The LF/HF ratio does not accurately measure cardiac sympatho-vagal balance

Frontiers in Physiology

Volumn 4 FEB, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Billman, George E ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; CARDIOVASCULAR AUTOREGULATION; CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HUMAN; MEASUREMENT ACCURACY; NONHUMAN; NOTE; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE CELL; PARASYMPATHETIC TONE; RR INTERVAL; SYMPATHETIC NERVE CELL; SYMPATHETIC TONE;

EID: 84882944980     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664042X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00026     Document Type: Note

References (60)

1. Ahmed, M.W., Kadish, A.H., Parker, M.A., and Goldberger, J.J. (1994). Effect of physiologic and pharmacologic adrenergic stimulation on heart rate variability.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 24, 1082-1090.
2. Akselrod, S., Gordon, D., Ubel, F.A., Shannon, D.C., Barger, A.C., and Cohen, R.J. (1981). Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuations: a quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control. Science 213, 220-222.
3. Angelone, A., and Coulter, N. A. (1964). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: a frequency dependent phenomenon. J. Appl. Physiol. 19, 479-482.
4. Appel, M. L., Berger, R. D., Saul, J. P., Smith, J. M., and Cohen, R. J. (1989). Beat to beat variability in cardiovascular variables: noise or music? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 14, 1139-1148.
5. Bainbridge, F. A. (1930). The relation between respiration and the pulse-rate. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 54, 192-202.
6. Bernardi, L., Keller, F., Sanders, M., Reddy, P. S., Griffith, B., Meno, F., et al. (1989). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in the denervated human heart. J. Appl. Physiol. 67, 1447-1455.
7. Berntson, G. G., Bigger, J. T., Eckberg, D. L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P. G., Malik, M., et al. (1997). Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Pyschophysiology 34, 623-648.
8. Billman, G. E. (2009). Cardiac autonomic neural "remodeling" and susceptibility to sudden cardiac death: effect of endurance exercise training. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 297, H1171-H1193.
9. Billman, G. E. (2011). Heart rate variability - a historical perspective. Front. Physio. 2:86. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00086
10. Billman, G. E., and Dujardin, J.-P. (1990). Dynamic changes in cardiac vagal tone as measured by time-series analysis. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 258, H896-H902.
11. Billman, G. E., and Hoskins, R. S. (1989). Time-series analysis of heart rate variability during submaximal exercise. Evidence for reduced cardiac vagal tone in animals susceptible to ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 80, 146-157.
12. Billman, G. E., and Kukielka, M. (2007). Effect of endurance exercise training on the heart rate onset and heart rate recovery responses to submaximal exercise in animals susceptible to ventricular fibrillation. J. Appl. Physiol. 102, 231-240.
13. Brown, T. E., Beightol, L. A., Koh, J., and Eckberg, D. L. (1993). Important influence if respiration on human R-R interval power spectra is largely ignored. J. Appl. Physiol. 75, 2310-2317.
14. Chess, G. F., Tam, R. M. K., and Calaresu, F. R. (1975). Influence of cardiac neural inputs on rhythmic variations of heart period in the cat. Am. J. Physiol. 228, 775-780.
15. Cohen, M., and Taylor, J. A. (2002). Short-term cardiovascular oscillations in man: measuring and modeling the physiologies. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 542, 669-683.
16. Davies, C. T., and Neilson, J. M. M. (1967). Sinus arrhythmia in man at rest. J. Appl. Physiol. 22, 947-955.
17. Denver, J. W., Reed, S. F., and Porges, S. W. (2007). Methodological issues in the quantification of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Biol. Psychol. 74, 286-294.
18. Eckberg, D. L. (1983). Human sinus arrhythmia as an index of vagal cardiac outflow. J. Appl. Physiol. 54, 961-966.
19. Eckberg, D. L. (1980). Nonlinearities in the human carotid baroreceptor reflex in human. Circ. Res. 47, 208-216.
20. Eckberg, D. L. (1997). Sympathovagal balance: a critical appraisal. Circulation 96, 3224-3232.
21. Eckberg, D. L., Mohanty, S. K., and Raczkowska, M. (1984). Trigeminal-baroreceptor reflex interactions modulate human cardiac avgal efferent activity. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 347, 75-83.
22. Fagius, J., and Sundlof, G. (1986). The diving response in man: effects on sympathetic activity in muscle and skin nerve fascicles. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 377, 429-443.
23. Fleiss, J. L., Bigger, J. T., and Rolinitzky, L. M. (1992). The correlation between heart period variability and mean period length. Stat. Med. 11, 125-129.
24. Goldberger, J. J., Ahmed, M. W., Parker, M. A., and Kadish, A. H. (1994). Dissociation of heart rate variability from parasympathetic tone. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 266, H2152-H2157.
25. Hainsworth, R. (1974). Circulatory responses from lung inflation in anesthetized dogs. Am. J. Physiol. 226, 247-255.
26. Hasking, G. J., Esler, M. D., Jennings, G. L., Burton, D., Johns, J. A., and Korner, P. I. (1986). Norepinephrine spillover to plasma in patients with congestive heart failure: evidence of increased overall and cardiorenal sympathetic nervous activity. Circulation 73, 615-621.
27. Hedman, A. E., Hartikainen, J. E., Tahvanainen, K. U., and Hakumaki, M. O. (1995). The high frequency component of heart rate variability reflects cardiac parasympathetic modulation rather than parasympathetic 'tone'. Acta Physiol. Scand. 155, 267-273.
28. Hirsch, J. A., and Bishop, B. (1981). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in humans: how breathing pattern modulated heart rate. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 241, H620-H629.
29. Hopf, H. B., Skyschally, A., Heusch, G., and Peters, J. (1995). Low-frequency spectral power of heart rate variability is not a specific marker of cardiac sympathetic modulation. Anesthesiology 82, 609-619.
30. Horner, S. M., Murphy, C. F., Coen, B., Dick, D. J., Harrison, F. G., Vespalcova, A., et al. (1996). Contributions of heart rate variability by mechanoelectric feedback. Stretch of the sinoatrial node reduced heart rate variability. Circulation 94, 1762-1767.
31. Houle, M. S., and Billman, G. E. (1999). Low-frequency component of the heart rate variability spectrum: a poor marker of sympathetic activity. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 267, H215-H223.
32. Jardine, D. L., Charles, C. J., Melton, I. C., May, C. N., Forrester, M. D., Frampton, C. M., et al. (2002). Continual recordings of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in conscious sheep. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 282, H93-H99.
33. Katona, P. G., Poitras, J. W., Barnett, G. O., and Terry, B. S. (1970). Cardiac vagal efferent and heart period in the carotid sinus reflex. Am. J. Physiol. 218, 1030-1037.
34. Kingwell, B. A., Thompson, J. M., Kaye, D. M., McPerherson, G. A., Jennings, G. L., and Esler, M. D. (1994). Heart rate spectral analysis, cardiac norepinephrine spillover, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity during human sympathetic nervous activation and failure. Circulation 90, 234-240.
35. Kleiger, R. E., Miller, J. P., Bigger, J. T. Jr., and Moss, A. J. (1987). Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 59, 256-262.
36. Koh, J., Brown, T. E., Beightol, L. A., Ha, C. Y., and Eckberg, D. L. (1994). Human autonomic rhythms: vagal cardiac mechanisms in teraplegic subjects. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 474, 483-495.
37. Kollai, M., and Mizsei, G. (1990). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a limited measure of cardiac parasympathetic control in man. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 424, 329-342.
38. Levy, M. N. (1971). Sympathetic-parasympathetic interactions in the heart. Circ. Res. 29, 437-445.
39. Malliani, A., Pagani, M., Lombardi, F., and Cerutti, S. (1991). Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain. Circulation 84, 482-492.
40. Melcher, A. (1976). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in man. A study in heart rate regulating mechanisms. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 435, 1-31.
41. Moak, J. P., Goldstein, D. S., Eldadah, B. A., Saleem, A., Holmes, C., Pechnik, S., et al. (2007). Supine low-frequency power of heart rate variability reflects baroreflex function, not cardiac sympathetic innervation. Heart Rhythm 4, 1523-1529.
42. Notarius, C. F., and Floras, J. S. (2001). Limitations of the use of spectral analysis of heart rate variability for the estimation of cardiac sympathetic activity in heart failure. Europace 3, 29-38.
43. Pagani, M., Lombardi, F., Guzzetti, S., Rimoldi, O., Furlan, R., Pizzinelli, P., et al. (1986). Power spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities as a marker of sympatho-vagal interactions in man and conscious dog. Circ. Res. 59, 178-193.
44. Pagani, M., Lombardi, F., Guzzetti, S., Sandrone, G., Rimoldi, O., Malfatto, G., et al. (1984). Power spectral density of heart rate variability as an index of symptho-vagal interactions in normal and hypertensive subjects. J. Hypertens. Suppl. 2, 383-385.
45. Parati, G., di Rienzo, M., Castiglioni, P., Mancia, G., Taylor, J. A., and Studinger, P. (2006). Point:counterpoint: cardiovascular variability is/is not an index of autonomic control of circulation. J. Appl. Physiol. 101, 676-682.
46. Piccirillo, G., Ogawa, M., Song, J., Chong, V. J., Joung, B., Han, S., et al. (2009). Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability and autonomic nervous system activity measured directly in healthy dogs and dogs with tachycardia-induced heart failure. Heart Rhythm 6, 546-552.
47. Randall, D. C., Brown, D. R., Raisch, R. M., Yingling, J. D., and Randall, W. C. (1991). SA nodal parasympathectomy delineates autonomic control of heart rate power spectrum. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 260, H985-H988.
48. Rea, R. F., and Eckberg, D. L. (1987). Carotid baroreceptor-muscle sympathetic relation in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 253, R929-R934.
49. Sacha, J., and Pluta, W. (2005). Different methods of heart rate variability analysis reveal different correlations of heart rate variability spectrum with average heart rate. J. Electrocardiol. 38, 47-53.
50. Sacha, J., and Pluta, W. (2008). Alterations of average heart rate change heart rate variability due to mathematical reasons. Int. J. Cardiol. 128, 444-447.
51. Saul, J. P., Aria, Y., Berger, R. D., Lilly, L. S., Colucci, W. S., and Cohen, R. J. (1988). Assessment of autonomic regulation in chronic congestive heart failure by heart rate spectral analysis. Am. J. Cardiol. 61, 1292-1299.
52. Smith, L. L., Kukielka, M., and Billman, G. E. (2005). Heart rate recovery after exercise: a predictor of ventricular fibrillation susceptibility after myocardial infarction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 288, H1763-H1769.
53. Stramba-Badiale, M., Vanoli, E., De Farrari, G. M., Cerati, D., Foreman, R. D., and Schwartz, P. J. (1991). Sympathetic-parasympathetic interaction and accentuated antagonism in conscious dogs. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 260, H335-H340.
54. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. (1996). Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 93, 1043-1065.
55. Taylor, J. A., Myers, C. W., Halliwill, J. R., Seidel, H., and Eckberg, D. L. (2001). Sympathetic restraint of respiratory sinus arrhythmia: implications for vagal-cardiac tone assessment in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 280, H2804-H2814.
56. Thayler, J. F., Yamamoto, S. S., and Brosschot, J. F. (2010). The relationship of autonomic imbalance, heart rate variability and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Int. J. Cardiol. 141, 122-131.
57. Uijtdehaage, S. H., and Thayer, J. F. (2000). Accentuated antagonism in the control of human heart rate. Clin. Auton. Res. 10, 107-110.
58. Van De Borne, P., Montano, N., Narkiewicz, K., Deguate, J. P., Mallani, A., Pagani, M., et al. (2001). Importance of ventilation in modulating interactions between sympathetic drive and cardiovascular variability. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 280, H722-H729.
59. Van Hoogenhuyze, D., Weinstein, N., Martin, G. J., Weiss, J. S., Schaad, J. W., Sahyouni, X. N., et al. (1991). Reproducibility and relations to mean heart rate variability in normal subjects and patients with congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 68, 1668-1676.
60. Watson, A. M. D., Hood, S. G., Ramchandra, R., McAllen, R. M., and May, C. N. (2007). Increased cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure is not due desensitization of the arterial baroreflex. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 293, H798-H804.