Material aspects of Solar Salt for sensible heat storage

Applied Energy

Volumn 111, Issue , 2013, Pages 1114-1119

  Bauer, Thomas ^a   Pfleger, Nicole ^a   Breidenbach, Nils ^a   Eck, Markus ^a   Laing, Doerte ^a   Kaesche, Stefanie ^b  

^a GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART   (Germany)

Author keywords

Corrosion; Molten salt; Nitrite formation; Oxide formation; Thermophysical properties

Indexed keywords

CORROSION; DECOMPOSITION; HEAT STORAGE; ISOTHERMS; METALLORGANIC CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION; NITRATES; SOLAR ENERGY; THERMOANALYSIS; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES;

CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER; DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURE; MOLTEN SALT; NITRITE FORMATION; OXIDE FORMATION; PARTIAL OXYGEN PRESSURES; THERMAL DECOMPOSITION PROCESS; THERMOGRAVIMETRIC MEASUREMENT;

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY;

DECOMPOSITION; HEAT BUDGET; MEASUREMENT METHOD; NITRATE; OXIDE; SALT; TEMPERATURE EFFECT;

EID: 84883052526     PISSN: 03062619     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.072     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Laing D, Bauer T, Breidenbach N, Hachmann B, Johnson M. Development of high temperature phase-change-material storages. Appl Energy 2013;109:497-504.
2. Schaube F., Koch L., Wörner A., Müller-Steinhagen H. A thermodynamic and kinetic study of the de- and rehydration of Ca(OH)2 at high H2O partial pressures for thermo-chemical heat storage. Thermochim Acta 2012, 538:9-20. 10.1016/j.tca.2012.03.003.
3. Pacheco JE. Final test and evalution results from the solar two project. Albuquerque (NM): Sandia National Laboratories. Report No.: SAND2002-0120; 2002.
4. Dunn R.I., Hearps P.J., Wright M.N. Molten-salt power towers: newly commercial concentrating solar storage. Proc IEEE 2012, 100:504-515. 10.1109/jproc.2011.2163739.
5. Yang Z., Garimella S.V. Molten-salt thermal energy storage in thermoclines under different environmental boundary conditions. Appl Energy 2010, 87:3322-3329. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.04.024.
6. Flueckiger S., Yang Z., Garimella S.V. An integrated thermal and mechanical investigation of molten-salt thermocline energy storage. Appl Energy 2011, 88:2098-2105. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.031.
7. Guillot S., Faik A., Rakhmatullin A., Lambert J., Veron E., Echegut P., et al. Corrosion effects between molten salts and thermal storage material for concentrated solar power plants. Appl Energy 2012, 94:174-181. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.12.057.
8. Calvet N, Gomez JC, Faik A, Roddatis VV, Meffre A, Glatzmaier GC, et al. Compatibility of a post-industrial ceramic with nitrate molten salts for use as filler material in a thermocline storage system. Appl Energy 2013;109:387-93.
9. Carling R.W., Kramer C.M., Bradshaw R.W., Nissen D.A., Goods S.H., Mar R.W., et al. Molten nitrate salt technology development - development status report 1981, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore (CA), Report No.: SAND80-8052.
10. Nissen D.A., Meeker D.E. Nitrate/nitrite chemistry in sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate melts. Inorg Chem 1983, 22:716-721. 10.1021/ic00147a004.
11. 2(g) over the temperature range 550-750°C. J Phys Chem 1966, 70:3442-3446. 10.1021/j100883a012.
12. Bradshaw R.W., Carling R.W. A review of chemical and physical properties of molten alkali nitrate salts and their effect on materials used for solar central receivers 1987, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque (NM), Report No.: SAND87-8005.
13. Kust R.N., Burke J.D. Thermal decomposition in alkali metal nitrate melts. Inorg Nucl Chem Lett 1970, 6:333-335.
14. Paniccia F., Zambonin P.G. Redox mechanisms in an ionic matrix. III. Kinetics of the reaction nitrite ion+molecular oxygen=nitrate ion in molten alkali nitrates. J Phys Chem 1973, 77:1810-1813. 10.1021/j100633a018.
15. Sirotkin G.D. Equilibrium in melts of the nitrates and nitrites of sodium and potassium. Russ J Inorg Chem 1959, 4:1180-1182.
16. Plambeck J.A. Sodium nitrate - potassium nitrate. Encyclopedia of electrochemistry of the elements 1976, vol. X:189-232. Marcel Dekker, New York.
17. Raade J.W., Padowitz D. Development of molten salt heat transfer fluid with low melting point and high thermal stability. ASME J Sol Energy Eng 2011, 133:031013. 10.1115/1.4004243.
18. Bauer T., Laing D., Tamme R. Characterization of sodium nitrate as phase change material. Int J Thermophys 2011, 33:91-104. 10.1007/s10765-011-1113-9.
19. Bradshaw R.W. Effect of composition on the density of multi-component molten nitrate salts 2009, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque (NM), Dez. Report No.: SAND2009-8221.
20. Janz G.J., Krebs U., Siegenthaler H.F., Tomkins R.P.T. Molten salts: volume 3, nitrates, nitrites, and mixtures, electrical conductance, density, viscosity, and surface tension data. J Phys Chem Ref Data 1972, 1:581-746.
21. 2+KCl. Revue de chimie 1959, 2:227-241. [in German].
22. Murgulescu I.G., Zuca Ş. Viscosity of binary mixtures of molten nitrates as a function of ionic radius - II. Electrochimica Acta 1969, 14:519-526.
23. Polyakov V.D., Beruli S.H. Specific weight of alloys from nitrate and nitrite systems of potassium and sodium. Izvest Siktora Fiz Khim Anal 1955, 26:164-172. (in Russian).
24. Pacheco J.E., Ralph M.E., Chavez J.M., Dunkin S.R., Rush E.E., Ghanbari C.M., et al. Results of molten salt panel and component experiments for solar central receivers: cold fill, freeze/thaw, thermal cycling and shock, and instrumentation tests 1995, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque (NM), Report No.: SAND94-2525.
25. Zavoico A.B. Solar power tower - design basics document - revision 0 2001, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque (NM), Report No.: SAND2001-2100.
26. Ichikawa K., Matsumoto T. The heat capacities of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium nitrates in the solid and liquid states. Bul Chem Soc Jpn 1983, 56:2093-2100.
27. 3. Enthalpies and heat capacities. J Chem Eng Data 1982, 27:424-428.
28. 3. Int J Thermophys 1988, 9:1081-1090.
29. 3 from 350 to 800K. Thermochim Acta 1983, 60:265-275.
30. Gustafsson S.E., Halling N.-O., Kjellander A.E. Optical determination of thermal conductivity with a plane source technique - I molten sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung 1968, 23a:44-47.
31. 3 and their transitions. Thermochim Acta 1995, 266:147-161. 10.1016/0040-6031(95)02337-2.
32. Bloom H., Doroszkowski A., Tricklebank S.B. Molten salt mixtures - the thermal conductivities of molten nitrate systems. Aust J Chem 1965, 18:1171-1176.
33. McDonald J., Davis H.D. Thermal conductivity of binary mixtures of alkali nitrates. J Phys Chem 1970, 74:725-730.
34. Foosnæs T., Hafskjold B., Neerland G., Østvold T., Øye H.A. Thermal conductivity of nitrate mixtures 1982, Sandia National Laboratories, Report No.: SAND80-8191.
35. 3 mixtures using a transient hot-wire method with a liquid metal in a capillary probe. Int J Thermophys 1982, 3:17-26.
36. Tufeu R., Petitet J.P., Denielou L., Le Neindre B. Experimental determination of the thermal conductivity of molten pure salts and salt mixtures. Int J Thermophys 1985, 6:315-330.
37. White L.R., Davis H.T. Thermal conductivity of molten alkali nitrates. J Chem Phys 1967, 47:5433-5436.
38. Santini R., Tadrist L., Pantaloni J., Cerisier P. Measurement of thermal conductivity of molten salts in the range 100-500°C. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1984, 27:623-626. 10.1016/0017-9310(84)90034-6.
39. 3 by the transient hot-wire method with ceramic-coated probes. High Temp-High Press 1989, 21:219-224.
40. Turnbull A.G. The thermal conductivity of molten salts, II theory and results for pure salts. Aust J Appl Sci 1961, 12:324.
41. Ohta H., Ogura G., Waseda Y., Suzuki M. Thermal diffusivity measurements of molten salts using a three-layered cell by the laser flash method. Rev Sci Instrum 1990, 61:2645-2649.
42. Kato Y., Furukawa K., Araki N., Kobayashi K. Thermal diffusivity measurement of molten salts by use of a simple ceramic cell. High Temp-High Press 1983, 15:191-198.
43. Knothe W. Entwicklung einer Apparatur zur Messung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit von Schmelzen [dissertation] Aachen (Germany): RWTH-Aachen; 1985 [in German].
44. Moore R., Vernon M., Ho C.K., Siegel N.P., Kolb J.K. Design considerations for concentrating solar power tower systems employing molten salt 2010, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque (NM), Report No.: SAND2010-6978.
45. Bradshaw R.W., Goods S.H. Corrosion of alloys and metals by molten nitrates. High temperature corrosion in molten salts 2003, Trans Tech Publ. Ltd. C.A.C. Sequeira (Ed.).
46. Goods S.H., Bradshaw R.W. Corrosion of stainless steels and carbon steel by molten mixtures of commercial nitrate salts. J Mater Eng Perform 2004, 13:78-87.
47. Kearny D., Kelly B., Herrmann U., Cable R., Pacheco J., Mahoney R., et al. Engineering aspects of a molten salt heat transfer fluid in a through solar field. Energy 2004, 29:861-870.
48. Carling R.W., Bradshaw R.W. Review of the characterization of molten nitrate salt for solar central receiver applications. Proc 21st Intersoc Energy Conv Eng Conf 1986, vol. 2. American Chemical Society, San Diego, US, p. 834-8.
49. Stern K.H. High temperature properties and thermal decomposition of inorganic salts with oxyanions 2001, CRC-Press, Boca Raton.
50. Bradshaw R, Cordaro J, Jayaraman S, Sun A, Siegel N, Gill D et al. Advanced heat transfer fluid development. Sandia National Laboratories. Presentation DOE CSP Program Annual Review. Contract No.: DE-AC04-94AL85000; 2010.