Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for insomnia and nightmares in afghanistan and iraq veterans with PTSD

Journal of Clinical Psychology

Volumn 69, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 1026-1042

  Margolies, Skye Ochsner ^a   Rybarczyk, Bruce ^b   Vrana, Scott R ^b   Leszczyszyn, David J ^b   Lynch, John ^c  

^a EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia; Imagery rehearsal therapy; Insomnia; Nightmares; PTSD

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY FOR INSOMNIA; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DREAM; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMAGERY REHEARSAL THERAPY; INSOMNIA; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; NIGHTMARES; PHYSIOLOGY; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SLEEP; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES; VETERAN; WAR; YOUNG ADULT;

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY FOR INSOMNIA; IMAGERY REHEARSAL THERAPY; INSOMNIA; NIGHTMARES; PTSD;

ADULT; AFGHAN CAMPAIGN 2001-; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DEPRESSION; DREAMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGERY (PSYCHOTHERAPY); IRAQ WAR, 2003-2011; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SLEEP; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES; VETERANS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84883654585     PISSN: 00219762     EISSN: 10974679     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jclp.21970     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Backhaus, J., Junghanns, K., Broocks, A., Riemann, D., & Hogen, F. (2002). Test-retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index in primary insomnia. Journal of Psychometric Research, 53, 737-740.
3. Bastien, C. H., Morin, C. M., Ouellet, M. C., Blais, F. C., & Bouchard, S. (2004). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia: Comparison of individual therapy, group therapy, and telephone consultations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 653-659.
4. Bastien, C., Vallières, A., & Morin, C. M. (2001). Validation of the insomnia severity index as a clinical outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Medicine, 2, 297-307.
5. Belleville, G., Guay, S., & Marchand, A. (2009). Impact of sleep disturbances on PTSD symptoms and perceived health. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 126-132.
6. Bootzin, R. R., & Epstein, D. R. (2000). Stimulus control. In Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M. (Eds). Treatment of late life insomnia (pp. 167-184). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
7. Buysse, D. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J. D., Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M. (2006). Recommendations for a standard research assessment of insomnia. Sleep, 29, 1155-1173.
8. Buysse, D. J., Germain, A., Moul, D. E., Franzen, P. L., Brar, L. K., Fletcher, M. E., ... Monk, T. H. (2011). Efficacy of brief behavioral treatment for chronic insomnia in older adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171, 887-895.
9. Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., & Berman, S. R. (1989). The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28, 193-213.
10. Carney, C., Edinger, J.D., Morin, C.M., Manber, R., Rybarczyk, B., Stepanski, E. J., ... Lack, L. (2010). Examining maladaptive beliefs about sleep across insomnia patient groups. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68, 57-65.
11. Casement, M. D., & Swanson, L. M. (2012). A meta-analysis of imagery rehearsal for post-trauma nightmares: Effects on nightmare frequency, sleep quality and posttraumtic stress. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 566-574.
12. Cook, J. M., Harb, G. C., Gehrman, P. R., Cary, M. S., Gamble, G. M., Forbes, D., & Ross, R. J. (2010). Imagery rehearsal for posttraumatic nightmares: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 553-563.
13. Davis, J. L., & Wright, D. C. (2007). Randomized clinical trial for treatment of chronic nightmares in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 123-133.
14. DeViva, J. C., Zayfert, C., Pigeon, W. R., & Mellman, T. A. (2005). Treatment of residual insomnia after CBT for PTSD: Case studies. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 155-159.
15. Edinger, J. D., Olsen, M. K., Stechuchak, K. M., Means, M. K., Lineberger, M. D., Kirby, A., & Carney, C. E. (2009). Cognitive behavioral therapy for patients with primary insomnia or insomnia associated predominantly with mixed psychiatric disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Sleep, 32, 499-510.
16. Edinger, J. D., Wohlgemuth, W. K., Radke, R. A., Coffman, C. J., & Camey, C. (2007). Dose-response effects of cognitive-behavioral insomnia therapy: a randomized clinical trial. Sleep, 30, 203-212.
17. Espie, C. A., Inglis, S. J., Harvey, L., & Tessier, S. (2000). Insomniacs' attributions: Psychometric properties of the dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep scale and the sleep disturbance questionnaire. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 48, 141-148.
18. Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, 459-473.
19. Forbes, D., Phelps, A. J., & McHugh, A. F. (2001). Treatment of combat-related nightmares using imagery rehearsal: A pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14, 433-442.
20. Forbes, D., Phelps, A. J., McHugh, A. F., Debenham, P., Hopwood, M., & Creamer, M. (2003). Imagery rehearsal in the treatment of posttraumatic nightmares in Australian veterans with chronic combat-related PTSD: 12-month follow-up data. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 509-513.
21. Galovski, T. E., Monson, C., Bruce, S. E. & Resick, P. A. (2009). Does cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD improve perceived health and sleep impairment?. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 197-204.
22. Gellis, L. A., & Gerhman, P. R. (2011) .Cognitive behavioral treatment for insomnia in veterans with long-standing posttraumtic stress disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 20, 904-916.
23. Germain, A., Hall, M., Krakow, B., Shear, M. K., & Buysse, D. J. (2005). A brief sleep scale for posttraumatic stress disorder: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Addendum for PTSD. Anxiety Disorders, 19, 233-244.
24. Germain, A., & Neilsen, T. (2003). Impact of imagery rehearsal treatment on distressing dreams, psychological distress and sleep parameters in nightmare patients. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 1, 140-154.
25. Germain, A., Shear, M. K., Hall, M., & Buysee, D. J. (2007). Effects of a brief behavioral treatment for PTSD-related sleep disturbances: A pilot study. Journal of Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 627-632.
26. Harb, G., Cook, J. M., Gehrman, P. R., Gamble, G. M., & Ross, R. J. (2009). Post-traumatic stress disorder nightmares and sleep disturbance in Iraq War veterans: A feasible and promising treatment combination. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 18, 516-531.
27. Harvey, A. G., Jones, C., & Schmidt, D. A. (2003). Sleep and posttraumatic stress disorder: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 377-407.
28. Hoge, C., McGurk, D., Thomas, J. L., Cox, A. L., Engel, C. C., & Castro, C. A. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358, 453-463.
29. Koren, D., Arnon, I., Lavie, P., & Klein, E. (2002). Sleep complaints as early predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder: A 1-year prospective study of injured survivors of motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 855-857.
30. Krakow, B., Haynes, P. L., Warner, T. D., Melendrez, D., Sisley, B. N., Johnston, L., ... Lee, S. (2007). Clinical sleep disorder profiles in a large sample of trauma survivors: An interdisciplinary view of posttraumatic sleep disturbance. Sleep and Hypnosis, 9, 6-15.
31. Krakow, B., Hollifield, M., Johnston, L., Koss, M., Shrader, R., Warner, T.D., ... Prince, H. (2001). Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of American Medical Association, 286, 537-545.
32. Krakow, B., Johnston, L., Melendrez, D., Hollifield, M., Warner, T. D., Chavez-Kennedy, D., & Herlan, M. J. (2001). An open-label trial of evidence-based cognitive behavior therapy for nightmares and insomnia in crime victims with PTSD. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 2043-2047.
33. Krakow, B., & Zadra, A. (2010). Imagery rehearsal therapy: Principles and practice. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 5, 289-298.
34. Krakow, B., & Zadra, A. (2006). Clinical management of chronic nightmares: Imagery rehearsal therapy. Journal of Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 4, 45-70.
35. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9. Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606-613.
36. Lichstein, K. L., Stone, K. C., Donaldson, J., Nau, S. D., Soefflin, J. P., Murray, D., ... Aguillard, N. (2006). Actigraphy validation with insomnia. Sleep, 29, 232-239.
37. Lu, M., Wagner, A., Van Male, L., Whitehead, A., & Boehnlein, J. (2009). Imagery rehearsal therapy for posttraumatic nightmares in U.S. Veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 236-239.
38. Mack, L. J., & Rybarczyk, B. (2011). Behavioral treatment of insomnia: A Stepped care approach to promote public health. Science and Nature of Sleep. 3: 87-99.
39. Manber, R., Carney, C., Edinger, J, Epstein, D., Friedman, L., Haynes, P. L., ... Trockel, M. (2012). Dissemination of CBTI to the non-sleep specialist: Protocol development and training issues. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 8, 209-218.
40. Manber, R., Edinger, J. D., Gress, J. L., San Pedro-Salcedo, M. G., Kuo, T. F., & Kalista, T. (2008). Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia enhances depression outcome in patients with comorbid major depressive disorder and insomnia. Sleep, 31, 489-495.
41. McNair, Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. F. (1971). Profile of mood states manual. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
42. Moore, B. A., & Krakow, B. (2007). Imagery rehearsal therapy for acute posttraumatic nightmares among combat soldiers in Iraq. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 683-684.
43. Morin, C. M. (1993). Insomnia: Psychological assessment and management. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
44. Morin, C. M., Bootzin R. R., Buysse, D. J., Edinger, J. D., Espie, C. A., & Lichstein, K. L. (2006). Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia: Update of the recent evidence (1998- 2004). Sleep, 29, 1398-1414.
45. Morin, C. M., & Espie, C. A. (2003). Insomnia: A clinical guide to assessment and treatment. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
46. Morin, C. M., Vallieres, A., Guay, B., Ivers, H., Savard, J., Merette, C., ... Baillargeon, L. (2009). Cognitive behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication, for persisten insomnia: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 301, 205-215.
47. Morin, C. M., Vallieres, A., & Ivers, H. (2007). Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep (DBAS): Validation of a brief version (DBAS-16). Sleep, 30, 1547-1554.
48. Nappi, C. M., Drummond, S. P.A., Thorp, S. R., & McQuaid, J. R. (2010). Effectiveness of imagery rehearsal therapy for the treatment of combat-related nightmares in veterans. Behavior Therapy, 41, 237-244.
49. Neylan, T. C., Marmar, C. R., Metzler, T. J., Weiss, D. S., Zatzick, D. F., Delucchi, K. L., ... Schoenfeld, F. B. (1998). Sleep disturbances in the Vietnam generation: Findings from a nationally representative sample of male Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 929-933.
50. Ohayon, M. M., & Shapiro, C. M. (2000). Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in the general population. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 41, 469-478.
51. Okajima, I., Komada, Y., & Inoue, Y. (2011). A meta-analysis on the treatment effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for primary insomnia. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 9, 24-34.
52. Perlman, L. M., Arnedt, J. T., Earnheart, K. L., Gormon, A. A., & Shirley, K. G. (2008). Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia in a VA mental health clinic. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 15, 426-434.
53. Phelps, A. J., Forbes, D., & Creamer, M. (2008). Understanding posttraumatic nightmares: An empirical and conceptual review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 338-355.
54. Picchioni, D., Cabrera, O. A., McGurk, D., Thomas, J. L., Castro, C. A., Balkin, T. J., ... Hoge, C. W. (2010). Sleep symptoms as partial mediator between combat stressors and other mental health symptoms in Iraq War veterans. Military Psychology, 22, 340-355.
55. Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2009). Perceived stigma and barriers to mental health care utilization among OEF-OIF veterans. Psychiatric Services, 60, 1118-1122.
56. Ross, R. J., Ball, W. A., Sullivan, K. A., & Caroff, S. N. (1989). Sleep disturbance as the hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 697-707.
57. Seal, K. H., Metzler, T. J., Gina, K. S., Bertenthal, D., Maguen, S., & Marmar, C. R. (2009). Trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs health care, 2002-2008. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 1651-1658.
58. Sivertsen, B., Omvik, S., Pallesen, S., Bjorvatn, B., Havik, O. E., Kvale, G., ... Nordhus, I. H. (2006). Cognitive behavioral therapy vs. zopiclone for treatment of chronic primary insomnia in older adults. JAMA, 295, 2851-2858.
59. Smith, M. T., Huang, M. I., & Manber, R. (2005). Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic insomnia occurring within the context of medical and psychiatric disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 559-592.
60. Smith, M. T., Perlis, M. L., Park, A., Smith, M. S., Pennington, J., Giles, D.E., & Buysse, D. J. (2002). Comparative meta-analysis of pharmacotherapy and behavior therapy for persistent insomnia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 5-11.
61. Spielman, A. J., Saskin, P., & Thorpy, M. J. (1987). Treatment of chronic insomnia by restriction of time in bed, Sleep, 10, 45-56.
62. Spoormaker, V. I., & Montgomery, P. (2008). Disturbed sleep in post-traumatic stress disorder: Secondary symptom or core feature?. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12, 169-184.
63. Stepanski, E., & Rybarczyk, B. (2006). Emerging research on the treatment and etiology of secondary or comorbid insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10, 7-18.
64. Swanson, L. M., Favorite, T. K., Horin, E., & Arnedt, J. T. (2009). A combined group treatment for nightmares and insomnia in combat veterans: A pilot study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, 639-642.
65. Ulmer, C. S., Edinger, J. D., & Calhoun, P. S. (2011). A multi-component cognitive behavioral intervention for sleep disturbance in veterans with PTSD: A pilot study. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 7, 57-68.
66. Watanabe, N., Furukawa, T. A., Shimodera, S., Morokuma, I., Katsuki, F., Fujita, H., ... Perlis, M. (2011). Brief behavioral therapy for refractory insomnia in residual depression: An assessor-blind, randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 1651-1658.