Editorial commentary

Environmental and Planning Law Journal

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 250-257

  McGrath, Chris ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84883544917     PISSN: 0813300X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Editorial

References (40)

1. Following British expeditions dating from the 1830s, Douglas Mawson's 1911-1914 Australasian Antarctic Expedition and 1929-1931 British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) discovered and mapped much of the coast of (what became) the AAT.
2. The relevant documents are collected in Bush WM, Antarctica and International Law: A Collection of Inter-State and National Documents (Oceana Publications Inc, 1982).
3. Mawson was established in 1954, Davis in 1957 and Casey (previously Wilkes Station established by the USA) in 1958.
4. Triggs G, International Law and Australian Sovereignty in Antarctica (Legal Books Ltd, Sydney, 1986) pp 322-323.
5. Bush, n 2
6. Sahurie EJ, The International Law of Antarctica (New Haven Press, New Haven, 1991)
7. Watts A, International Law and the Antarctic Treaty System (Grotius Publications Ltd, Cambridge, 1992)
8. Simmonds K, The Antarctic Conventions (Simmonds & Hill Publishing Ltd, London, 1993)
9. Francioni F and Scovazzi T (eds), International Law for Antarctica (2nd ed, Kluwer Law International, The Hague, 1996)
10. Rothwell D, The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996)
11. Rothwell D and Davis R, Antarctic Environmental Protection: A Collection of Australian and International Instruments (The Federation Press, Sydney, 1997)
12. Cohan H (ed), Handbook of the Antarctic Treaty System (9th ed, US State Department, Washington DC, 2002) (Available at http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/rpts/ant/ Viewed 28 June 2005).
13. Triggs, n 4, p 137.
14. House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Australian Law in Antarctica: The report of the second phase of an inquiry into the legal regimes of Australia's external Territories and the Jervis Bay Territory (AGPS, Canberra, 1992), para 2.31.
15. However, Japan lodged an objection to para 7(b) with respect to minke whales and is therefore not bound to observe the Southern Ocean Sanctuary in relation to minke whales for the purposes of its obligations under the Convention.
16. IWC resolutions 1987-1, 1994-10, 1995-8, 1996-7, 1997-5, 1998-4, 1999-3, 2000-4, 2001-7, 2003-2 and 2005-1. Available at http://www.iwcoffice.org/ viewed 28 June 2003.
17. Government of Japan, "Plan for the Second Phase of the Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (JARPA II) - Monitoring the Antarctic Ecosystem and Development of New Management Objectives for Whale Resources", Research plan presented to the 57th IWC conference, Ulsan, South Korea, 2005.
18. Note that the references to "Area IV" etc reflect the stock classification areas designated in the Schedule to the International Whaling Convention.
19. Triggs G, "Japanese Scientific Whaling: An Abuse of Right or Optimum Utilisation?" (2000) 5(1) Asia Pacific Journal of Environmental Law 33.
20. The principle that, in general, courts will not adjudicate upon the validity of acts and transactions of a foreign sovereign State within that sovereign's own territory: Attorney-General (UK) v Heinemann Publishers Australia Pty Ltd (1988) 165 CLR 30 at 40-41.
21. Behring Sea Fur Seals Arbitration in Moore, Int. Arbitration Awards, I (1898). The arbitration involved an attempt by the USA to regulate sealing by British (Canadian) vessels outside 3 nautical miles from Alaska.
22. Birnie P and Boyle A, International Law & The Environment (2nd ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002) pp 649-651.
23. Australian nationals were prohibited from killing whales in this area from 1980, but the laws were not extended to foreign nationals until 1994.
24. The date of commencement of the EPBC Act and repeal of the Whale Protection Act 1980 (Cth). Voth v Manildra Flour Mills Pty Ltd (1990) 171 CLR 538 at 564.
25. Extract from the affidavit of Kieran Mulvaney, sworn 9 November 2004, available at http://www.hsi.org.au (viewed 11 June 2005). For an excellent account of the Greenpeace voyages
26. Mulvaney K, The Whaling Season: An Inside Account of the Struggle to Stop Commercial Whaling (Island Press, Washington, 2003).
27. Humane Society International Inc v Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha Ltd [2005] FCA 664 at [30].
28. Commonwealth Attorney-General, "Outline of Submissions of the Attorney-General of the Commonwealth as Amicus Curiae", filed on 25 January 2005. Available at http://www.hsi.org.au viewed 11 June 2005.
29. Commonwealth Attorney-General, n 20, paras [19], [31], [32] and [35].
30. Commonwealth Attorney-General, n 20, paras [14]-[17] and [28]-[30].
31. Commonwealth Attorney-General, n 20, para [17].
32. Commonwealth Attorney-General, n 20, para [17].
33. Victoria v Commonwealth (1911) 12 CLR 667 at 674 - 675, 708 and 715
34. Attorney-General (UK) v Heinemann Publishers Australia Pty Ltd (1988) 165 CLR 30
35. Re Ditford ex parte Deputy Commissioner of Taxation (1988) 19 FCR 347 at 367-373.
36. Note Buttes Gas and Oil Co v Hammer (No 3) [1982] AC 888 at 937-938
37. R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate
38. Ex parte Pinochet Ugarte (No 1) [2000] 1 AC 61 (especially at 106-107 and 111) and (No 3) [2000] 1 AC 147
39. Kuwait Airways Corp v Iraqi Airways Co (Nos 4 and 5) [2002] 2 AC 883 at 1078-1081.
40. Lindell G, "Judicial Review of International Affairs", Ch 6 in Opeskin BR and Rothwell DR, International Law and Australian Federalism (Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1997) p 161.