Education Yearbook 1995.
    • (1995) Philosophy of Education Yearbook
    • Gutmann, A.1
  • 209
    • 84884053527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See, for example, K. Anthony Appiah, "Cosmopolitan Patriots," in For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, ed. Martha Nussbaum (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), 22
    • See, for example, K. Anthony Appiah, "Cosmopolitan Patriots," in For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, ed. Martha Nussbaum (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), 22.
  • 210
    • 84884013708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mozert v. Hawkins City Board of Education, 484 U.S. 1066
    • Mozert v. Hawkins City Board of Education, 484 U.S. 1066.
  • 211
    • 84883968467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gutmann, Democratic Education, 294
    • Gutmann, Democratic Education, 294.
  • 212
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    • For a persuasive argument for diversity as a means of preserving democracy, also referring to its role in times of conflict, see Ronald David Glass, "Pluralism, Justice, Democracy and Education: Conflict and Citizenship," Philosophy of Education Yearbook 2003
    • For a persuasive argument for diversity as a means of preserving democracy, also referring to its role in times of conflict, see Ronald David Glass, "Pluralism, Justice, Democracy and Education: Conflict and Citizenship," Philosophy of Education Yearbook 2003.
  • 213
    • 84883903924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gutmann, Democratic Education, 309
    • Gutmann, Democratic Education, 309.
  • 214
    • 84884089537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Henry A. Giroux, "Democracy, Freedom, and Justice after September 11th," 1155
    • Henry A. Giroux, "Democracy, Freedom, and Justice after September 11th," 1155.
  • 215
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    • See Meira Levinson, "Separate but Equal? Segregated Schools and the Fragmentation of Civic Narrative" (presentation), American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, September 1, 2004
    • See Meira Levinson, "Separate but Equal? Segregated Schools and the Fragmentation of Civic Narrative" (presentation), American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, September 1, 2004.


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