Welfare and the Constitution

Welfare and the Constitution

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages

  Barber, Sotirios A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883926248     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (268)

1. Jacob E. Cooke, ed., The Federalist (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1961), No. 45, p. 309.
2. Abraham Lincoln, "Message to Congress: July 4, 1861," in Roy P. Basler, ed., Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1946), 607.
3. Robin West, "Rights, Capabilities and the Good Society," Fordham Law Review 69 (2001): 1908-9, 1922-23;
4. Steven J. Heyman, "The First Duty of Government:Protection, Liberty and the Fourteenth Amendment," Duke Law Journal 41 (1991): 508, 530-45.
5. J. M. Balkin, "Agreements with Hell and Other Objects of Our Faith," Fordham Law Review 65 (1997): 1703-38.
6. David P. Currie, "Positive and Negative Constitutional Rights," University of Chicago Law Review 53 (1986): 864, at 864-67;
7. Terrance Sandalow, "Social Justice and Fundamental Law," Northwestern University Law Review 88 (1993): 461, at 464-65.
8. Akhil Reed Amar, "Forty Acres and a Mule: A Republican Theory of Minimal Entitlements," Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 13 (1989): 42-43
9. Frank I. Michelman, "Welfare Rights in a Constitutional Democracy," Washington University Law Quarterly (1979): 674-79
10. Peter B. Edelman, "The Next Century of Our Constitution:Rethinking Our Duty to the Poor," Hastings Law Journal 39 (1987): 1, 19-23
11. Kenneth L. Karst, "Foreword: Equal Citizenship under the Fourteenth Amendment," Harvard Law Review 91 (1977): 1, 62;
12. Mark A. Graber, "The Clintonification of American Law: Abortion, Welfare, and Constitutional Theory," Ohio State Law Journal 58 (1997):731, 747, 753-54
13. Robert E. Goodin, "Reasons for Welfare: Economic, Sociological and Political-but Ultimately Moral," in J. Donald Moon, ed., Responsibility, Rights and Welfare: The Theory of the Welfare State (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1988), 29-38.
14. Susan Bandes, "The Negative Constitution: A Critique," Michigan Law Review 88 (1990): 2344-47;
15. Charles L. Black Jr., "Further Reflections on the Constitutional Justice of Livelihood," Columbia Law Review (1986): 1105-7, 1113-14;
16. Stephen Holmes,Passions and Constraint: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995)chap. 8;
17. Stephen Holmes and Cass R. Sunstein, The Cost of Rights (New York: Norton, 1999) 87-94;
18. Frank I. Michelman, "Foreword: On Protecting the Poor through the Fourteenth Amendment," Harvard Law Review 83 (1969): 9, 13-15;
19. Lawrence G. Sager, "Justice in Plain Clothes: Reflections on the Thinness of Constitutional Law," Northwestern University Law Review 88 (1993): 411-15;
20. Cass R. Sunstein, The Partial Constitution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 69-71;
21. Charles A.Reich, "The New Property," Yale Law Journal 73 (1964): 733, 786-87;
22. Robert P. George, "Justice, Legitimacy, and Allegiance," in Sotirios A. Barber and Robert P. George, eds., Constitutional Politics: Essays on Constitution Making, Maintenance, and Change (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 321.
23. Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 68, 64-69.
24. J. Donald Moon, "Introduction: Responsibility, Rights, and Welfare," in Moon, Responsibility, Rights, and Welfare, 2-3; Goodin, "Reasons for Welfare," 24, 27-28, 29-38.
25. Goodin, "Reasons for Welfare," 24.
26. Norman Barry, Welfare (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990), 24-25, his emphasis.
27. Holmes and Sunstein, The Cost of Rights, 29-39
28. Bandes, "The Negative Constitution," 2282-85, 2323-25.
29. Mark Zepezaur and Arthur Naiman, Take the Rich OffWelfare (Tucson, Ariz.: Odonian Press, 1996).
30. Holmes, Passions and Constraint, 245-46.
31. Sager, "Justice in Plain Clothes," 420-25;
32. Sunstein, Partial Constitution, 139, 145-49;
33. Michelman, "Welfare Rights in a Constitutional Democracy," 684-85
34. Graber, "Clintonification of American Law," 753-62
35. Bandes, "The Negative Constitution," 2327-30
36. Sotirios A. Barber, The Constitution of Judicial Power (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993), esp. chaps. 2, 7.
37. Graber, "Clintonification of American Law," 753-56.
38. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 45-48, 203-8.
39. Currie, "Positive and Negative Constitutional Rights," 867-72.
40. David P. Currie, The Constitution in the Supreme Court: The First Hundred Years, 1789- 1888 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 397.
41. West, "Rights, Capabilities and the Good Society," 1911-12.
42. Currie, "Positive and Negative Constitutional Rights," 877.
43. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, chap. 4.
44. Currie, "Positive and Negative Constitutional Rights," 869, 881.
45. Murray, What It Means to Be a Libertarian, 7-8, 41.
46. Sunstein, Partial Constitution, 137-41;
47. John Hart Ely, Democracy and Distrust: A Theory of Judicial Review (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), chap. 4;
48. Lon L. Fuller, The Morality of Law (New Haven,Conn.: Yale University Press, 1964), 102-6.
49. Francis Fox Pivin and Richard A. Cloward, Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare (New York: Vintage Books, 1993), chap. 1;
50. Holmes, Passions and Constraint, 257-58.
51. Sotirios A. Barber, On What the Constitution Means (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), 71-77.
52. Herbert J. Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 67-69
53. Richard A. Epstein, Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 107-8.
54. Holmes, Passions and Constraint, 243-63
55. Walter L. Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America (New York: Free Press, 1974), 10-11, 17-18.
56. Marvin Olasky, The Tragedy of American Compassion (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books, 1992), chaps. 1, 13.
57. Trattner, From Poor Law to Welfare State, 34-37.
58. Michael B. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America (New York: Basic Books, 1996), 69.
59. Olasky, Tragedy of American Compassion, 77.
60. Josephine Shaw Lowell, Public Relief and Private Charity (New York: Arno Press and The New York Times, 1971), 1-2.
61. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse, 71, 83.
62. Lowell, Public Relief and Private Charity, 107-8.
63. Katz, In the Shadow of the Poorhouse, 68-83.
64. Bruce Aune,Kant's Theory of Morals (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979), 3-9.
65. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 187-92.
66. Walter F. Murphy, "Constitutional Interpretation: The Art of the Historian, Magician, or Statesman?" Yale Law Journal 87 (1978): 1752-71.
67. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, chap. 2.
68. Walter Berns, "The Meaning of the Tenth Amendment," in Robert Goldwin, ed., A Nation of States (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1963), 126-48;
69. Herbert J. Storing, "The Problem of Big Government," in Goldwin, ed., A Nation of States 65-87;
70. Martin Diamond, "The Federalist," in Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, eds., History of Political Philosophy (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1972), 631-51.
71. Sager, "Justice in Plain Clothes," 420-25.
72. William J. Novak, The People's Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 2.
73. Frank B. Cross, "The Error of Positive Rights," University of California Law Review 48 (2001): 857, 915-20.
74. Bandes, "The Negative Constitution," 2230.
75. Steven G. Calabresi, "Thayer's Clear Mistake," Northwestern University Law Review 88 (1993): 269;
76. Robin West, "The Aspirational Constitution," Northwestern University Law Review, 88:241 (1993).
77. Cass R. Sunstein, Free Markets and Social Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 205.
78. Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 69-71;
79. Frank Michelman, "The Supreme Court, 1985 Term-Foreword: Traces of Self-Government," Harvard Law Review 100 (1986): 4-77;
80. Stephen G. Salkever," 'Lopp'dand Bound': How Liberal Theory Obscures the Good of Liberal Practice," in R. Bruce Douglass, Gerald M. Mara, and Henry S. Richardson, eds., Liberalism and the Good (New York: Routledge, 1990), 178-83;
81. Heidi M. Hurd, "The Levitation of Liberalism," Yale Law Journal 105 (1995): 819-22.
82. James Boyd White, When Words Lose Their Meaning: Constitutions and Reconstitution of Language and Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 269-70;
83. Lawrence G. Sager, "The Incorrigible Constitution," New York University Law Review 65 (1990): 933-36, 958-61.
84. Holmes and Sunstein, The Cost of Rights, 115-16.
85. Novak, The People's Welfare, 86-88
86. Stephen Macedo, Diversity and Distrust: Civic Education in a Multicultural Democracy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), 8-9
87. Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty," in Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty, 310-11.
88. Holmes and Sunstein, The Cost of Rights, 39-43
89. Robert H. Dahl, "Decision Making in a Democracy: The Supreme Court as National Policy-Maker," Journal of Public Law 6 (1957): 293;
90. Gerald N. Rosenberg, The Hollow Hope(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 9-21.
91. Sunstein, Free Markets and Social Justice, 213.
92. John E. Finn, Constitutions in Crisis: Political Violence and the Rule of Law (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), chap. 1, esp. 40-43.
93. E. A. Goerner, "Rawls's Apolitical Political Turn," Review of Politics 55 (1993): 715; Heidi M. Hurd, "The Levitation of Liberalism," Yale Law Journal 105 (1995): 819-22.
94. Basler, Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings, 608.
95. Michelman, "Welfare Rights in a Constitutional Democracy," 675.
96. Murray, What It Means to Be a Libertarian, 81-89.
97. Robert Bork, The Tempting of America: The Political Seduction of the Law (New York: The Free Press, 1990), 254-57.
98. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 220-23.
99. Michael McConnell, "The Role of Democratic Politics in Transforming Moral Conviction into Law," Yale Law Journal 98 (1989): 1504-6.
100. Leo Strauss, Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 148-49, 152, 156.
101. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, 224 n. 43.
102. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 223-32
103. Michael S. Moore, "Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Legal Theory," Southern California Law Review 60 (1987): 501;
104. Dworkin, Matter of Principle, 162, 173-74.
105. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 223-24
106. Moore, "Metaphysics, Epistemology,and Legal Theory," 497.
107. Walter Berns, "Judicial Review and the Rights and Laws of Nature," in Philip B. Kurland, Gerhard Casper, and Dennis J. Hutchinson, eds., 1982 Supreme Court Review (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 58-61;
108. Harvey C. Mansfield Jr.,"Hobbes and the Science of Indirect Government," American Political Science Review 65 (1971): 102, 107-8.
109. Sotirios A. Barber, "Reply to Professor Mansfield," American Journal of Jurisprudence 42 (1997): 191-92.
110. Berns, "The Meaning of the Tenth Amendment," 141-42.
111. Sunstein, Partial Constitution, 5-6.
112. Robert H. Bork, "The Impossibility of FindingWelfare Rights in the Constitution," 1979 Washington University Law Quarterly (1979): 699-701;
113. Ralph K. Winter Jr.,"Poverty, Economic Equality, and the Equal Protection Clause," 1972 Supreme Court Review (1973): 100-102.
114. Dworkin, A Matter of Principle, 18-23, 57-65;
115. Walter F. Murphy and Joseph Tunenhaus, "Patterns of Public Support for the Supreme Court," Journal of Politics 43 (1981): 24.
116. Walter F. Murphy, "Constitutions, Constitutionalism, and Democracy," in Douglas Greenberg, Stanley N. Katz, Melanie Beth Oliviero, and Stephen C. Wheatley, eds., Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 14-16.
117. Black, "The Constitutional Justice of Livelihood," 1112-13.
118. Bork, "Impossibility of Finding Welfare Rights," 699.
119. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 3-5.
120. Sunstein, Partial Constitution, 3-7;
121. Bandes, "The Negative Constitution," 2283-85;
122. Kenneth L. Karst and Harold W. Horowitz, "Reitman v. Mulkey: A Telophase of Substantive Equal Protection," 1967 Supreme Court Review (1967): 55-56.
123. Michael J. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 4-5, 285.
124. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), 2-3, 35-36.
125. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1963-64), 1:757.
126. Murray, What It Means to Be a Libertarian, 18-22.
127. James W. Ceaser, "What Kind of Government Do We Have to Fear?" in Arthur M. Melzer, Jerry Weinberger, and M. Richard Zinman, eds., Politics at the Turn of the Century (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001), 76- 78, 81-85, 98.
128. Winter, "Poverty, Economic Equality, and the Equal Protection Clause," 71.
129. Stephen Macedo, Liberal Virtues (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 53-54.
130. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent, 4, 49-50, 66-67, 100-101.
131. Berns, "Judicial Review and the Rights and Laws of Nature," 65.
132. Christopher L. Eisgruber and Lawrence G. Sager, "Why the Religious Freedom Restoration Act Is Unconstitutional," New York University Law Review 69 (1994): 445-48
133. Ronald J. Allen, "Constitutional Adjudication: The Demands of Knowledge and Epistemological Modesty," Northwestern University Law Review 88 (1983): 436-45.
134. Ronald Dworkin, Law's Empire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), 78-83.
135. David O. Brink, Moral Realism and the Foundation of Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989);
136. Michael S. Moore, "Moral Reality," 1982 Wisconsin Law Review (1982): 1061.
137. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 193-201.
138. Dworkin, Law's Empire, 65-70, 82-83.
139. Moore, "Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Legal Theory," 453;
140. Allen, "Constitutional Adjudication," 436.
141. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, 78-82.
142. Currie, The Constitution in the Supreme Court, 397.
143. Holmes and Sunstein, The Cost of Rights, 94.
144. Sanford V. Levinson, "A New Constitutional Convention: Does the Left Fear Popular Sovereignty?" Dissent, winter 1996, 51-56.
145. Allen, "Constitutional Adjudication," 439, 442-43.
146. Jeremy Waldron,"The Irrelevance of Moral Objectivity," in Robert F. George, ed., Natural Law Theory (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 166;
147. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously,160-63.
148. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 186-87;
149. Moore, "Moral Reality," 1104-5
150. Macedo, Diversity and Distrust, 170-72.
151. Michael S. Moore, "The Interpretive Turn in Modern Theory: A Turn for the Worse?" Stanford Law Review 41 (1989): 871.
152. Michael S. Moore, "Moral Reality Revisited," Michigan Law Review 90 (1992): 2424, 2511-33.
153. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 181-201.
154. Mitchell S. Muncey, ed., The End of Democracy? (Dallas: Spence, 1997), esp. 2-9, 15-17, 18-21, 42- 50, 60-61, 87-92.
155. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, chap. 3.
156. Pivin and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, chap. 1.
157. Gregory Vlastos, Socrates: Ironist and Moral Philosopher (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991), 162-78.
158. Thomas L. Pangle, The Ennobling of Democracy: The Challenge of the Postmodern Age (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 119-30, 148-59, 183-94.
159. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, 49-50.
160. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), 14-15.
161. Martha Nussbaum, "Aristotelian Social Democracy," in Bruce Douglas, Gerald Mara, and Henry Richardson, eds., Liberalism and the Good (New York: Routledge, 1990), 217- 42.
162. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 192-97.
163. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, 177-82.
164. Nussbaum, "Aristotelian Social Democracy," 221-22, 225.
165. Sunstein, Partial Constitution, 20-24, 134-35
166. Nussbaum, "Aristotelian Social Democracy,"234-240;
167. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 216-18.
168. Harvey Mansfield, "The Formal Constitution:A Comment on Sotirios A. Barber," American Journal of Jurisprudence 42 (1997): 188-89.
169. David F. Epstein, The Political Theory of the Federalist (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 59.
170. Storing, "The Problem of Big Government," 70, 79-85.
171. Martin Diamond, Winston Mills Fisk, and Herbert Garfinkel, The Democratic Republic (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966), 75-85.
172. Berns, "Judicial Review and the Rights and Laws of Nature," 65.
173. Martin Diamond, "The Federalist," 649-50
174. Nussbaum, "Aristotelian Social Democracy," 222.
175. Brink, Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics, 193, 195.
176. Nussbaum, "Aristotelian Social Democracy," 213.
177. Rawls, Theory of Justice, 259.
178. Nussbaum, "Aristotelian Social Democracy," 208-14
179. Compare Macedo, Diversity and Distrust, 181.
180. Nussbaum, "Aristotelian Social Democracy," 222-23, 225
181. Robert E. Lane, The Loss of Happiness in Market Democracies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000), esp. chaps. 5-6.
182. Leo Strauss, "An Interpretation of Genesis," L'Homme 21 (1981): 6-8, 18-20.
183. Martin Diamond, "Ethics and Politics: The American Way," in Robert H. Horwitz, ed., The Moral Foundations of the American Republic (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986), 103-4, 107-8.
184. Strauss, "An Interpretation of Genesis," 17-18, 20.
185. Nussbaum, "Aristotelian Social Democracy," 217-26.
186. Sunstein, Partial Constitution, 136-41.
187. Mansfield,"The Formal Constitution," 188.
188. Basler, Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings, 606, 607.
189. Nussbaum, "Aristotelian Social Democracy," 229-30.
190. Diamond, "The Federalist," 650.
191. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, chap. 6;
192. Thomas L. Pangle, The Spirit of Modern Republicanism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 4, 12, 124-27, 252-68, 276-79;
193. Stephen G. Salkever, Finding the Mean: Theory and Practice in Aristotelian Political Philosophy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990), chaps. 1, 6.
194. Winter, "Poverty, Economic Equality, and the Equal Protection Clause," 63.
195. Black, "Further Reflections on the Constitutional Justice of Livelihood," 1106-7;
196. Edelman, "The Next Century of Our Constitution," 31.
197. Brink, Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics, 223-31.
198. Sager, "Justice in Plain Clothes," 411, 420.
199. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 113, 235-36.
200. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, 105-15.
201. Sunstein, Partial Constitution, 20-22
202. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, 134-35;
203. Barber, On What the Constitution Means,116-21, 141-44.
204. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, 134-35;
205. Barber, On What the Constitution Means,116-21, 141-44.
206. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 265-66 n. 5.
207. Mansfield, "Hobbes and the Science of Indirect Government," 107
208. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, 45-61.
209. Lane, Loss of Happiness in Market Democracies, esp. chaps 1, 5-6.
210. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, chap. 3.
211. William A. Schambra, "Progressive Liberalism and American 'Community,' " The Public Interest, no. 8 (summer 1985): 38-42, 46-48.
212. James Jackson Kilpatrick, "The Case for States' Rights," in Goldwin, ed., A Nation of States, 103-4 (criticizing the National Defense Education Act of 1958 as a step toward federal control "of what shall be taught, and to whom, and by whom, and in what sort of buildings")
213. Suzette Hemberger, "What Did They Think TheyWere Doing When TheyWrote the U.S. Constitution, and Why Should We Care?" in Barber and George, eds., Constitutional Politics, 128.
214. Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop, "Liberalism and Big Government: Tocqueville's Analysis," in Melzer et al., eds., Politics at the Turn of the Century, 110-12.
215. Berns, "The Meaning of the Tenth Amendment," 130-31.
216. Brian Barry Culture and Equality (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), chap 7.
217. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 191-97, 201, 214, 232-34.
218. Gerard V. Bradley, "Life's Dominion: A Review Essay," Notre Dame Law Review 69 (1993): 329, esp. 366-68, 374-80;
219. John Finnis, "The Rights and Wrongs of Abortion,"Philosophy and Public Affairs 2 (1973): 117;
220. George, "Justice, Legitimacy, and Allegiance," 319-20;
221. Germain Grisez, "When Do People Begin?" Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophic Association 53 (1990): 27-47.
222. Alan Wolfe, One Nation after All (New York: Penguin Books, 1998), esp. 61-81
223. Brink.Moral Realism and the Foundation of Ethics.90-95
224. Eisgruber and Sager, "Why the Religious Freedom Restoration Act Is Unconstitutional," 464-67.
225. Mansfield, "The Formal Constitution," 187-89;
226. Barber, "Reply to Professor Mansfield," 191-94.
227. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, 77-88.
228. Robert K. Faulkner, The Jurisprudence of John Marshall (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968), 5-6, 79-96.
229. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, 91-94.
230. Moore, "Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Legal Theory," 475-83.
231. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 193-95, 197-201.
232. Faulkner, Jurisprudence of John Marshall, 20-34
233. Harry V. Jaffa, "The Case for a Stronger National Government," in Goldwin, ed., A Nation of States, 115-25.
234. C. Herman Pritchett, The American Constitution (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), 245-46.
235. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, 88-91.
236. Leonard R. Sorenson, Madison and the "General Welfare" of America: His Consistent Constitutional Vision (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1995), esp. chaps. 1, 4, 7.
237. Pritchett, The American Constitution, 246-47.
238. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, 189-90, 201-4
239. Meyers, Mind of the Founder, 386-88.
240. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, chap. 4.
241. Sorenson, Madison on the "General Welfare," 84.
242. "Amphictyon,"in Gerald Gunther, ed., John Marshall's Defense of McCulloch v. Maryland (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1969), 75.
243. Meyers,Mind of the Founder, 310.
244. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent, 43-47.
245. Goodin, "Reasons for Welfare," 24, 27-28, 29-38.
246. Finn, Constitutions in Crisis, 40-43.
247. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, 140-42, 147-54, 187-96.
248. Sunstein, Partial Constitution, 138-40.
249. Eisgruber and Sager, "Why the Religious Freedom Restoration Act is Unconstitutional," 445-52.
250. Neil Gilbert, Welfare Justice: Restoring Social Equity (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1995), xii, 63-67, 151-54.
251. Epstein, Takings, 93-100, 306-8, 314-24.
252. Thomas Grey, "The Malthusian Constitution," University of Miami Law Review 41 (1986): 46.
253. Sunstein, Partial Constitution, 139,145-149.
254. Richard A. Epstein, "An Outline of Takings," University of Miami Law Review 41 (1986): 3.
255. Epstein, Takings, 17-18, 25-26.
256. Barber, On What the Constitution Means, 202-4.
257. Sager, "Justice in Plain Clothes," 420-25;
258. Michelman, "Welfare Rights in a Constitutional Democracy," 684-85;
259. Rosenberg,The Hollow Hope, 10-36.
260. Frank Michelman, "Law's Republic," Yale Law Journal 97 (1983): 1493;
261. Sunstein,Partial Constitution, 133-41;
262. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent, 200-203, 280, 346.
263. Barber, Constitution of Judicial Power, 113, 235-36.
264. Benjamin R. Barber, "The Compromised Republic: Public Purposelessness in America," in Robert Horwitz, ed., The Moral Foundations of the American Republic (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986), 47-48.
265. Sotirios A. Barber, "Stanley Fish and the Future of Pragmatism in Legal Theory," University of Chicago Law Review 58 (1991): 1033, 1036-43.
266. Herbert J. Storing, "Political Parties and the Bureaucracy," in Robert A. Goldwin, ed., Political Parties U.S.A. (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1965), 151-58.
267. "A Note on Constitutional Maintenance," in Barber and George, eds., Constitutional Politics, 162-67.
268. Winter, "Poverty, Economic Equality, and the Equal Protection Clause," 93;