A review on nanomaterial dispersion, microstructure, and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube and nanofiber reinforced cementitious composites

Journal of Nanomaterials

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Parveen, Shama ^a   Rana, Sohel ^a   Fangueiro, Raul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CEMENT-BASED COMPOSITES; CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES; CEMENTITIOUS MATRICES; CRITICAL REVIEW; MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; MULTIFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES; POLYMERIC MATRICES; REINFORCED CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES;

CARBON NANOTUBES; DISPERSIONS; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; MICROSTRUCTURE; NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOFIBERS; REINFORCEMENT;

ELECTRIC PROPERTIES;

EID: 84883147531     PISSN: 16874110     EISSN: 16874129     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/710175     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Akkaya Y., Shah S. P., Ghandehari M., Influence of fiber dispersion on the performance of microfiber reinforced cement composites. American Concrete Institute 2003 216 1 18
2. Makar J. M., Beaudoin J. J., Carbon nanotubes and their applications in the construction industry. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Construction June 2003 Paisley, Scotland 331 341
3. 2 Cement and Concrete Research 2004 34 6 1043 1049 2-s2.0-2142651760 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.11.013
4. 2 addition on properties of hardened cement paste as compared with silica fume. Construction and Building Materials 2007 21 3 539 545 2-s2.0-33845390846 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.09.001
5. 2 and different ash particle sizes on sludge ash-cement mortar. Journal of Environmental Management 2008 88 4 708 714 2-s2.0-47249130877 10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.03.036
6. Li H., Xiao H.-G., Yuan J., Ou J., Microstructure of cement mortar with nano-particles. Composites Part B 2004 35 2 185 189 2-s2.0-1242329200 10.1016/S1359-8368(03)00052-0
7. Li H., Zhang M.-H., Ou J.-P., Abrasion resistance of concrete containing nano-particles for pavement. Wear 2006 260 11-12 1262 1266 2-s2.0-33646756595 10.1016/j.wear.2005.08.006
8. 2 and carbon fiber. Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society 2004 32 7 884 887 2-s2.0-5144234122
9. 2 Journal of the Chinese Ceramic Society 2006 34 9 1158 1161 2-s2.0-33751434398
10. 3S hydration. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 2010 93 10 3399 3405 2-s2.0-78649586459 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03868.x
11. Cassar L., Nanotechnology and photocatalysis in cementitious materials. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Construction November 2005 Bilbao, Spain NANOC 277 683
12. Chen S. J., Collins F. G., Macleod A. J. N., Pan Z., Duan W. H., Wang C. M., Carbon nanotube-cement composites: a retrospect. IES Journal Part A 2011 4 4 254 265 2-s2.0-84859410752 10.1080/19373260.2011.615474
13. Pacheco-Torgal F., Jalali S., Nanotechnology: advantages and drawbacks in the field of construction and building materials. Construction and Building Materials 2011 25 2 582 590 2-s2.0-78649808723 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.009
14. Pellenq R. J.-M., Kushima A., Shahsavari R., Van Vliet K. J., Buehler M. J., Yip S., Ulm F.-J., A realistic molecular model of cement hydrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009 106 38 16102 16107 2-s2.0-70349496212 10.1073/pnas.0902180106
15. Allen A. J., Thomas J. J., Jennings H. M., Composition and density of nanoscale calcium-silicate-hydrate in cement. Nature Materials 2007 6 4 311 316 2-s2.0-34047162409 10.1038/nmat1871
16. Mondal P., Nanomechanical properties of cementitious materials [Ph.D. thesis] 2008 Evanston, Ill, USA Civil and environment engineering. Northwestern University
17. MacLaren D. C., White M. A., Cement: its chemistry and properties. Journal of Chemical Education 2003 80 6 623 635 2-s2.0-0038527361
18. Odler I., Hydration, setting and hardening of Portland cement. Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete 1998 Butterworth & Heinemann 241 297
19. Abdoveis J. M., An examination of concrete durability [M.S. thesis] 2003 MIT
20. Djuric M., Ranogajec J., Omorjan R., Miletic S., Sulfate corrosion of portland cement-pure and blended with 30% of fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research 1996 26 9 1295 1300 2-s2.0-0030247568 10.1016/0008-8846(96)00127-5
21. Czernin W., Chemistry and Physics of Cement for Civil EngineersCo 1962 New York, NY, USA Chemical Publishing
22. Beyea S. D., Balcom B. J., Bremner T. W., Prado P. J., Cross A. R., Armstrong R. L., Grattan-Bellew P. E., The influence of shrinkage-cracking on the drying behaviour of White Portland cement using Single-Point Imaging (SPI). Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1998 13 1-2 93 100 2-s2.0-0032196512
23. 60: buckminsterfullerene. Nature 1985 318 6042 162 163 2-s2.0-1542743726 10.1038/318162a0
24. Iijima S., Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature 1991 354 6348 56 58 2-s2.0-0342819025
25. Odom T. W., Huang J.-L., Kim P., Lieber C. M., Structure and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2000 104 13 2794 2809 2-s2.0-0001117790
26. Rana S., Alagirusamy R., Joshi M., A review on carbon epoxy nanocomposites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 2009 28 4 461 487 2-s2.0-59549098654 10.1177/0731684407085417
27. Khare R., Bose S., Carbon nanotube based composites-a review. Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering 2005 4 1 31 46
28. Xie X.-L., Mai Y.-W., Zhou X.-P., Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix: a review. Materials Science and Engineering R: Reports 2005 49 4 89 112 2-s2.0-22344447856 10.1016/j.mser.2005.04.002
29. Szleifer I., Yerushalmi-Rozen R., Polymers and carbon nanotubes-dimensionality, interactions and nanotechnology. Polymer 2005 46 19 7803 7818 2-s2.0-23944461528 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.05.104
30. Lau A. K.-T., Hui D., The revolutionary creation of new advanced materials-carbon nanotube composites. Composites Part B 2002 33 4 263 277 2-s2.0-0036603751 10.1016/S1359-8368(02)00012-4
31. Thostenson E. T., Ren Z., Chou T.-W., Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review. Composites Science and Technology 2001 61 13 1899 1912 2-s2.0-33748700413
32. Tanaka K., Yamabe T., Fukui K., The Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes 1999 Oxford, UK Elsevier
33. Ajayan P. M., Schadler L. S., Braun P. V., Nanocomposite Science and Technology 2003 Weinheim, Germany Wiley-VCH
34. Al-Saleh M. H., Sundararaj U., A review of vapor grown carbon nanofiber/polymer conductive composites. Carbon 2009 47 1 2 22 2-s2.0-56949101736 10.1016/j.carbon.2008.09.039
35. Hughes T. V., Chambers CR. Manufacture of Carbon Filaments 1889 US Patent 405
36. Radushkevich L. V., Lukyanovich V. M., The structure of carbon forming in thermal decomposition of carbon monoxide on an iron catalyst. Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii 1952 26 88 95
37. Mordkovich V. Z., Carbon nanofibers: a new ultrahigh-strength material for chemical technology. Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 2003 37 5 429 438 2-s2.0-0141873067 10.1023/A:1026082323244
38. Lee B. O., Woo W. J., Kim M.-S., Mechanical properties and nanostructure of cement-based materials reinforced with carbon nanofibers and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microfibers. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 2001 286 2 114 118 2-s2.0-0037763154
39. 4 system. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2005 109 38 17825 17830 2-s2.0-26844551555 10.1021/jp052494y
40. Hammel E., Tang X., Trampert M., Schmitt T., Mauthner K., Eder A., Pötschke P., Carbon nanofibers for composite applications. Carbon 2004 42 5-6 1153 1158 2-s2.0-2342578237 10.1016/j.carbon.2003.12.043
41. Kuzuya C., In-Hwang W., Hirako S., Hishikawa Y., Motojima S., Preparation, morphology, and growth mechanism of carbon nanocoils. Chemical Vapor Deposition 2002 8 2 57 62
42. Mukhopadhyay K., Porwal D., Lal D., Ram K., Mathur G. N., Synthesis of coiled/straight carbon nanofibers by catalytic chemical vapor deposition. Carbon 2004 42 15 3254 3256 2-s2.0-5744221246 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.07.017
43. Brandl W., Marginean G., Chirila V., Warschewski W., Production and characterisation of vapour grown carbon fiber/polypropylene composites. Carbon 2004 42 1 5 9 2-s2.0-0344740676 10.1016/j.carbon.2003.09.012
44. Tibbetts G. G., Lake M. L., Strong K. L., Rice B. P., A review of the fabrication and properties of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber/polymer composites. Composites Science and Technology 2007 67 7-8 1709 1718 2-s2.0-33847754185 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.06.015
45. Miyagawa H., Rich M. J., Drzal L. T., Thermo-physical properties of epoxy nanocomposites reinforced by carbon nanotubes and vapor grown carbon fibers. Thermochimica Acta 2006 442 1-2 67 73 2-s2.0-33644957456 10.1016/j.tca.2006.01. 016
46. Thostenson E. T., Li C., Chou T.-W., Nanocomposites in context. Composites Science and Technology 2005 65 3-4 491 516 2-s2.0-11444269721 10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.11.003
47. Uchida T., Anderson D. P., Minus M. L., Kumar S., Morphology and modulus of vapor grown carbon nano fibers. Journal of Materials Science 2006 41 18 5851 5856 2-s2.0-33748636244 10.1007/s10853-006-0324-0
48. Merkulov V. I., Lowndes D. H., Wei Y. Y., Eres G., Voelkl E., Patterned growth of individual and multiple vertically aligned carbon nanofibers. Applied Physics Letters 2000 76 24 3555 3557 2-s2.0-0001757428
49. Endo M., Kim Y. A., Ezaka M., Osada K., Yanagisawa T., Hayashi T., Terrones M., Dresselhaus M. S., Selective and efficient impregnation of metal nanoparticles on cup-stacked-type carbon nanofibers. Nano Letters 2003 3 6 723 726 2-s2.0-0141563574 10.1021/nl034136h
50. Ausman K. D., Piner R., Lourie O., Ruoff R. S., Korobov M., Organic solvent dispersions of single-walled carbon nanotubes: toward solutions of pristine nanotubes. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2000 104 38 8911 8915 2-s2.0-0033632652
51. Vaisman L., Marom G., Wagner H. D., Dispersions of surface-modified carbon nanotubes in water-soluble and water-insoluble polymers. Advanced Functional Materials 2006 16 3 357 363 2-s2.0-32244435448 10.1002/adfm.200500142
52. Bystrzejewski M., Huczko A., Lange H., Gemming T., Büchner B., Rümmeli M. H., Dispersion and diameter separation of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 2010 345 2 138 142 2-s2.0-77951094270 10.1016/j.jcis.2010.01.081
53. Paredes J. I., Burghard M., Dispersions of individual single-walled carbon nanotubes of high length. Langmuir 2004 20 12 5149 5152 2-s2.0-2942700441 10.1021/la049831z
54. Pang J., Xu G., Yuan S., Tan Y., He F., Dispersing carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions by a silicon surfactant: experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study. Colloids and Surfaces A 2009 350 1-3 101 108 2-s2.0-70349782282 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.09.011
55. Peng H., Alemany L. B., Margrave J. L., Khabashesku V. N., Sidewall carboxylic acid functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2003 125 49 15174 15182 2-s2.0-0345529822 10.1021/ja037746s
56. Wang Y., Iqbal Z., Malhotra S. V., Functionalization of carbon nanotubes with amines and enzymes. Chemical Physics Letters 2005 402 1-3 96 101 2-s2.0-11444260678 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.11.099
57. Lavskaya Y. V., Bulusheva L. G., Okotrub A. V., Yudanov N. F., Vyalikh D. V., Fonseca A., Comparative study of fluorinated single- and few-wall carbon nanotubes by X-ray photoelectron and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Carbon 2009 47 7 1629 1636 2-s2.0-64749089030 10.1016/j.carbon.2009.01.046
58. 4 treatments. Journal of Applied Physics 2005 98 7 2-s2.0-27144547511 10.1063/1.2071455 074308
59. Utegulov Z. N., Mast D. B., He P., Shi D., Gilland R. F., Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes using isotropic plasma treatment: resonant Raman spectroscopy study. Journal of Applied Physics 2005 97 10 1 4 2-s2.0-20944448642 10.1063/1.1913801 104324
60. Wang Y., Iqbal Z., Mitra S., Rapidly functionalized, water-dispersed carbon nanotubes at high concentration. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2006 128 1 95 99 2-s2.0-30744461850 10.1021/ja053003q
61. Gonzalez-Dominguez J. M., Martinez-Rubi Y., Diez-Pascual M., Anson-Casaos A., Gomez-Fatou M., Simard B., Teresa Martinez M., Reactive fillers based on SWCNTs functionalized with matrix-based moieties for the production of epoxy composites with superior and tunable properties. Nanotechnology 2012 23 28 285702
62. Lee J. U., Huh J., Kim K. H., Park C., Jo W. H., Aqueous suspension of carbon nanotubes via non-covalent functionalization with oligothiophene- terminated poly(ethylene glycol). Carbon 2007 45 5 1051 1057 2-s2.0-34047126554 10.1016/j.carbon.2006.12.017
63. Xin X., Xu G., Zhao T., Zhu Y., Shi X., Gong H., Zhang Z., Dispersing carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions by a starlike block copolymer. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2008 112 42 16377 16384 2-s2.0-55649120454 10.1021/jp8059344
64. Nativ-Roth E., Shvartzman-Cohen R., Bounioux C., Florent M., Dongsheng Z., Szleifer I., Yerushalmi-Rozen R., Physical adsorption of block copolymers to SWNT and MWNT: a nonwrapping mechanism. Macromolecules 2007 40 10 3676 3685 2-s2.0-34249668801 10.1021/ma0705366
65. Haggenmueller R., Rahatekar S. S., Fagan J. A., Chun J., Becker M. L., Naik R. R., Krauss T., Carlson L., Kadla J. F., Trulove P. C., Fox D. F., DeLong H. C., Fang Z., Kelley S. O., Gilrnan J. W., Comparison of the quality of aqueous dispersions of single wall carbon nanotubes using surfactants and biomolecules. Langmuir 2008 24 9 5070 5078 2-s2.0-44249083545 10.1021/la703008r
66. Sabba Y., Thomas E. L., High-concentration dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes. Macromolecules 2004 37 13 4815 4820 2-s2.0-3142533017 10.1021/ma049706u
67. Zhu J., Yudasaka M., Zhang M., Iijima S., Dispersing carbon nanotubes in water: a noncovalent and nonorganic way. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2004 108 31 11317 11320 2-s2.0-4143065742 10.1021/jp0494032
68. Ma P. C., Kim J.-K., Tang B. Z., Effects of silane functionalization on the properties of carbon nanotube/epoxy nanocomposites. Composites Science and Technology 2007 67 14 2965 2972 2-s2.0-34548205353 10.1016/j.compscitech.2007. 05.006
69. Sahoo N. G., Jung Y. C., Yoo H. J., Cho J. W., Effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on molecular interaction and properties of polyurethane composites. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 2006 207 19 1773 1780 2-s2.0-33750024194 10.1002/macp.200600266
70. Yuen S.-M., Ma C.-C. M., Lin Y.-Y., Kuan H.-C., Preparation, morphology and properties of acid and amine modified multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyimide composite. Composites Science and Technology 2007 67 11-12 2564 2573 2-s2.0-34248577171 10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.12.006
71. Koval'chuk A. A., Shevchenko V. G., Shchegolikhin A. N., Nedorezova P. M., Klyamkina A. N., Aladyshev A. M., Effect of carbon nanotube functionalization on the structural and mechanical properties of polypropylene/MWCNT composites. Macromolecules 2008 41 20 7536 7542 2-s2.0-55649102330 10.1021/ma801599q
72. Byrne M. T., McNamee W. P., Gun'ko Y. K., Chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes for the mechanical reinforcement of polystyrene composites. Nanotechnology 2008 19 41 2-s2.0-56349128243 10.1088/0957-4484/19/41/415707 415707
73. Kim K. H., Jo W. H., Improvement of tensile properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) by dispersing multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with poly(3-hexylthiophene)-graft-poly(methyl methacrylate). Composites Science and Technology 2008 68 9 2120 2124 2-s2.0-44149107283 10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.03. 008
74. Liao Y.-H., Marietta-Tondin O., Liang Z., Zhang C., Wang B., Investigation of the dispersion process of SWNTs/SC-15 epoxy resin nanocomposites. Materials Science and Engineering A 2004 385 1-2 175 181 2-s2.0-7244228061 10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.031
75. Gopalakrishnan K., Birgisson B., Taylor P., Attoh-Okine N. O., Nanotechnology in Civil InfrAstructure a paradigm Shift 2011 Heidelberg, Germany Springer
76. Cota F. P., Panzera T. H., Schiavon M. A., Christoforo A. L., Borges P. H. R., Bowen C., Scarpa F., Full factorial design analysis of carbon nanotube polymer-cement composites. Materials Research 2012 15 4 573 580 10.1590/S1516-14392012005000077
77. Yazdanbakhsh A., Grasley Z. C., Tyson B., Abu Al-Rub R. K., Carbon nano filaments in cementitious materials: Some issues on dispersion and interfacial bond. ACI Fall 2009 Convention November 2009 31 34 2-s2.0-77952386339
78. Yazdanbakhsh A., Grasley Z., Tyson B., Abu Al-Rub R. K., Distribution of carbon nanofibers and nanotubes in cementitious composites. Transportation Research Record 2010 2142 89 95 2-s2.0-78649957683 10.3141/2142-13
79. Bentz D. P., Garboczi E. J., Haecker C. J., Jensen O. M., Effects of cement particle size distribution on performance properties of Portland cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Research 1999 29 10 1663 1671 2-s2.0-0033211102
80. Yazdanbakhsh A., Grasley Z., The theoretical maximum achievable dispersion of nanoinclusions in cement paste. Cement and Concrete Research 2012 42 6 798 804 2-s2.0-84858719425 10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.03.001
81. Konsta-Gdoutos M. S., Metaxa Z. S., Shah S. P., Highly dispersed carbon nanotube reinforced cement based materials. Cement and Concrete Research 2010 40 7 1052 1059 2-s2.0-77953131473 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.02.015
82. Metaxa Z. S., Konsta-Gdoutos M. S., Shah S. P., Mechanical properties and nanostructure of cement-based materials reinforced with carbon nanofibers and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) microfibers. ACI Spring 2010 Convention March 2010 115 126 2-s2.0-79952337107
83. Luo J., Duan Z., Li H., The influence of surfactants on the processing of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in reinforced cement matrix composites. Physica Status Solidi A 2009 206 12 2783 2790 2-s2.0-73849099408 10.1002/pssa.200824310
84. Islam M. F., Rojas E., Bergey D. M., Johnson A. T., Yodh A. G., High weight fraction surfactant solubilization of single-wall carbon nanotubes in water. Nano Letters 2003 3 2 269 273 2-s2.0-0141851234 10.1021/nl025924u
85. Yu X., Kwon E., A carbon nanotube/cement composite with piezoresistive properties. Smart Materials and Structures 2009 18 5 2-s2.0-68549128913 10.1088/0964-1726/18/5/055010 055010
86. Cwirzen A., Habermehl-Cwirzen K., Penttala V., Surface decoration of carbon nanotubes and mechanical properties of cement/carbon nanotube composites. Advances in Cement Research 2008 20 2 65 73 2-s2.0-41549084571 10.1680/adcr.2008.20.2.65
87. Veedu V. P.,. Multifunctional cementitious nanocomposite material and methods of making the same, Patent: US, 7666327 B1, 2010
88. Azhari F., Cement-Based Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring. Dissertation for the Master Degree of Applied Science 2008 Vancouver, Canada University of British Columbia
89. Azhari F., Banthia N., Structural health monitoring using piezoresistive cementitious composites. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies June Ancona, Italy
90. Collins F., Lambert J., Duan W. H., The influences of admixtures on the dispersion, workability, and strength of carbon nanotube-OPC paste mixtures. Cement and Concrete Composites 2012 34 2 201 207 2-s2.0-84655170170 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.09.013
91. Rixom R., Mailvaganam N., Chemical Admixtures Handbook for Concreteed 1999 3rd London, UK E & FN Spon
92. Chung D. D. L., Improving cement-based materials by using silica fume. Journal of Materials Science 2002 37 4 673 682 2-s2.0-0037084017 10.1023/A:1013889725971
93. Neville A. M., Properties of Concrete 2005 New York, NY, USA Pearson Education Limited
94. Bentz D. P., Jensen O. M., Coats A. M., Glasser F. P., Influence of silica fume on diffusivity in cement-based materials. I. Experimental and computer modeling studies on cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research 2000 30 6 953 962 2-s2.0-0034207439 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00264-7
95. Toutanji H., McNeil S., Bayasi Z., Chloride permeability and impact resistance of polypropylene-fiber-reinforced silica fume concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 1998 28 7 961 968 2-s2.0-0032119884
96. Chung D. D. L., Dispersion of short fibers in cement. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2005 17 4 379 383 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2005) 17:4(379)
97. Sanchez F., Ince C., Microstructure and macroscopic properties of hybrid carbon nanofiber/silica fume cement composites. Composites Science and Technology 2009 69 7-8 1310 1318 2-s2.0-64849100940 10.1016/j.compscitech.2009. 03.006
98. Sanchez F., Carbon nanofiber/cement composites: challenges and promises as structural materials. International Journal of Materials and Structural Integrity 2009 3 2-3 217 226 10.1504/IJMSI.2009.028615
99. Li G. Y., Wang P. M., Zhao X., Pressure-sensitive properties and microstructure of carbon nanotube reinforced cement composites. Cement and Concrete Composites 2007 29 5 377 382 2-s2.0-33947596817 10.1016/j.cemconcomp. 2006.12.011
100. Sanchez F., Zhang L., Ince C., Multi-scale performance and durability of carbon nanofiber/cement composites. 3 Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Construction 2009 345 350
101. Li G. Y., Wang P. M., Zhao X., Mechanical behavior and microstructure of cement composites incorporating surface-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Carbon 2005 43 6 1239 1245 2-s2.0-15844397936 10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.017
102. Nasibulina L. I., Anoshkin I. V., Nasibulin A. G., Cwirzen A., Penttala V., Kauppinen E. I., Effect of carbon nanotube aqueous dispersion quality on mechanical properties of cement composite. Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 2012 2-s2.0-84859759979 10.1155/2012/169262 169262
103. Han B., Zhang K., Yu X., Kwon E., Ou J., Electrical characteristics and pressure-sensitive response measurements of carboxyl MWNT/cement composites. Cement and Concrete Composites 2012 34 6 794 800 2-s2.0-84859921096 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.012
104. Nasibulin A. G., Shandakov S. D., Nasibulina L. I., Cwirzen A., Mudimela P. R., Habermehl-Cwirzen K., Grishin D. A., Gavrilov Y. V., Malm J. E. M., Tapper U., Tian Y., Penttala V., Karppinen M. J., Kauppinen E. I., A novel cement-based hybrid material. New Journal of Physics 2009 11 2-s2.0-62649174144 10.1088/1367-2630/11/2/023013 023013
105. Mudimela P. R., Nasibulina L. I., Nasibulin A. G., Cwirzen A., Valkeapää M., Habermehl-Cwirzen K., Malm J. E. M., Karppinen M. J., Penttala V., Koltsova T. S., Tolochko O. V., Kauppinen E. I., Synthesis of carbon nanotubes and nanofibers on silica and cement matrix materials. Journal of Nanomaterials 2009 2009 2-s2.0-77649244969 10.1155/2009/526128 526128
106. Metaxa Z. S., Seo J.-W. T., Konsta-Gdoutos M. S., Hersam M. C., Shah S. P., Highly concentrated carbon nanotube admixture for nano-fiber reinforced cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Composites 2012 34 5 612 617 2-s2.0-84859156071 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.01.006
107. Nochaiya T., Chaipanich A., Behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the porosity and microstructure of cement-based materials. Applied Surface Science 2011 257 6 1941 1945 2-s2.0-78650262638 10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.09.030
108. Makar J., Margeson J., Luh J., Carbon nanotube/cement composites-early results and potential applications. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Construction Materials: Performance 2005 Vancouver, Canada Innovations and Structural Implications
109. Al-Rub R. K. A., Ashour A. I., Tyson B. M., On the aspect ratio effect of multi-walled carbon nanotube reinforcements on the mechanical properties of cementitious nanocomposites. Construction and Building Materials 2012 35 647 655 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.086
110. Metaxa Z. S., Konsta-Gdoutos M. S., Shah S. P., Carbon nanofiber cementitious composites: effect of debulking pro11-cedure on dispersion and reinforcing efficiency. Cement and Concrete Composites 2013 36 25 32
111. Yazdanbakhsh A., Grasley Z., Tyson B., Al-Rub R. A., Challenges and benefits of utilizing carbon nanofilaments in cementitious materials. Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 2012 8 371927 10.1155/2012/371927
112. Musso S., Tulliani J.-M., Ferro G., Tagliaferro A., Influence of carbon nanotubes structure on the mechanical behavior of cement composites. Composites Science and Technology 2009 69 11-12 1985 1990 2-s2.0-67649130114 10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.05.002
113. Yakovlev G., Keriene J., Gailius A., Girniene I., Cement based foam concrete reinforced by carbon nanotubes. Materials Science 2006 12 2 147 151
114. Langan B. W., Weng K., Ward M. A., Effect of silica fume and fly ash on heat of hydration of Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research 2002 32 7 1045 1051 2-s2.0-0036643811 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00742-1
115. Saraswathy V., Song H.-W., Evaluation of corrosion resistance of Portland pozzolana cement and fly ash blended cements in pre-cracked reinforced concrete slabs under accelerated testing conditions. Materials Chemistry and Physics 2007 104 2-3 356 361 2-s2.0-34447576803 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.03.033
116. Yen T., Hsu T.-H., Liu Y.-W., Chen S.-H., Influence of class F fly ash on the abrasion-erosion resistance of high-strength concrete. Construction and Building Materials 2007 21 2 458 463 2-s2.0-33748289555 10.1016/j.conbuildmat. 2005.06.051
117. Zuquan J., Wei S., Yunsheng Z., Jinyang J., Jianzhong L., Interaction between sulfate and chloride solution attack of concretes with and without fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research 2007 37 8 1223 1232 2-s2.0-34547560967 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.016
118. Miranda J. M., Fernández-Jiménez A., González J. A., Palomo A., Corrosion resistance in activated fly ash mortars. Cement and Concrete Research 2005 35 6 1210 1217 2-s2.0-19044388950 10.1016/j.cemconres. 2004.07.030
119. Yazici H., The effect of silica fume and high-volume Class C fly ash on mechanical properties, chloride penetration and freeze-thaw resistance of self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials 2008 22 4 456 462 2-s2.0-38749154278 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.01.002
120. Chaipanich A., Nochaiya T., Wongkeo W., Torkittikul P., Compressive strength and microstructure of carbon nanotubes-fly ash cement composites. Materials Science and Engineering A 2010 527 4-5 1063 1067 2-s2.0-72549096717 10.1016/j.msea.2009.09.039
121. Morsy M. S., Alsayed S. H., Aqel M., Hybrid effect of carbon nanotube and nano-clay on physico-mechanical properties of cement mortar. Construction and Building Materials 2011 25 1 145 149 2-s2.0-77957684207 10.1016/j.conbuildmat. 2010.06.046
122. Wild S., Khatib J. M., Jones A., Relative strength, pozzolanic activity and cement hydration in superplasticised metakaolin concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 1996 26 10 1537 1544 2-s2.0-0030260952 10.1016/0008-8846(96) 00148-2
123. Jones T. R., Walters G. V., Kostuch J. A., Role of metakaolin in suppressing ASR in concrete containing reactive aggregate and exposed to saturated NaCl solution. 1 Proceedings of the 9th International Conference Alkali-Aggregate Reaction Concrete 1992 485 496
124. Khatib J. M., Wild S., Sulphate resistance of metakaolin mortar. Cement and Concrete Research 1998 28 1 83 92 2-s2.0-0031675108
125. Dubey A., Banthia N., Influence of high-reactivity metakaolin and silica fume on the flexural toughness of high-performance steel fiber-reinforced concrete. ACI Materials Journal 1998 95 3 284 292 2-s2.0-0032071128
126. Hunashyal A. M., Lohitha S. J., Quadri S. S., Banapurmath N. R., Experimental investigation of the effect of carbon nanotubes and carbon fibres on the behaviour of plain cement composite beams. IES Journal Part A 2011 4 1 29 36 2-s2.0-79951500712 10.1080/19373260.2011.548160
127. Galao O., Zornoza E., Baeza F. J., Bernabeu A., Garces P., Effect of carbon nanofiber addition in the mechanical properties and durability of cementitious materials. Materiales de Construcción 2012 62 307 343 357