Potential for the international spread of middle east respiratory syndrome in association with mass gatherings in saudi arabia

PLoS Currents

Volumn 5, Issue Outbreaks, 2013, Pages

  Khan, Kamran ^a,b   Sears, Jennifer ^b   Hu, Vivian Wei ^b   Brownstein, John S ^c   Hay, Simon ^d   Kossowsky, David ^b   Eckhardt, Rose ^b   Chim, Tina ^b   Berry, Isha ^b   Bogoch, Isaac ^a,e   Cetron, Martin ^f,g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK   (Canada)

^f CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^g EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; HEALTH CARE SURVEY; HEALTH ECONOMICS; HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; SAUDI ARABIA; SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME; SOCIAL STATUS;

EID: 84883478640     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21573999     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.a7b70897ac2fa4f79b59f90d24c860b8     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. World Health Organization. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) - update. http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_06_05/en/index.html (accessed June 1, 2013)
2. Update: Severe Respiratory Illness Associated with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) - Worldwide, 2012-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 Jun 14;62(23):480-3. PubMed PMID:23760190.
3. Guery B, Poissy J, El Mansouf L, Séjourné C, Ettahar N, Lemaire X, Vuotto F, Goffard A, Behillil S, Enouf V, Caro V, Mailles A, Che D, Manuguerra JC, Mathieu D, Fontanet A, van der Werf S. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission. Lancet. 2013 May 30. PubMed PMID:23727167.
4. Memish ZA, Zumla AI, Al-Hakeem RF, Al-Rabeeah AA, Stephens GM. Family Cluster of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infections. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jun 27;368(26):2487-2494. PubMed PMID:23718156.
5. Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med. 2012 Nov 8;367(19):1814-20. PubMed PMID:23075143.
6. Albarrak AM, Stephens GM, Hewson R, Memish ZA. Recovery from severe novel coronavirus infection. Saudi Med J. 2012 Dec;33(12):1265-9. PubMed PMID:23232672.
7. Bermingham A, Chand MA, Brown CS, Aarons E, Tong C, Langrish C, Hoschler K, Brown K, Galiano M, Myers R, Pebody RG, Green HK, Boddington NL, Gopal R, Price N, Newsholme W, Drosten C, Fouchier RA, Zambon M. Severe respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus, in a patient transferred to the United Kingdom from the Middle East, September 2012. Euro Surveill. 2012 Oct 4;17(40):20290. PubMed PMID:23078800.
8. Buchholz U, Müller MA, Nitsche A, Sanewski A, Wevering N, Bauer-Balci T, Bonin F, Drosten C, Schweiger B, Wolff T, Muth D, Meyer B, Buda S, Krause G, Schaade L, Haas W. Contact investigation of a case of human novel coronavirus infection treated in a German hospital, October-November 2012. Euro Surveill. 2013 Feb 21;18(8). PubMed PMID:23449231.
9. Evidence of person-to-person transmission within a family cluster of novel coronavirus infections, United Kingdom, February 2013. Euro Surveill. 2013 Mar 14;18(11):20427. PubMed PMID:23517868.
10. Assiri A, McGeer A, Perl TM, Price CS, Al Rabeeah AA, Cummings DA, Alabdullatif ZN, Assad M, Almulhim A, Makhdoom H, Madani H, Alhakeem R, Al-Tawfiq JA, Cotten M, Watson SJ, Kellam P, Zumla AI, Memish ZA. Hospital Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jun 19. PubMed PMID:23782161.
11. van Boheemen S, de Graaf M, Lauber C, Bestebroer TM, Raj VS, Zaki AM, Osterhaus AD, Haagmans BL, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder EJ, Fouchier RA. Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in humans. MBio. 2012 Nov 20;3(6). PubMed PMID:23170002.
12. Annan A, Baldwin HJ, Corman VM, Klose SM, Owusu M, Nkrumah EE, Badu EK, Anti P, Agbenyega O, Meyer B, Oppong S, Sarkodie YA, Kalko EK, Lina PH, Godlevska EV, Reusken C, Seebens A, Gloza-Rausch F, Vallo P, Tschapka M, Drosten C, Drexler JF. Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC/2012-related viruses in bats, Ghana and Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Mar;19(3):456-9. PubMed PMID:23622767.
13. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia. 3,161,573 pilgrims perform Hajj this year. 1.aspx (accessed June 1, 2013)
14. Lingappa JR, Al-Rabeah AM, Hajjeh R, Mustafa T, Fatani A, Al-Bassam T, Badukhan A, Turkistani A, Makki S, Al-Hamdan N, Al-Jeffri M, Al Mazrou Y, Perkins BA, Popovic T, Mayer LW, Rosenstein NE. Serogroup W-135 meningococcal disease during the Hajj, 2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003 Jun;9(6):665-71. PubMed PMID:12781005.
15. Sahni V, Naus M. Measles: An Unwelcome Consequence of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games. http://www.bccdc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/0135E978-A153-40A7-A994-0335A1D2052D/0/VSahniMNaus_MeaslesAnUnwelcomeConsequenceofthe2010WinterOlympicGames.pdf (accessed June 1, 2013)
16. Ministry of Hajj. Muslim Population by Country: Introduction. http://www.hajinformation.com/main/d21.htm (accessed June 1, 2013)
17. Khan K, Memish ZA, Chabbra A, Liauw J, Hu W, Janes DA, Sears J, Arino J, Macdonald M, Calderon F, Raposo P, Heidebrecht C, Wang J, Chan A, Brownstein J, Gardam M. Global public health implications of a mass gathering in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the midst of an influenza pandemic. J Travel Med. 2010 Mar-Apr;17(2):75-81. PubMed PMID:20412172.
18. World Bank. Health expenditure per capita (current US$). http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PCAP (accessed June 1, 2013)
19. Migration Profiles, Center for Migration and Refugee Studies, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2012. (accessed June 1, 2013)
20. Bitar D, Goubar A, Desenclos JC. International travels and fever screening during epidemics: a literature review on the effectiveness and potential use of non-contact infrared thermometers. Euro Surveill. 2009 Feb 12;14(6). PubMed PMID:19215720.
21. Duncan AR, Priest PC, Jennings LC, Brunton CR, Baker MG. Screening for influenza infection in international airline travelers. Am J Public Health. 2009 Oct;99 Suppl 2:S360-2. PubMed PMID:19797749.
22. Khan K, Eckhardt R, Brownstein JS, Naqvi R, Hu W, Kossowsky D, Scales D, Arino J, MacDonald M, Wang J, Sears J, Cetron MS. Entry and exit screening of airline travellers during the A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic: a retrospective evaluation. Bull World Health Organ. 2013 May 1;91(5):368-76. PubMed PMID:23678200.
23. Pitman RJ, Cooper BS, Trotter CL, Gay NJ, Edmunds WJ. Entry screening for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or influenza: policy evaluation. BMJ. 2005 Nov 26;331(7527):1242-3. PubMed PMID:16176938.
24. St John RK, King A, de Jong D, Bodie-Collins M, Squires SG, Tam TW. Border screening for SARS. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005 Jan;11(1):6-10. PubMed PMID:15705315.
25. World Health Organization. Revision of the International Health Regulations (2005). (accessed March 15, 2009)
26. Ahmed QA, Arabi YM, Memish ZA. Health risks at the Hajj. Lancet. 2006 Mar 25;367(9515):1008-15. PubMed PMID:16564364.
27. El Bashir H, Haworth E, Zambon M, Shafi S, Zuckerman J, Booy R. Influenza among U.K. pilgrims to hajj, 2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Oct;10(10):1882-3. PubMed PMID:15515248.
28. Memish ZA, Venkatesh S, Ahmed QA. Travel epidemiology: the Saudi perspective. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003 Feb;21(2):96-101. PubMed PMID:12615370.
29. Rashid H, Shafi S, Haworth E, El Bashir H, Memish ZA, Sudhanva M, Smith M, Auburn H, Booy R. Viral respiratory infections at the Hajj: comparison between UK and Saudi pilgrims. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2008 Jun;14(6):569-74. PubMed PMID:18373688.
30. Balkhy HH, Memish ZA, Bafaqeer S, Almuneef MA. Influenza a common viral infection among Hajj pilgrims: time for routine surveillance and vaccination. J Travel Med. 2004 Mar-Apr;11(2):82-6. PubMed PMID:15109471.
31. Mandourah Y, Al-Radi A, Ocheltree AH, Ocheltree SR, Fowler RA. Clinical and temporal patterns of severe pneumonia causing critical illness during Hajj. BMC Infect Dis. 2012 May 16;12:117. PubMed PMID:22591189.
32. Benkouiten S, Charrel R, Belhouchat K, Drali T, Salez N, Nougairede A, Zandotti C, Memish ZA, Al Masri M, Gaillard C, Parola P, Brouqui P, Gautret P. Circulation of respiratory viruses among pilgrims during the 2012 Hajj pilgrimage. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Jul 9. PubMed PMID:23839997.
33. Svoboda T, Henry B, Shulman L, Kennedy E, Rea E, Ng W, Wallington T, Yaffe B, Gournis E, Vicencio E, Basrur S, Glazier RH. Public health measures to control the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome during the outbreak in Toronto. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 3;350(23):2352-61. PubMed PMID:15175437.
34. Breban R, Riou J, Fontanet A. Interhuman transmissibility of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: estimation of pandemic risk. Lancet. 2013 Jul 4. PubMed PMID:23831141.