Walking on a Palaeo Ocean Floor. the subducted tethys in the Western Alps - An excursion guide

Journal of the Virtual Explorer

Volumn 16, Issue , 2004, Pages

  Martin, Silvana ^a   Godard, Gaston ^b   Rebay, Gisella ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF INSUBRIA   (Italy)

^b INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Eclogite facies; Hydrothermal ore deposits; Ophiolite; Western Alps

Indexed keywords

EID: 84883815348     PISSN: 14418126     EISSN: 14418142     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3809/jvirtex.2004.00101     Document Type: Article

References (175)

1. Abs-Wurmbach, I., Peters, T., Langer, K., and Schreyer, W. 1983. Phase relations in the system Mn-Si-O: an experimental and petrological study. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen. 146, 258-279.
2. Amato, J.M., Johnson, C.M., Baumgartner, L.P., and Beard, B.L. 1999. Rapid exhumation of the Zermatt-Saas ophiolite deduced from high-precision Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr geochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 171, 425-438.
3. Amstutz, A. 1951. Sur l'évolution des structures alpines. Archives des Sciences [Genève]. 1951, 323-329.
4. Argand, E. 1916. Sur l'arc des Alpes occidentales. Eclogae geologicae Helveticae. 14, 145-191.
5. Ayrton, S., Burgnon, C., Haarpainter, T., Weidmann, M., et Frank, E. 1982. Géologie du front de la nappe de la Dent Blanche dans la région des Monts-Dolins, Valais. Eclogae geologicae Helveticae. 7, 269-286.
6. Ballèvre, M. 1988. Collision continentale et chemins P-T. Mémoires et Documents du Centre armoricain d'Étude structurale des Socles [Rennes]. 19, 332 p.
7. Ballèvre, M., et Kienast, J.-R. 1987. Découverte et signification de paragenèses à grenat-amphibole bleue dans la couverture mésozoïque de la nappe de la Dent-Blanche (Alpes occidentales). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences [de Paris], série II. 305, 43-47.
8. Ballèvre, M., and Merle, O. 1993. The Combin fault: compressional reactivation of a late Cretaceous-early Tertiary detachment fault in the western Alps. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 73, 205-227.
9. Ballèvre, M., Kienast, J.-R., et Vuichard, J.-P. 1986. La nappe de la Dent Blanche (Alpes occidentales): deux unités austroalpines indépendantes. Eclogae geologicae Helveticae. 79, 57-74.
10. Barnicoat, A.C., and Botwell, S.A. 1995. Seafloor hydrothermal alteration in metabasites from high-pressure ophiolites of the Zermatt-Aosta area of the western Alps. Museo di Scienze Naturali di Torino, Bollettino. 13 (suppl.), 191-220.
11. Barnicoat, A.C., and Fry, N. 1986. High-pressure metamorphism of the Zermatt-Saas ophiolite zone, Switzerland. Journal of the Geological Society [of London]. 143, 607-618.
12. Barnicoat, A.C., Cliff, R.A., Inger, S., and Rex, D.C. 1993. Assessing the age of high-pressure metamorphism in the western Alps using Sm-Nd and 40Ar/39Ar. Terra Nova. 5, 380.
13. Bearth, P. 1952. Geologie und Petrographie des Monte Rosa. Matériaux pour la Carte géologique de la Suisse. Kuemmerly, and Frey. Bern, Switzerland, 94 p.
14. Bearth, P. 1952. Ueber das Verhaeltnis von Metamorphose und Tektonik in der penninischen Zone der Alpen. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 32, 338-347.
15. Bearth, P. 1954. Geologische Atlas der Schweiz 1:25000: Blatt Zermatt, Monte Moro, Saas. Schweiz. Geol. Komm., Bern, 1954.
16. Bearth, P. 1956. Geologische Beobachtungen im grenzgebiet der lepontischen und Penninischen Alpen. Eclogae geologicae Helveticae. 49, 279-290.
17. Bearth, P. 1958. Über einen Wechsel der Mineralfacies in der Walzerzone des Penninikums. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 38, 363-373.
18. Bearth, P. 1967. Die Ophiolite der Zone von Zermatt-Saas Fee. Beitrag zur Geologischen Karte der Schweitz. 132, 130 p.
19. Beccaluva, L., Dal Piaz, G.V., and Macciotta, G. 1984. Transitional to normal MORB in ophiolitic metabasites from the Zermatt-Saas, Combin and Antrona units, western Alps: implications for the paleogeographic evolution of the western Tethyan basin. Geologie en Mijnbouw. 63, 165-177.
20. Bigi et al. 1990. Structural Model of Italy, 1:500.000, Sheets 1 and 2. CNR, Progetto Geodyn., SELCA Firenze.
21. Bistacchi, A., and Massironi, M. 2000. Post-nappe brittle tectonics and kinematic evolution of the northwestern Alps: an integrated approach. Tectonophysics. 327, 267-292.
22. Bistacchi, A., Dal Piaz, G.V., Massironi, M., Zattin, M., and Balestrieri, M.L. 2001. The Aosta-Ranzola extensional fault system and Oligocene-present evolution of the Austroalpine-Penninic wedge in the northwestern Alps. International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geologische Rundschau). 90, 654-667.
23. Bocchio, R., Benciolini, L., Martin, S., and Tartarotti, P. 2000. Geochemistry of eclogitized Fe-Ti gabbros from different lithological setting (Aosta valley ophiolites, Italian Western Alps). Protolith composition and eclogitic paragenesis. Periodico di Mineralogia. 69, 217-237.
24. Bondi, M., Mottana, A., Kurat, G., e Rossi, G. 1978. Cristallochimica del violano e della schefferite di St. Marcel. Rendiconti della Società italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia. 34, 15-25.
25. Borghi, A., Compagnoni, R., and Sandrone, R. 1996. Composite P-T paths in the Internal Penninic Massif of the Western Alps: Petrological constraints to their thermo-mechanical evolution. Eclogae geologicae Helveticae. 89, 345-367.
26. Botwell, S.A., Cliff, R.A., and Barnicoat, A.C. 1994. Sm-Nd isotopic evidence on the age of eclogitization in the Zermatt-Saas ophiolite. Journal of metamorphic Geology. 12, 187-196.
27. Breithaupt, A. 1838. Bestimmung neuer Mineralien. Journal für PraktischeChemie. 15, 321-338 [Violan: pp. 329-330].
28. Brown, Ph., Essene, E., and Peacor, D. 1978. The mineralogy and petrology of manganese-rich rocks from St. Marcel, Piedmont, Italy. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 67, 227-232.
29. Brugger, J.H., Gieré, R., Graser, S., and Meisser, N. 1997. The crystal chemistry of roméite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 127, 136-146.
30. Canepa, M., Castelletto, M., Cesare, B., Martin, S., and Zaggia, L. 1990. The Austroalpine Mont Mary nappe (Italian Western Alps). Memorie di Scienze geologiche [di Padova]. 42, 1-17.
31. Cartwright, I., and Barnicoat, A.C. 1999. Stable isotope geochemistry of Alpine ophiolites: a window to ocean-floor hydrothermal alteration and constraints on fluid-rock interaction during high-pressure metamorphism. International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geologische Rundschau). 88, 219-235.
32. Castello, P. 1979. Studio geologico-giacimentologico nelle valli di St. Marcel e Fenis. Tesi Univ. Torino, 328 p.
33. Castello, P. 1981. Inventario delle mineralizzazioni a magnetite, ferro-rame e manganese del complesso piemontese dei calcescisti con pietre verdi in valle d'Aosta. Ofioliti. 6, 5-46.
34. Castello, P., Dal Piaz, G.V., Gosso, G., Kienast, J.-R., Martin, S., Natale, P., Nervo, R., Polino, R., and Venturelli, G. 1980. The Piedmont ophiolite nappe in the Aosta valley and related ore deposits. In: Gruppo di Lavoro sulle Ofioliti Mediterranee, VI ophiolite field conference, Field excursion book, Firenze, 1980, 171-192.
35. Cesare, B., Martin, S., and Zaggia, L. 1989. Mantle peridotites from the Austroalpine Mt. Mary nappe (Western Alps). Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 69, 91-97.
36. Cesti, G. 1978. Il giacimento piritoso-cuprifero di Chuc-Servette presso St. Marcel (Aosta). Revue valdôtaine d'Histoire naturelle. 32, 127-156.
37. Chopin, C., and Monié, P. 1984. A unique mangesiochloritoid-bearing, high pressure assemblage from the Monte Rosa, western Alps: petrologic and 40Ar-39Ar radiometric study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 87, 388-398.
38. Compagnoni, R., and Maffeo, B. 1973. Jadeite-bearing metagranites l.s. and related rocks in the Mount Mucrone Area (Sesia-Lanzo Zone, Western Italian Alps). Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 53, 355-378+2 pl.
39. Compagnoni, R., Dal Piaz, G.V., Hunziker, J.C., Gosso, G., Lombardo, B., and Williams, P.F. 1977. The Sesia-Lanzo Zone, a slice of continental crust with alpine high-pressure low-temperature assemblages in the Western Alps. Rendiconti della Società italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia. 33, 281-334.
40. Cortiana, G., Dal Piaz, G.V., Del Moro, A., Hunziker, J.C., and Martin, S. 1998. 40Ar-39Ar and Rb-Sr dating of the Pillonet klippe and Sesia-Lanzo basal slice in the Ayas valley and evolution of the Austroalpine-Piedmont nappe stack. Memorie di Scienze geologiche [di Padova]. 50, 177-194.
41. Curti, E. 1987. Lead and Oxygen isotope evidence for the origin of the Monte Rosa gold deposits (Western Alps, Italy): A comparison with Archean lode deposits. Economic geology. 82, 2115-2140.
42. Dal Piaz, G.V. 1965. La formazione mesozoica dei calcescisti con pietre verdi fra la Valsesia e la Valtournanche ed i suoi rapporti strutturali con il ricoprimento del Monte Rosa e con la Zona Sesia-Lanzo. Bollettino della Società geologica italiana. 84, 67-104.
43. Dal Piaz, G.V. 1966. Gneiss ghiandoni, marmi e anfiboliti antiche del ricoprimento Monte Rosa nell'Alta Val d'Ayas. Bollettino della Società geologica italiana. 85, 103-132.
44. Dal Piaz, G.V. 1971. Nuovi ritrovamenti di cianite alpina nel cristallino antico del Monte Rosa. Rendiconti della Società italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia. 27, 437-477.
45. Dal Piaz, G.V. 1974. Le métamorphisme alpin de haute pression et de haute température dans l'évolution structurale du bassin ophiolitique alpino-appenninique. 1e: Bollettino della Società geologica italiana. 93, 437-468; 2e: Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 54, 399-424.
46. Dal Piaz, G. V. 1976. Il lembo di ricoprimento del Pillonet, falda della Dent Blanche nelle Alpi occidentali. Memorie di Scienze geologiche [di Padova]. 31, 61 pp.
47. Dal Piaz G.V. [ed.] 1992. Le Alpi dal M. Bianco al lago Maggiore. Guide geologiche regionali, Società geologica italiana, 1/3, 311 p.; 2/3, 211 p.
48. Dal Piaz G.V. 1993. Evolution of Austro-Alpine and Upper Penninic basement in the northwestern Alps from Variscan convergence to post-Variscan extension. In: J. Von Raumer, and F. Neubauer [eds.], Pre-Mesozoic geology in the Alps. Springer-Verlag. 327-344.
49. Dal Piaz, G.V. 1996. Felice Giordano and the geology of the Matterhorn. Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, Classe di Scienze fisiche, matematiche et naturali. 130, 163-179.
50. Dal Piaz, G.V. 1999. The Austroalpine-Piedmont nappe stack and the puzzle of Alpine Tethys. Memorie di Scienze geologiche [di Padova]. 51/1, 155-176.
51. Dal Piaz, G.V. 2001a. Geology of the Monte Rosa massif: historical review and personal comments. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 81, 275-303.
52. Dal Piaz, G.V. 2001b. History of tectonic interpretations of the Alps. Journal of Geodynamics. 32, 99-114.
53. Dal Piaz, G.V. and Lombardo, B. 1986. Early eclogite metamorphism in the Penninic Monte Rosa-Gran Paradiso basement nappes in the northwestern Alps. Geological Society of America. Memoir 64, 249-265.
54. Dal Piaz, G.V., e Martin, S. 1988. Dati microchimici sul metamorfismo alpino nei lembi Austroalpini del Pillonet e di Chatillon (Valle d'Aosta). Rendiconti della Società geologica italiana. 9, 15-16.
55. Dal Piaz, G.V., e Omenetto, P. 1978. Brevi note su alcune mineralizzazioni della Falda Piemontese in Valle d'Aosta. Ofioliti. 3, 161-176.
56. Dal Piaz, G.V., Hunziker, J.C., e Martinotti, G. 1972. La zona Sesia-Lanzo e l'evoluzione tettonico-metamorfica delle Alpi nord-occidentali interne. Memorie della Società geologica italiana. 45, 433-460
57. Dal Piaz, G.V., De Vecchi, G., and Hunziker, J.C. 1977. The Austroalpine layered gabbros of the Matterhon and Mt. Collon-Dents de Bertol. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 57, 59-88.
58. Dal Piaz, G.V., Di Battistini, G., Kienast, J.-R., and Venturelli, G. 1979a. Manganiferous quartzitic schists of the Piedmont ophiolite nappe in the Valsesia-Valtournanche area. Memorie di Scienze geologiche [di Padova]. 32, 24 p.
59. Dal Piaz, G.V., Venturelli, G., and Scolari, A. 1979b. Calc-alkaline to ultrapotassic postcollisional volcanic activity in the internal northwestern Alps. Memorie di Scienze geologiche [di Padova]. 32, 16 p.
60. Dal Piaz, G.V., Venturelli, G., Spadea, P., and Di Battistini, G. 1981. Geochemical features of metabasalts and metagabbros from the Piemonte ophiolite nappe, Italian Western Alps. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen. 142, 248-269.
61. Dal Piaz, G.V., Cortiana, G., Del Moro, A., Martin, S., Pennacchioni, G., and Tartarotti, P. 2001. Tertiary age and paleostructural inferences of the eclogitic imprint in the Austroalpine outliers and Zermatt-Saas ophiolite, western Alps. International Journal of Earth Sciences (Geologische Rundschau). 90, 668-684.
62. Damour, A. 1841. [Mémoire sur la Roméine (sic)]. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences [de Paris]. 13, 476.
63. Delaloye, M., and Desmons, J. 1976. K-Ar radiometric age determinations of white micas from the Piemont zone, French-Italian Alps. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 57, 297-303.
64. Descloizeaux, A. 1862-74. Manuel de Minéralogie. I (1862), 66-67, 145-151, 254-255; II (1874), 245-248.
65. Diehl, E.A., Masson, R., e Stutz, A.H. 1952. Contributo alla conoscenza del ricoprimento Dent Blanche. Memorie degli Istituti di Geologia e Mineralogia dell'Università di Padova. 17, 5-52.
66. Duchêne, S., Blichert-Toft, J., Luais, B., Téluk, P., Lardeaux, J.-M., and Albarède F. 1997. The Lu-Hf dating of garnets and the ages of the Alpine high-pressure metamorphism. Nature. 387, 586-589.
67. Dufrenoy, M. 1840. Description de la Greenovite. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences [de Paris]. 11, 234.
68. Elter, G. 1960. La zona penninica dell'alta Valle d'Aosta e le unitá limitrofe. Memorie degli Istituti di Geologia e Mineralogia dell'Università di Padova. 22, 1093 p.
69. Elter, G. 1971. Schistes lustrés et ophiolites de la zone piémontaise entre Orco et Doire Baltée (Alpes Graies). Hypothèses sur l'origine des ophiolites. Géologie Alpine. 47, 147-169.
70. Elter, G. 1987. Carte géologique de la Vallée d'Aoste [1: 100 000]. C.N.R., Soc. Elab. Carte, Florence, Italia.
71. Engi, M., Scherrer, N.C., and Burri, T. 2001. Metamorphic evolution of pelitic rocks of the Monte Rosa nappe: Constraints from petrology and single-grain monazite age data. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 81, 305-328.
72. Ernst, W.G., and Dal Piaz, G.V. 1978. Mineral parageneses of eclogitic rocks and related mafic schists of Piedmont ophiolite nappe, Breuil-St. Jacques area. American Mineralogist. 64, 15-31.
73. Ferrando, J., Scambelluri M., Dal Piaz, G.V., and Piccardo, G.B. 2002. The mafic boudins of the southern Furgg-zone, Monte Rosa nappe, NW Italy: from tholeiitic continental basalts to alpine eclogites and retrogressed products. 81e Riunione estiva della Società geologica italiana, Torino 10-12 settembre 2002, p. 254
74. Franchi, S. 1900. Sopra alcuni giacimenti di roccie giadeitiche nelle Alpi Occidentali e nell'Apennino ligure. Bollettino del reale Comitato geologico d'Italia. 31, 119-158.
75. Franchi, S. 1902. Ueber Feldspath-Uralitisirung der Natron-Thonerde-Pyroxene aus den eklogitischen Glimmerschiefern der Gebirge von Biella (Graiische Alpen). Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie. 1902/II, 112-126.
76. Franchi, S., Novarese, V., e Stella, A. 1912. Carta Geologica d'Italia, alla scala 1:100.000, Foglio 29, Monte Rosa. Reale Ufficio Geologico, Roma.
77. Frey, M., Hunziker, J.C., O'Neil, J.R., and Schwander H.W. 1976. Equilibrium-disequilibrium relations in the Monte Rosa granite, western Alps: petrological, Rb-Sr and stable isotope data. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 55, 147-179.
78. Gastaldi, B. 1871-1874. Studi geologici sulle Alpi Occidentali. Memorie del reale Comitato geologico d'Italia. 1, 1-47; 2, 1-61.
79. Godard, G. 1988. Petrology of some eclogites in the Hercynides; the eclogites from the southern Armorican Massif, France. In: D.C. Smith [ed.], Eclogites and eclogite-facies rocks. Elsevier, Developments in Petrology. 12, 451-519.
80. Godard, G., Kienast, J.-R., and Lasnier, B. 1981. Retrogressive development of glaucophane in some eclogites from Massif Armoricain (east of Nantes, France). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 78, 126-135.
81. Gosso, G. 1977. Metamorphic evolution and fold history in the eclogitic micaschists of the upper Gressoney valley (Sesia Lanzo zone, Western Alps). Rendiconti della Società italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia. 33, 231-249.
82. Gosso, G., Dal Piaz, G.V., Piovano, V., and Polino, R. 1979. High-pressure emplacement of early-alpine nappes, postnappe deformations and structural levels. Memorie di Scienze geologiche [di Padova]. 32, 16 p.
83. Griffin, W.L., and Mottana, A. 1982. Crystal chemistry of clinopyroxenes from St. Marcel manganese deposit, Val d'Aosta, Italy. American Mineralogist. 67, 568-586.
84. Gruppo di Lavoro sulle Ofioliti Mediterranee. 1977. Escursione ad alcuni giacimenti a Cu-Fe e Mn della falda piemontese, Alpi occidentali: 10-13 ottobre 1977. Ofioliti. 2, 241-263.
85. Hunziker, J.C. 1970. Polymetamorphism in the Monte Rosa, Western Alps. Eclogae geologicae Helveticae. 63, 151-161.
86. Hunziker, J.C. 1974. Rb-Sr and K-Ar age determination and the alpine tectonic history of the Western Alps. Memorie degli Istituti di Geologia e Mineralogia dell'Università di Padova. 31, 5-55.
87. Hurford, A.J., Hunziker, J.C., and Stöckhert, B. 1991. Constraints on the late thermotectonic evolution of the western Alps: evidence for episodic rapid uplift. Tectonics. 10, 758-769.
88. Inger, S., Ramsbotham, W., Cliff, R.A., and Rex, D.C. 1996. Metamorphic evolution of the Sesia-Lanzo Zone. Western Alps: time constraints from multi-system geochronology. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 126, 152-168.
89. Jäger, E., Schaltegger, U., Stöckhert, B., Hurford, A.J., and Hammer-Schmidt, K. 1990. Dating of high pressure metamorphism in a metagranite of the Sesia zone, Western Alps. Terra Abstract. 1990/2, 29-30.
90. Jervis, G. 1873. I tesori sotterranei dell'Italia. Parte prima, regione delle Alpi. Torino, Gribaudi Ed., new edition 1974, 81-114.
91. Keller, L., and Schmid, S.M. 2001. On the kinematics of shearing near the top of the Monte Rosa nappe and the nature of the Furgg zone in Val Loranco (Antrona valley, N. Italy): tectonometamorphic and paleogeographical consequences. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 81, 347-367.
92. Kenngott, G.A. 1853. Das Mohs'sche Mineral system. Vienna.
93. Kienast, J.-R. 1973. Sur l'existence de deux séries différentes au sein de l'ensemble schistes lustrés-ophiolites du Val d'Aoste; quelques arguments fondés sur l'étude des roches métamorphiques. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences [de Paris], série D. 276, 2621-2624.
94. Kienast, J.-R. 1983. Le métamorphisme de haute pression et basse température (éclogites et schistes bleus): données nouvelles sur la pétrologie des roches de la croûte océanique subductée et des sédiments associés. Thèse de doctorat d'état, Univ. P. et M. Curie, Paris, 484 p.
95. Kienast, J.-R., e Martin, S. 1983. I pirosseni egirin-giadeitici del livello basale di praborna, alpi occidentali. Ofioliti. 8, 245-260.
96. Kienast, J.-R., et Nicot, E. 1971. Présence d'une paragenèse à disthène et chloritoïde (d'âge alpin probable) dans les gneiss à sillimanite, grenat et cordiérite de Valpelline (Val d'Aoste, Italie). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences [de Paris], série D. 272, 1836-1839.
97. Köppel, W., Günthert, A., and Grünenfelder, M. 1981. Pattern of U-Pb zircon and monazite ages in polymetamorphic units of the Swiss central Alps. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 61, 97-120.
98. Krutow-Mozgawa, A. 1988. Métamorphisme dans les sédiments riches en fer ou magnesium de la couverture des ophiolites piémontaises (mine de Servette, Val d'Aoste). Thèse de 3ème cycle, Université P. et M. Curie, Paris VI.
99. Lardeaux, J.-M., and Spalla, M.I. 1991. From granulites to eclogites in the Sesia zone (Italian Western Alps): a record of the opening and closure of the Piedmont ocean. Journal of metamorphic Geology. 9, 35-59.
100. Lardeaux, J.-M., Gosso, G., Kienast, J.-R., et Lombardo, B. 1982. Relations entre le métamorphisme et la déformation dans la zone de Sesia-Lanzo (Alpes occidentales) et le problème de l'éclogitisation de la croûte continentale. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France. (7 s.) 24, 793-800.
101. Lattanzi, P. 1990. The nature of the fluids associated with the Monte Rosa gold district, NW Alps, Italy. Mineralium Deposita. 25 (suppl.), 86-89.
102. Le Bayon, R., Schmid, S.M., and De Capitani, C. 2001. The metamorphic evolution of the Monte Rosa nappe and its relation to exhumation by fore-and back-thrusting in the Western Alps. Geologisch-Paläontologische Mitteilungen Innsbruck. 25, 132-133.
103. Liati, A., Gebauer, D., Froitzheim, N., and Fanning, C.M. 2001. U-Pb SHRIMP geochronology of an amphibolitized eclogite and of orthogneiss from the Furgg zone (Western Alps) and implications for its geodynamic evolution. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 81, 379-393.
104. Lorenzini, C. 1998. Le antiche miniere della Valle d'Aosta. Quart (Aosta), Musumeci, 165 p.
105. Lugeon, M., et Argand, E. 1905. Sur les grandes nappes de recouvrement de la zone du Piémont. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences [de Paris]. 14, 1364-1367.
106. Mambretti, A. 2003. Sfruttamento delle risorce forestali in relazione alle attività minerarie del giacimento piritoso-cuprifero di Servette: l'apporto delle indagini antracologiche. Tesi di Laurea, Università dell'Insubria, Como.
107. Martin-Vernizzi, S. 1982. La mine de Praborna (Val d'Aosta, Italie): une série manganésifère métamorphisée dans la faciès éclogite. Thèse de 3ème cycle, Université P. et M. Curie, Paris VI.
108. Martin, S., and Cortiana, G. 2001. Influence of the whole-rock composition on the crystallization of sodic amphiboles (Piedmont zone, western Alps). Ofioliti. 26, 445-456.
109. Martin, S., and Kienast, J.-R. 1987. The HP-LT manganesiferous quartzites of Praborna, Piedmont ophiolite nappe, Italian western Alps. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 67, 229-360.
110. Martin, S., and Tartarotti, P. 1989. Polyphase HP metamorphism in the ophiolitic glaucophanites of the lower St. Marcel Valley (Aosta, Italy). Ofioliti. 14, 135-156.
111. Martin, S., Meggiolaro, V., and Tartarotti, P. 1990. Sulphide and oxide phases in the eclogitic mineralized lithologies of the lower St. Marcel valley. Plinius. 2, 67-68.
112. Martin, S., Tartarotti, P., and Dal Piaz, G.V. 1994. The Mesozoic ophiolites of the Alps: a review. Bollettino di Geofisica teorica ed applicata. 36, 141-144.
113. Martin, S., Rebay, G., Kienast, J.-R., and Mevel, C. 2005. Eclogitic metamorphism in Mg-, Al-and Fe-rich ophiolites from Italian western Alps (St. Marcel Valley, Servette mine). Journal of metamorphic Geology. in press.
114. Mayer, A., Abouchami, W., and Dal Piaz, G.V. 1999. Eocene Sm-Nd age for the eclogitic metamorphism of the Zermatt-Saas ophiolite in Ayas valley, western Alps. European Union of Geosciences Meeting. 10 (EUG-10), abstract 809.
115. Messiga, B., and Tribuzio, R. 1991. The reaction between olivine and plagioclase as a consequence of fluid-rock interactions during sub-seafloor metamorphism (Al-Mg-gabbros, Northern Apennine ophiolites, Italy). Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 71, 405-414.
116. Messiga, B., Kienast, J.R., Rebay, G., Riccardi, M.P., and Tribuzio, R. 1999. Chloritoid eclogites from the Monviso ophiolites (Western Alps, Italy). Journal of metamorphic Geology. 17, 287-299.
117. Meisser, N., Perseil, E.-A., Brugger, J., and Chiappero P.-J. 1999. Strontiomelane SrMn4+6Mn3+2O16, a new mineral species of the cryptomelane group from St. Marcel-Praborna, Aosta Valley, Italy. The Canadian Mineralogist. 37, 637-678.
118. Meyer, J. 1983. Mineralogie und Petrologie des Allalingabbros. Ph. D. Thesis, Basel Univ., Basel.
119. Moretti, A. 1948. Notizie sui giacimenti cupriferi della Valle d'Aosta. Atti Congresso di Mineralogia Italiana. 1948, 237-254.
120. Mottana, A. 1986. Blueschist-facies metamorphism of manganiferous cherts: a review of the alpine occurrences. Geological Society of America. Memoir 164, 267-299.
121. Mottana, A., and Griffin, W.L. 1986. The crystal chemistry of piemontite from the type-locality (St. Marcel, Val d'Aosta, Italy). In: Crystal Chemistry of Minerals. Reports 13th General Meeting Int. Min. Assoc. (Varna). 635-640.
122. Mottana, A., Rossi, G., Kracher, A., and Kurat, G. 1979. Violan revisited: Mn bearing omphacite and diopside. Tschermaks mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 26, 187-201.
123. Mozgawa, J. 1988. Comportement des éléments majeurs et traces au cours du métamorphisme éclogitique d'une série océanique manganésifère (mine de Praborna, Val d'Aoste). Thèse de 3ème cycle, Univ. P. et M. Curie, Paris VI, 140 p.
124. Napione, C.A. 1788-89. Manganepidote von St. Marcel. Memorie della reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino. 13.
125. Natale, P. 1969. Recrystallization and remobilisation in some pyrite deposits of the Western Alps. In: Convegno sulla rimobilizzazione dei minerali metallici e non metallici, Cagliari, 23 p.
126. Nicco, R. 1987. Note sui Mutta e la metallurgia del Ferro in Valle d'Aosta (1650-1732). Alcune vicende della metallurgia del ferro nella Bassa Valle d'Aosta tra la seconda metà del sec. XVIII e l'inizio del XIX. In: L'industrializzazione in Val d'Aosta. Studi e documenti, Quaderni dell'Istituto Storico della Resistenza in Valle d'Aosta I-1987, 89 p.
127. Nicco, R. 1988. Le comunità valdostane e l'industrializzazione a metà del sec. XVIII. [.] Le miniere della Valle d'Aosta in due saggi di Benedetto Spirito di Robilant. Mappe e disegni sull'industrializzazione in Valle d'Aosta conservati presso l'Archivio di Stato di Torino. In: L'industrializzazione in Val d'Aosta. Studi e documenti Quaderni dell'Istituto Storico della Resistenza in Valle d'Aosta I-1988, 130 p. + 26 pl.
128. Nicot, É. 1977. Les roches meso-et catazonales de la Valpelline (nappe de la Dent-Blanche, Alpes italiennes). Thèse de 3ème cycle, Univ. P. et M. Curie, Paris VI.
129. Noussan, É. 1972. Les fontaines colorées. Bulletin de la Société de la Flore valdôtaine. 26, 32-35.
130. Oberhänsli, R., Hunziker, J.C., Martinotti, G., and Stern, W.B. 1985. Geochemistry, geochronology and petrology of Monte Mucrone: an example of Eo-Alpine eclogitization of Permian granitoids in the Sesia-Lanzo zone, Western Alps, Italy. Chemical Geology. 52, 165-184.
131. Oberhänsli, R., Martinotti, G.M., Hunziker, J.C., und Stern, W.F. 1982. Monte Mucrone; ein eoalpin eklogitisierter permischer Granit. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 62, 486-487.
132. Pawlig, S., and Baumgartner, L.P. 2001. Geochemistry of a talc-kyanite-chloritoid zone within the Monte Rosa granite, Val d'Ayas, Italy. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 81, 329-346.
133. Pelloux, A. 1913. Nuove forme della romeita di St. Marcel in Valle d'Aosta. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia naturale di Genova. (ser. 3) 6, 22-24.
134. Pettke, T., Diamond, L.W., and Villa, I.M. 1999. Mesothermal gold veins and metamorphic devolatization in the northwestern Alps: The temporal link. Geology. 27, 641-644.
135. Penfield, S.L. 1893. On some minerals from the manganese mines of St. Marcel, in Piedmont, Italy. American Journal of Sciences. (ser. 3) 46, 288-295.
136. Pennacchioni, G. 1989. Struttura ed evoluzione metamorfica alpina del M. Emilius (Alpi Occidentali). Tesi di dottorato, Univ. Padova.
137. Perseil, E.-A. 1988. La présence de strontium dans les oxydes manganésifères du gisement de St. Marcel-Praborna (Val d'Aoste, Italie). Mineralium Deposita. 23, 306-308.
138. Perseil, E.-A., and Smith, D.C. 1995. Sb-rich titanite in the manganese concentrations at St. Marcel-Praborna, Aosta Valley, Italy: petrography and crystal chemistry. Mineralogical Magazine. 59, 717-724.
139. Pfeiffer, H.R., Colombi, A., and Ganguin, J. 1989. Zermatt-Saas and Antrona zone: a petrographic and geochemical comparison of polyphase metamorphic ophiolites of the western-central Alps. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 69, 217-223.
140. Prosio, P. 1903. L'eau verte de Saint-Marcel. Bulletin de la Société de la Flore valdôtaine. 2, 76-78.
141. Rebay, G., and Powell, R. 2002. The formation of eclogite facies metatroctolites and a general petrogenetic grid in Na2O-CaO-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (NCFMASH). Journal of metamorphic Geology. 20, 813-826.
142. Reddy, S.M., Wheeler, J., and Cliff, R.A. 1999. The geometry and timing of orogenic extension: an example from the Western Italian Alps. Journal of metamorphic Geology. 17, 573-589.
143. Reinecke, T. 1991. Very-high-pressure metamorphism and uplift of coesite-bearing metasediments from the Zermatt-Saas zone, Western Alps. European Journal of Mineralogy. 3, 7-17.
144. Reinecke, T. 1998. Prograde high-to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and exhumation of oceanic sediments at Lago di Cignana, Zermatt-Saas zone, western Alps. Lithos. 42, 147-189.
145. Reinecke, T., Heinz-Jurgen, B., and Wirth, R. 2000. Compositional zoning of calcite in a high-pressure metamorphic calc-schist: clues to heterogeneous grain-scale fluid distribution during exhumation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 139, 584-606.
146. Reinecke, T., van der Klauw, S.N.G.C., and Stöckhert, B. 1994. UHP metamorphic oceanic crust of the Zermatt-Saas zone (Piemontese zone) at Lago di Cignana, Valtournanche, Italy. High Pressure Metamorphism in the Western Alps. 16th IMA Meeting, Pisa, Italy.
147. Robilant, S.B., Nicolis de. 1786-87. Description particulière du Duché d'Aoste, suivi d'un essai sur deux minières des anciens romains, et d'un supplément à la théorie des montagnes et des mines. Mémoires de l'Académie royale des Sciences [de Turin]. II, 245-274 + pl. vii-ix [Servette: 257-264 + pl. ix].
148. Robilant, S.B. Nicolis de. 2001. Viaggi mineralogici. A cura di V. Garuzzo [ed.]. Firenze, Olschki, 314 p.
149. Rondolino, R. 1934. Sopra alcuni minerali di St. Marcel (Valle d'Aosta). Periodico di Mineralogia. 5, 123-139.
150. Rubatto, D., and Gebauer, D. 1999. Eo/Oligocene (35 Ma) high-pressure metamorphism in the Gornergrat Zone (Monte Rosa, Western Alps): implications for paleogeography. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 79, 353-362.
151. Rubatto, D., Gebauer, D., and Fanning, M. 1998. Jurassic formation and Eocene subduction of the Zermatt-Saas-Fee ophiolites: implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Central and Western Alps. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 132, 269-287.
152. Rubbo, M., Borghi, A., and Compagnoni, R. 1999. Thermodynamic analysis of garnet growth zoning in eclogite facies granodiorite from M. Mucrone, Sesia zone, Western Italian Alps. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology.137, 289-303.
153. Saint-Martin de La Motte, comte de. 1784-85. La fontaine verte de St. Marcel dans la vallée d'Aoste. Mémoires de l'Académie royale des Sciences [de Turin]. II, 1-12.
154. Saussure, H.-B. de. 1779-96. Voyages dans les Alpes, précédés d'un essai sur l'histoire naturelle des environs de Genève. S. Fauche, Neuchâtel, 4 vol. [t. 4, 454-460].
155. Scaini, F. 1971. La slavikite della miniera di Servette a St. Marcel (Aosta). Natura. 62, 135 p.
156. Scherrer, N.C., Gnos, E., and Chopin, C. 2001. A retrograde monazite-forming reaction in bearthite bearing high-pressure rocks. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 81, 369-378.
157. Sperlich, R. 1988. The transition from crossite to actinolite in metabasites of the Combin unit in Vallée St. Barthélemy (Aosta, Italy). Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 68, 215-224.
158. Stella, A. 1894. Relazione sul rilevamento eseguito nell'anno 1893 nelle Alpi Occidentali (Valli dell'Orco e della Soana). Bollettino del reale Comitato geologico d'Italia. 25, 343-371 + pl. iii.
159. Stella, A. 1943. I giacimenti auriferi delle Alpi Italiana. Carta geologica d'Italia. 27, 1-134.
160. Sturani, C. 1973. Considerazioni sui rapporti tra Appennino settentrionale e le Alpi occidentali. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei-Quaderni. 183, 117-142.
161. Stutz, A.H., und Masson, R. 1938. Zur tektonik der Dent-Blanche Decke. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 18, 40-53.
162. Tartarotti, P. 1988. Le ofioliti piemontesi nella media e bassa valle di St. Marcel (Aosta). Tesi di dottorato, Dipartimento di Geologia, Paleontologia e Geofisica, Università di Padova, 167 p.
163. Tartarotti, P., and Caucia, F. 1993. Coexisting cummingtonite-sodic amphibole pair in metaquartzites from the ophiolite's sedimentary cover (St. Marcel Valley, Italian Western Alps): A X-ray structure refinement and petrology study. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Abhandlungen. 165, 223-243.
164. Tartarotti, P., Martin, S., and Polino, R. 1986. Geological data about the ophiolitic sequences in the St. Marcel valley (Aosta Valley). Ofioliti. 11, 343-346.
165. Tropper, P., Essene, E.J., Sharp, Z.D., and Hunziker, J.C. 1999. Application of K-feldspar-jadeite-quartz barometry to eclogite facies metagranites and metapelites in the Sesia Lanzo Zone (Western Alps, Italy). Journal of metamorphic Geology. 17, 195-209.
166. Tumiati, S., Casartelli, P., Mambretti, A., Martin, S., Frizzo, P., and Rottoli, M. 2005. The ancient mine of Servette (Saint-Marcel, Aosta Valley, Western Italian Alps): a mineralogical, metallurgical and charcoal analysis of furnace slags. Archaeometry. in press.
167. Van der Klauw, S.N.G.C., Reinecke, T., and Stöckhert, B. 1997. Exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic oceanic crust from Lago di Cignana, Piemontese zone, western Alps: the structural record in metabasites. Lithos. 41, 79-102.
168. Vannay, J.C., et Allemann, R. 1990. La zone piémontaise dans le Haut-Valtournanche (Val d'Aoste, Italie). Eclogae geologicae Helveticae. 83, 21-39.
169. Venturelli, G, Thorpe, R.S., Dal Piaz, G.V., Del Moro, A., and Potts, P.J. 1984. Petrogenesis of calc-alkaline, shoshonitic and associated ultrapotassic Oligocene volcanic rocks from the northwestern Alps, Italy. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology. 86, 209-220.
170. Venturini, G. 1995. The geology, geochemistry ad geochronology of the inner central Sesia Zone (Western Alps, Italy). Mémoires de Géologie [Lausanne]. 25, 148 p.
171. Von Raumer, J. F., and Neubauer, F. 1993. Late Precambrian and Palaeozoic evolution of the Alpine basement. An overview. In: J. von Raumer, and F. Neubauer [eds.], The Pre-Mesozoic Geology in the Alps. Springer, Berlin. 625-639.
172. Wheeler, J., and Butler, R.W.H. 1993. Evidence for extension in the western Alpine orogen: the contact between the oceanic Piedmont and overlying continental Sesia units. Earth Planetary Science Letters. 117, 457-474.
173. Widmer, T., Ganguin, J., and Thompson, A.B. 2000. Ocean floor hydrothermal veins in eclogite facies rocks of the Zermatt-Saas Zone, Switzerland. Schweitzerische mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen. 80, 63-73.
174. Zanella, P. 1992. I gabbri del Cervino e le sue miloniti. Tesi, Università di Padova, 167 p.
175. Zinetti, G. 2002. Analisi ambientale del dissesto idrogeologico causato dallo stato di abbandono e di degrado della miniera di Cu e Fe di Servette nel versante destro della bassa valle di Saint-Marcel (Ao) e proposta di recupero ambientale. Tesi di Laurea, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria (Como).