Principles of Hemodialysis

Chronic Kidney Disease, Dialysis, & Transplantation

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 307-340

  Yeun, Jane Y ^a,b   Depner, Thomas A ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c University Dialysis Clinic   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882911236     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4160-0158-4.50020-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (315)

1. Lysaght MJ Maintenance dialysis population dynamics: Current trends and long-term implications. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13(suppl 1):S37-S40.
2. Graham T Osmotic force. Philo Trans R Soc Lond 1854, 144:177-228.
3. Abel J, Rowntree L, Turner B On the removal of diffusible substances from the circulating blood of living animals by dialysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1914, 5:275-316.
4. Haas G Dialysis of the flowing blood in the patient. Klin Wochenschr 1923, 70:1888.
5. Kolff WJ, Berk HT, ter Welle M, et al. The artificial kidney: A dialyser with a great area. 1944 (Classical article). J Am Soc Nephrol 1997, 8(12):1959-1965.
6. Kolff W First clinical experience with the artificial kidney. Ann Intern Med 1965, 62:608-609.
7. Fishman A, Kroop I, Leiter H, et al. Experiences with the Kolff artificial kidney. Am J Med 1949, 7:15-34.
8. Merrill J, Thorne G, Walter C, et al. The use of the artificial kidney. J Clin Invest 1950, 29:412-424.
9. Quinton W, Dillard D, Scribner BH Cannulation of blood vessels for prolonged hemodialysis. ASAIO Trans 1960, 6:104-113.
10. Brescia MJ, Cimino JE, Appel K, et al. Chronic hemodialysis using venipuncture and a surgically created arteriovenous fistula. N Engl J Med 1966, 275:1089-1092.
11. Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 39(2 suppl 1):S1-S266. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease.
12. Lakkis FG, Nassar GM, Badr KF Hormones and the kidney. Diseases of the Kidney 1997, 251-292. Little, Brown and Company, Boston. R. Schrier, C. Gottschalk (Eds.).
13. Walters BA, Hays RD, Spritzer KL, et al. Health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, anemia, and malnutrition at hemo-dialysis initiation. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 40(6):1185-1194.
14. Allen KL, Miskulin D, Yan G, et al. Association of nutritional markers with physical and mental health status in prevalent hemodialysis patients from the HEMO study. J Ren Nutr 2002, 12(3):160-169.
15. Sanner BM, Tepel M, Esser M, et al. Sleep-related breathing disorders impair quality of life in haemodialysis recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002, 17(7):1260-1265.
16. Fukuhara S, Lopes AA, Bragg-Gresham JL, et al. Health-related quality of life among dialysis patients on three continents: The Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study. Kidney Int 2003, 64(5):1903-1910.
17. Caskey FJ, Wordsworth S, Ben T, et al. Early referral and planned initiation of dialysis: What impact on quality of life?. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003, 18(7):1330-1338.
18. Iliescu EA, Coo H, McMurray MH, et al. Quality of sleep and health-related quality of life in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003, 18(1):126-132.
19. Valderrabano F, Jofre R, Lopez-Gomez JM Quality of life in end-stage renal disease patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 38(3):443-464.
20. Knight EL, Ofsthun N, Teng M, et al. The association between mental health, physical function, and hemodialysis mortality. Kidney Int 2003, 63(5):1843-1851.
21. Lowrie EG, Curtin RB, LePain N, et al. Medical outcomes study short form-36: A consistent and powerful predictor of morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 41(6):1286-1292.
22. Arora P, Kausz AT, Obrador GT, et al. Hospital utilization among chronic dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000, 11(4):740-746.
23. Winkelmayer WC, Glynn RJ, Levin R, et al. Determinants of delayed nephrologist referral in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 38(6):1178-1184.
24. Obrador GT, Roberts T, St Peter WL, et al. Trends in anemia at initiation of dialysis in the United States. Kidney Int 2001, 60(5):1875-1884.
25. Metcalfe W, Khan IH, Prescott GJ, et al. Can we improve early mortality in patients receiving renal replacement therapy?. Kidney Int 2000, 57(6):2539-2545.
26. Update 2000. Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 37(1 suppl 1):S182-S238. NKF-K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease.
27. Update 2000. Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 37(1 suppl 1):S137-S181. NKF-K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Vascular Access.
28. Update 2000. Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 37(1 suppl 1):S7-S64. NKF-K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hemodialysis Adequacy.
29. Evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 39(2 suppl 1):S1-S266. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease.
30. United States Renal Data System. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 42(6 Pt 6):1-230. USRDS.
31. Ghavamian M, Gutch CF, Kopp KF, et al. The sad truth about hemodialysis in diabetic nephropathy. JAMA 1972, 222(11):1386-1389.
32. Hull A, Parker T Proceedings from the Morbidity, Mortality and Prescription of Dialysis Symposium: Dallas, TX, September 15-17, 1989. Am J Kidney Dis 1990, 15:375-383.
33. Kwan JT, Carr EC, Neal AD, et al. Carbamylated haemoglobin, urea kinetic modelling and adequacy of dialysis in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1991, 6(1):38-43.
34. Davenport A, Jones S, Goel S, et al. Carbamylated hemoglobin: A potential marker for the adequacy of hemodialysis therapy in end-stage renal failure. Kidney Int 1996, 50(4):1344-1351.
35. Hou FF, Chertow GM, Kay J, et al. Interaction between beta 2 microglobulin and advanced glycation end products in the development of dialysis related-amyloidosis. Kidney Int 1997, 51(5):1514-1519.
36. Odetti P, Cosso L, Pronzato MA, et al. Plasma advanced glycosylation end-products in maintenance haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995, 10(11):2110-2113.
37. Papanastasiou P, Grass L, Rodela H, et al. Immunological quantification of advanced glycosylation end-products in the serum of patients on hemodialysis or CAPD. Kidney Int 1994, 46(1):216-222.
38. Drueke TB Dialysis-related amyloidosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998, 13(suppl 1):58-64.
39. De Smet R, Glorieux G, Hsu C, et al. P-cresol and uric acid: Two old uremic toxins revisited. Kidney Int 1997, 62:S8-S11.
40. Cohen G, Haag-Weber M, Horl WH Immune dysfunction in uremia. Kidney Int 1997, 62:S79-S82.
41. Smogorzewski M, Massry SG Uremic cardiomyopathy: Role of parathyroid hormone. Kidney Int 1997, 62:S12-S14.
42. Massry SG, Smogorzewski M Parathyroid hormone, chronic renal failure and the liver. Kidney Int 1997, 62:S5-S7.
43. Bailey JL, Mitch WE Metabolic acidosis as a uremic toxin. Semin Nephrol 1996, 16(3):160-166.
44. Yeun JY The role of homocysteine in end-stage renal disease. Semin Dialysis 1998, 11(2):95-101.
45. Bostom AG, Lathrop L Hyperhomocysteinemia in end-stage renal disease: Prevalence, etiology, and potential relationship to arteriosclerotic outcomes. Kidney Int 1997, 52(1):10-20.
46. Perna AF, Castaldo P, Ingrosso D, et al. Homocysteine, a new cardiovascular risk factor, is also a powerful uremic toxin. J Nephrol 1999, 12(4):230-240.
47. Niwa T Organic acids and the uremic syndrome: Protein metabolite hypothesis in the progression of chronic renal failure. Semin Nephrol 1996, 16(3):167-182.
48. Horl WH Hemodialysis membranes: Interleukins, biocompatibility, and middle molecules. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13(suppl 1):S62-S71.
49. Vanholder R, Argiles A, Baurmeister U, et al. Uremic toxicity: Present state of the art. Int J Artif Organs 2001, 24(10):695-725.
50. Miyata T, Oda O, Inagi R, et al. Beta 2-Microglobulin modified with advanced glycation end products is a major component of hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis. J Clin Invest 1993, 92(3):1243-1252.
51. Niwa T, Katsuzaki T, Momoi T, et al. Modification of beta 2m with advanced glycation end products as observed in dialysis-related amyloidosis by 3-DG accumulating in uremic serum. Kidney Int 1996, 49(3):861-867.
52. Dou L, Cerini C, Brunet P, et al. P-cresol, a uremic toxin, decreases endothelial cell response to inflammatory cytokines. Kidney Int 2002, 62(6):1999-2009.
53. Pawlak D, Koda M, Pawlak S, et al. Contribution of quinolinic acid in the development of anemia in renal insufficiency. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003, 284(4):F693-F700.
54. Vanholder R, Glorieux G, Lameire N Uraemic toxins and cardiovascular disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003, 18(3):463-466.
55. Blantz RC, Lortie M, Vallon V, et al. Activities of nitric oxide in normal physiology and uremia. Semin Nephrol 1996, 16(3):144-150.
56. Vanholder R, De Smet R Pathophysiologic effects of uremic retention solutes. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999, 10(8):1815-1823.
57. Spalding EM, Chamney PW, Farrington K Phosphate kinetics during hemodialysis: Evidence for biphasic regulation. Kidney Int 2002, 61(2):655-667.
58. Vanholder R, Smet RD, Glorieux G, et al. Survival of hemodialysis patients and uremic toxin removal. Artif Organs 2003, 27(3):218-223.
59. Dhondt A, Vanholder R, Van Biesen W, et al. The removal of uremic toxins. Kidney Int Suppl 2000, 76:S47-S59.
60. Fagugli RM, De Smet R, Buoncristiani U, et al. Behavior of non-protein-bound and protein-bound uremic solutes during daily hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 40(2):339-347.
61. Maduell F, Navarro V, Torregrosa E, et al. Change from three times a week on-line hemodiafiltration to short daily on-line hemodiafiltration. Kidney Int 2003, 64(1):305-313.
62. Clark WR, Henderson LW Renal versus continuous versus intermittent therapies for removal of uremic toxins. Kidney Int Suppl 2001, 78:S298-S303.
63. Merrill J, Legrain M, Hoigne R Observations on the role of urea in uremia. Am J Med 1953, 14:519-520.
64. Johnson WJ, Hagge WW, Wagoner RD, et al. Effects of urea loading in patients with far-advanced renal failure. Mayo Clin Proc 1972, 47(1):21-29.
65. Bergstrom J, Furst P Uraemic toxins. Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis 1983, 354-390. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston. W. Drukker, F.M. Parsons, J.F. Maher (Eds.).
66. Mason M, Resnik H, Mino A, et al. Mechanism of experimental uremia. Arch Int Med 1993, 60:312.
67. Vanholder R, Schoots A, Ringoir S Uremic toxicity. Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis 1989, 4-19. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. J. Maher (Ed.).
68. Depner TA The uremic syndrome. NKF Primer on Kidney Diseases 1994, 253-258. Academic Press, San Diego. A. Greenberg (Ed.).
69. Depner TA Uremic toxicity: Urea and beyond. Semin Dial 2001, 14(4):246-251.
70. Kaysen GA, Stevenson FT, Depner TA Determinants of albumin concentration in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1997, 29(5):658-668.
71. Bologa RM, Levine DM, Parker TS, et al. Interleukin-6 predicts hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1998, 32(1):107-114.
72. Qureshi AR, Alvestrand A, Danielsson A, et al. Factors predicting malnutrition in hemodialysis patients: A cross-sectional study. Kidney Int 1998, 53(3):773-782.
73. Gunnell J, Yeun JY, Depner TA, et al. Acute-phase response predicts erythropoietin resistance in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Patients 1999, 33:63-72.
74. Bergstrom J, Heimburger O, Lindholm B, et al. Elevated serum CRP is a strong predictor of increased mortality and low serum albumin in hemodialysis (HD) patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995, 6:573.
75. Yeun JY, Kaysen GA Factors influencing serum albumin in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1998, 32:S118-S125.
76. Kaysen GA, Eiserich JP Characteristics and effects of inflammation in end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial 2003, 16(6):438-446.
77. Stenvinkel P, Heimburger O, Paultre F, et al. Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 1999, 55(5):1899-1911.
78. Pecoits-Filho R, Lindholm B, Stenvinkel P The malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome: The heart of the matter. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002, 17(suppl 11):28-31.
79. Ducloux D, Pascal B, Jamali M, et al. Is hyperhomocysteinaemia a risk factor for recurrent vascular access thrombosis in haemodialysis patients? (Letter). Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997, 12(9):2037-2038.
80. Block GA, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Levin NW, et al. Association of serum phosphorus and calcium X phosphate product with mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients: A national study. Am J Kidney Dis 1998, 31(4):607-617.
81. Goodman WG, Goldin J, Kuizon BD, et al. Coronary-artery calcification in young adults with end-stage renal disease who are undergoing dialysis. N Engl J Med 2000, 342(20):1478-1483.
82. Block G, Port FK Calcium phosphate metabolism and cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Semin Dial 2003, 16(2):140-147.
83. Lundin PA Prolonged survival on hemodialysis. Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis 1989, 1133-1140. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. J.F. Maher (Ed.).
84. Rockel A, Abdelhamid S, Fliegel P, et al. Elimination of low molecular weight proteins with high flux membranes. Contrib Nephrol 1985, 46:69-74.
85. Morbidity and mortality of renal dialysis: An NIH consensus conference statement. Ann Intern Med 1994, 121(1):62-70. Consensus Development Conference Panel.
86. Clinical Practice Guideline on Adequacy of Hemodialysis 1993, Renal Physicians Association, Renal Physicians Association, Washington, DC.
87. Lowrie EG, Laird NM, Parker TF, et al. Effect of the hemodialysis prescription of patient morbidity: Report from the National Cooperative Dialysis Study. N Engl J Med 1981, 305:1176-1181.
88. Charra B, Calemard E, Ruffet M, et al. Survival as an index of adequacy of dialysis. Kidney Int 1992, 41:1286-1291.
89. Owen WFJ, Lew NL, Liu Y, et al. The urea reduction ratio and serum albumin concentration as predictors of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:1001-1006.
90. Collins AJ, Ma JZ, Umen A, et al. Urea index and other predictors of hemodialysis patient survival. Am J Kidney Dis 1994, 23:272-282.
91. Held PJ, Port FK, Wolfe RA, et al. The dose of hemodialysis and patient mortality. Kidney Int 1996, 50:550-556.
92. Hakim RM, Breyer J, Ismail N, et al. Effects of dose of dialysis on morbidity and mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 1994, 23:661-669.
93. Parker TF, Husni L, Huang W, et al. Survival of hemodialysis patients in the United States is improved with a greater quantity of dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1994, 23:670-680.
94. Yang CS, Chen SW, Chiang CH, et al. Effects of increasing dialysis dose on serum albumin and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1996, 27:380-386.
95. Eknoyan G, Beck GJ, Cheung AK, et al. Effect of dialysis dose and membrane flux in maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2002, 347(25):2010-2019.
96. Depner TA, Daugirdas JT, Greene T, et al. Dialysis dose and the effect of gender and body size on outcome in the HEMO study. Kidney Int 2004, 65:1386-1394.
97. Lucas RC On a form of late rickets associated with albuminuria, rickets of adolescents. Lancet 1883, 1:993.
98. Fraser DR, Kodicek E Unique biosynthesis by kidney of a biological active vitamin D metabolite. Nature 1970, 228(273):764-766.
99. Lawson DE, Fraser DR, Kodicek E, et al. Identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, a new kidney hormone controlling calcium metabolism. Nature 1971, 230(5291):228-230.
100. Slatopolsky E, Weerts C, Thielan J, et al. Marked suppression of secondary hyperparathyroidism by intravenous administration of 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol in uremic patients. J Clin Invest 1984, 74(6):2136-2143.
101. Hruska KA, Teitelbaum SL Renal osteodystrophy. N Engl J Med 1995, 333:166-174.
102. Hurtado A, Merino C, Delgado E Influence of anoxemia on the hematopoietic activity. Arch Intern Med 1945, 75:284-323.
103. Jacobson LO, Goldwasser E, Gried W, et al. Role of the kidney in erythropoiesis. Nature 1957, 179:633-634.
104. Miyake T, Kung CK, Goldwasser E Purification of human erythropoietin. J Biol Chem 1977, 252(15):5558-5564.
105. Eschbach JW, Abdulhadi MH, Browne JK, et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin in anemic patients with end-stage renal disease. Results of a phase III multicenter clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1989, 111(12):992-1000.
106. Evans RW Recombinant human erythropoietin and the quality of life of end-stage renal disease patients: A comparative analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1991, 18(4 suppl 1):62-70.
107. Nissenson AR Epoetin and cognitive function. Am J Kidney Dis 1992, 20(1 suppl 1):21-24.
108. Gotch FA Kinetic modeling in hemodialysis. Clinical Dialysis 1995, 156-188. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT. ed 3. A.R. Nissenson, R.N. Fine, D.E. Gentile (Eds.).
109. Colton CK, Lowrie EG Hemodialysis: Physical principles and technical considerations. The Kidney 1981, 2425-2489. WB Saunders, Philadelphia. B.M. Brenner, F.C. Rector (Eds.).
110. Depner TA Prescribing Hemodialysis: A Guide to Urea Modeling 1991, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.
111. Donnan FG The theory of membrane equilibria. Chem Review 1924, 1:73.
112. Nolph KD, Stoltz ML, Carter CB, et al. Factors affecting the composition of ultrafiltrate from hemodialysis coils. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1970, 16:495-501.
113. Locatelli F, Mastrangelo F, Redaelli B, et al. Effects of different membranes and dialysis technologies on patient treatment tolerance and nutritional parameters. The Italian Cooperative Dialysis Study Group. Kidney Int 1996, 50(4):1293-1302.
114. Leypoldt JK, Cheung AK Removal of high-molecular-weight solutes during high-efficiency and high-flux haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996, 11(2):329-335.
115. Excerpts from the United States Renal Data System 1998: Annual data report. Am J Kidney Dis 1998, 32(2 suppl 1):S1-S162. USRDS.
116. The USRDS Dialysis Morbidity and Mortality Study (Wave 1). Am J Kidney Dis 1996, 28(3 suppl 2):S58-S78. USRDS.
117. Taylor JE, Mclaren M, Mactier RA, et al. Effect of dialyzer geometry during hemodialysis with cuprophane membranes. Kidney Int 1992, 42(2):442-447.
118. Mujais SK, Schmidt B Operating characteristics of hollow fiber dialyzers. Clinical Dialysis 1995, 77-92. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT. A.R. Nissenson, R.N. Fine, D.E. Gentile (Eds.).
119. Leypoldt JK, Cheung AK, Agodoa LY, et al. Hemodialyzer mass transfer-area coefficients for urea increase at high dialysate flow rates. The Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study. Kidney Int 1997, 51(6):2013-2017.
120. Ouseph R, Ward RA Increasing dialysate flow rate increases dialyzer urea mass transfer-area coefficients during clinical use. Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 37(2):316-320.
121. 0A and true blood flow determined from a model of cross-dialyzer urea extraction. Kidney Int 2003, submitted.
122. Poh CK, Hardy PA, Liao Z, et al. Effect of spacer yarns on the dialysate flow distribution of hemodialyzers: A magnetic resonance imaging study. ASAIO J 2003, 49(4):440-448.
123. Leypoldt JK, Cheung AK, Chirananthavat T, et al. Hollow fiber shape alters solute clearances in high flux hemodialyzers. ASAIO J 2003, 49(1):81-87.
124. Yeun JY, Depner TA Complications related to inadequate delivered dose. Complications of Dialysis-Recognition and Management 1999, Marcel Dekker, New York. R. Mehta, N. Lamiere (Eds.).
125. Depner TA Quantifying hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis: Examination of the peak concentration hypothesis. Semin Dialysis 1994, 7:315-317.
126. Casino FG, Lopez T The equivalent renal urea clearance: A new parameter to assess dialysis dose. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996, 11(8):1574-1581.
127. Depner TA Benefits of more frequent dialysis: Lower TAC at the same Kt/V. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998, 13(suppl 6):20-24.
128. Gotch FA The current place of urea kinetic modelling with respect to different dialysis modalities. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998, 13(suppl 6):10-14.
129. Kaplan MA, Hays L, Hays RM Evolution of a facilitated diffusion pathway for amides in the erythrocyte. Am J Physiol 1974, 226(6):1327-1332.
130. Macey RI, Yousef LW Osmotic stability of red cells in renal circulation requires rapid urea transport. Am J Physiol 1988, 254(5 Pt 1):C669-C674.
131. Gotch FA, Sargent JA A mechanistic analysis of the National Cooperative Dialysis Study (NCDS). Kidney Int 1985, 28(3):526-534.
132. Keshaviah PR, Ebben JP, Emerson PF On-line monitoring of the delivery of the hemodialysis prescription. Pediatr Nephrol 1995, 9(suppl):S2-S8.
133. Garred LJ Dialysate-based kinetic modeling. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1995, 2:305-318.
134. Alloatti S, Molino A, Manes M, et al. On-line dialysate urea monitor: Comparison with urea kinetics. Int J Artif Organs 1995, 18:548-552.
135. Depner TA, Greene T, Gotch FA, et al. Imprecision of the hemodialysis dose when measured directly from urea removal. Hemodialysis Study Group. Kidney Int 1999, 55(2):635-647.
136. Daugirdas JT Simplified equations for monitoring Kt/V, PCRn, eKt/V, and ePCRn. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1995, 2:295-304.
137. Daugirdas JT, Depner TA, Gotch FA, et al. Comparison of methods to predict equilibrated Kt/V in the HEMO Pilot Study. Kidney Int 1997, 52(5):1395-1405.
138. Presta E, Segal KR, Gutin B, et al. Comparison in man of total body electrical conductivity and lean body mass derived from body density: Validation of a new body composition method. Metabolism 1983, 32(5):524-527.
139. Watson PE, Watson ID, Batt RD Total body water volumes for adult males and females estimated from simple anthropometric measurements. Am J Clin Nutr 1980, 33(1):27-39.
140. Hume R, Weyers E Relationship between total body water and surface area in normal and obese subjects. J Clin Pathol 1971, 24(3):234-238.
141. Chertow GM, Lazarus JM, Lew NL, et al. Development of a population-specific regression equation to estimate total body water in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1997, 51(5):1578-1582.
142. Daugirdas JT, Greene T, Depner TA, et al. Anthropometrically estimated total body water volumes are larger than modeled urea volume in chronic hemodialysis patients: Effects of age, race, and gender. Kidney Int 2003, 64(3):1108-1119.
143. Borah MF, Schoenfeld PY, Gotch FA, et al. Nitrogen balance during intermittent dialysis therapy of uremia. Kidney Int 1978, 14(5):491-500.
144. Cottini EP, Gallina DL, Dominguez JM Urea excretion in adult humans with varying degrees of kidney malfunction fed milk, egg or an amino acid mixture: Assessment of nitrogen balance. J Nutr 1973, 103(1):11-19.
145. Laird NM, Berkey CS, Lowrie EG Modeling success or failure of dialysis therapy: The National Cooperative Dialysis Study. Kidney Int 1983, 13:S101-S106.
146. Lowrie EG, Lew NL Death risk in hemodialysis patients: The predictive value of commonly measured variables and an evaluation of death rate differences between facilities. Am J Kidney Dis 1990, 15:458-482.
147. Depner TA Assessing adequacy of hemodialysis: Urea modeling. Kidney Int 1994, 45:1522-1535.
148. Depner TA, Rizwan S, Cheer AY, et al. High venous urea concentrations in the opposite arm. A consequence of hemodialysis-induced compartment disequilibrium. ASAIO Trans 1991, 37(3):M141-M143.
149. Tattersall JE, Farrington K, Raniga PD, et al. Haemodialysis recirculation detected by the three-sample method is an artifact. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993, 8(1):60-63.
150. Schneditz D, Van Stone JC, Daugirdas JT A regional blood circulation alternative to in-series two compartment urea kinetic modeling. ASAIO J 1993, 39(3):M573-M577.
151. Schneditz D, Kaufman AM, Polaschegg HD, et al. Cardio pulmonary recirculation during hemodialysis. Kidney Int 1992, 42(6):1450-1456.
152. Depner T, Rizwan S, Cheer A, et al. Peripheral urea disequilibrium during hemodialysis is temperature-dependent. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991, 2:321.
153. Van Stone J, Jones M Peripheral venous blood is not the appropriate specimen to determine recirculation rate. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991, 2:354.
154. Collins DM, Lambert MB, Middleton JP, et al. Fistula dysfunction: Effect on rapid hemodialysis. Kidney Int 1992, 41(5):1292-1296.
155. Levy SS, Sherman RA, Nosher JL Value of clinical screening for detection of asymptomatic hemodialysis vascular access stenoses. Angiology 1992, 43(5):421-424.
156. Windus DW, Audrain J, Vanderson R, et al. Optimization of high-efficiency hemodialysis by detection and correction of fistula dysfunction. Kidney Int 1990, 38(2):337-341.
157. Schaefer K, von Herrath D, Pauls A, et al. New insight into hemofiltration. Semin Nephrol 1986, 6(2):161-167.
158. Schaefer K, von Herrath D Chronic intermittent hemofiltration? the treatment of future?. Semin Dialysis 1993, 6:286-287.
159. Fox SD, Henderson LW Cardiovascular response during hemodialysis and hemofiltration: Thermal, membrane, and catecholamine influences. Blood Purif 1993, 11(4):224-236.
160. Baldamus CA, Ernst W, Fassbinder W, et al. Differing haemodynamic stability due to differing sympathetic response: Comparison of ultrafiltration, haemodialysis and haemofiltration. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc 1980, 17:205-212.
161. Kaiser JP, Hagemann J, von Herrath D, et al. Different handling of beta 2-microglobulin during hemodialysis and hemofiltration. Nephron 1988, 48(2):132-135.
162. Donauer J, Bohler J Rationale for the use of blood volume and temperature control devices during hemodialysis. Kidney Blood Press Res 2003, 26(2):82-89.
163. Donauer J, Schweiger C, Rumberger B, et al. Reduction of hypotensive side effects during online-haemodiafiltration and low temperature haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003, 18(8):1616-1622.
164. McCarthy JT, Moran J, Posen G, et al. A time for rediscovery: Chronic hemofiltration for end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial 2003, 16(3):199-207.
165. Vinay P, Cardoso M, Tejedor A, et al. Acetate metabolism during hemodialysis: Metabolic considerations. Am J Nephrol 1987, 7(5):337-354.
166. Kaiser BA, Potter DE, Bryant RE, et al. Acid-base changes and acetate metabolism during routine and high-efficiency hemodialysis in children. Kidney Int 1981, 19(1):70-79.
167. Hakim RM Influence of high-flux biocompatible membrane on carpal tunnel syndrome and mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 1998, 32(2):338-340.
168. Koda Y, Nishi S, Miyazaki S, et al. Switch from conventional to high-flux membrane reduces the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome and mortality of hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1997, 52(4):1096-1101.
169. Kuchle C, Fricke H, Held E, et al. High-flux hemodialysis postpones clinical manifestation of dialysis-related amyloidosis. Am J Nephrol 1996, 16(6):484-488.
170. Blankestijn PJ, Vos PF, Rabelink TJ, et al. High-flux dialysis membranes improve lipid profile in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1995, 5(9):1703-1708.
171. Goldberg IJ, Kaufman AM, Lavarias VA, et al. High flux dialysis membranes improve plasma lipoprotein profiles in patients with end-stage renal disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996, 11(suppl 2):104-107.
172. Seres DS, Strain GW, Hashim SA, et al. Improvement of plasma lipoprotein profiles during high-flux dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993, 3(7):1409-1415.
173. Depner TA, Rizwan S, James LA Effectiveness of low dose erythropoietin: A possible advantage of high flux hemodialysis. ASAIO Trans 1990, 36(3):M223-M225.
174. Coyne DW, Dagogo-Jack S, Klein S, et al. High-flux dialysis lowers plasma leptin concentration in chronic dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1998, 32(6):1031-1035.
175. Hornberger JC, Chernew M, Petersen J, et al. A multivariate analysis of mortality and hospital admissions with high-flux dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992, 3(6):1227-1237.
176. Barth RH, DeVincenzo N Use of vancomycin in high-flux hemodialysis: Experience with 130 courses of therapy. Kidney Int 1996, 50(3):929-936.
177. Ikizler TA, Flakoll PJ, Parker RA, et al. Amino acid and albumin losses during hemodialysis. Kidney Int 1994, 46(3):830-837.
178. Kirschbaum B The decline in serum albumin after conversion to high flux, high efficiency dialysis. Artif Organs 1994, 18(10):729-735.
179. Bommer J, Becker KP, Urbaschek R Potential transfer of endotoxin across high-flux polysulfone membranes. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996, 7(6):883-888.
180. Pereira BJG, Snodgrass BR, Hogan PJ, et al. Diffusive and convective transfer of cytokine-inducing bacterial products across hemodialysis membranes. Kidney Int 1995, 47(2):603-610.
181. Keshaviah P, Collins A High efficiency hemodialysis. Contrib Nephrol 1989, 69:109-119.
182. Mactier RA, Madi AM, Allam BF Comparison of high-efficiency and standard haemodialysis providing equal urea clearances by partial and total dialysate quantification. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997, 12(6):1182-1186.
183. Smye SW, Dunderdale E, Brownridge G, et al. Estimation of treatment dose in high-efficiency haemodialysis. Nephron 1994, 67(1):24-29.
184. Acute intradialytic well-being: Results of a clinical trial comparing polysulfone with cuprophan. Kidney Int 1991, 40(4):714-719. Bergamo Collaborative Dialysis Study Group.
185. Collins DM, Lambert MB, Tannenbaum JS, et al. Tolerance of hemodialysis: A randomized prospective trial of high-flux versus conventional high-efficiency hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993, 4(2):148-154.
186. Velasquez MT, von Albertini B, Lew SQ, et al. Equal levels of blood pressure control in ESRD patients receiving high-efficiency hemodialysis and conventional hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1998, 31(4):618-623.
187. Churchill DN, Bird DR, Taylor DW, et al. Effect of high-flux hemodialysis on quality of life and neuropsychological function in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 1992, 12(6):412-418.
188. Wauters JP, Bercini-Pansiot S, Gilliard N, et al. Short hemodialysis: Long-term mortality and morbidity. Artif Organs 1986, 10(3):182-184.
189. Ronco C, Brendolan A, Bragantini L, et al. Technical and clinical evaluation of different short, highly efficient dialysis techniques. Contrib Nephrol 1988, 61:46-68.
190. Spiegel DM, Baker PL, Babcock S, et al. Hemodialysis urea rebound: The effect of increasing dialysis efficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 1995, 25(1):26-29.
191. Abramson F, Gibson S, Barlee V, et al. Urea kinetic modeling at high urea clearances: Implications for clinical practice. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1994, 1(1):5-14.
192. Buffaloe GW Ultrafiltration control. Contemporary Issues in Nephrology. Hemodialysis: High-Efficiency Treatments 1993, 79-90. Churchill Livingstone, New York. J.P. Bosch, J.H. Stein (Eds.).
193. Keshaviah P, Luehmann D, Ilstrup K, et al. Technical requirements for rapid high-efficiency therapies. Artif Organs 1986, 10(3):189-194.
194. Diamond SM, Henrich WL Acetate dialysate versus bicarbonate dialysate: A continuing controversy. Am J Kidney Dis 1987, 9(1):3-11.
195. Hakim RM, Pontzer MA, Tilton D, et al. Effects of acetate and bicarbonate dialysate in stable chronic dialysis patients. Kidney Int 1985, 28(3):535-540.
196. Ebben JP, Hirsch DN, Luehmann DA, et al. Microbiologic contamination of liquid bicarbonate concentrate for hemodialysis. ASAIO Trans 1987, 33(3):269-273.
197. Bland LA, Ridgeway MR, Aguero SM, et al. Potential bacteriologic and endotoxin hazards associated with liquid bicarbonate concentrate. ASAIO Trans 1987, 33(3):542-545.
198. Depner TA, Rizwan S, Stasi TA Pressure effects on roller pump blood flow during hemodialysis. ASAIO Trans 1990, 36(3):M456-M459.
199. Manuel MA, Stewart WK, Tulley FM, et al. Air embolism during haemodialysis. Lancet 1972, 1(7749):538.
200. Cybulsky AV, Matni A, Hollomby DJ Effects of high sodium dialysate during maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron 1985, 41(1):57-61.
201. Swartz RD, Somermeyer MG, Hsu CH Preservation of plasma volume during hemodialysis depends on dialysate osmolality. Am J Nephrol 1982, 2(4):189-194.
202. Flanigan MJ, Khairullah QT, Lim VS Dialysate sodium delivery can alter chronic blood pressure management. Am J Kidney Dis 1997, 29(3):383-391.
203. Raja RM, Po CL Plasma refilling during hemodialysis with decreasing ultrafiltration. Influence of dialysate sodium. ASAIO J 1994, 40(3):M423-M425.
204. Sadowski RH, Allred EN, Jabs K Sodium modeling ameliorates intradialytic and interdialytic symptoms in young hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993, 4(5):1192-1198.
205. Dheenan S, Henrich WL Preventing dialysis hypotension: A comparison of usual protective maneuvers. Kidney Int 2001, 59(3):1175-1181.
206. Oliver MJ, Edwards LJ, Churchill DN Impact of sodium and ultrafiltration profiling on hemodialysis-related symptoms. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001, 12(1):151-156.
207. Churchill DN Sodium and water profiling in chronic uraemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996, 11(suppl 8):38-41.
208. Mann H, Stiller S Sodium modeling. Kidney Int Suppl 2000, 76:S79-S88.
209. de Vries PM, Olthof CG, Solf A, et al. Fluid balance during haemodialysis and haemofiltration: The effect of dialysate sodium and a variable ultrafiltration rate. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1991, 6(4):257-263.
210. Wei SS, Ellis PW, Magnusson MO, et al. Effect of heparin modeling on delivered hemodialysis therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 1994, 23(3):389-393.
211. Ward RA Heparinization for routine hemodialysis. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1995, 2(4):362-370.
212. Swartz RD Hemorrhage during high-risk hemodialysis using controlled heparinization. Nephron 1981, 28(2):65-69.
213. Swartz RD, Port FK Preventing hemorrhage in high-risk hemodialysis: Regional versus low-dose heparin. Kidney Int 1979, 16(4):513-518.
214. Caruana RJ, Raja RM, Bush JV, et al. Heparin free dialysis: Comparative data and results in high risk patients. Kidney Int 1987, 31:1351-1355.
215. Casati S, Moia M, Graziani G, et al. Hemodialysis without anticoagulants: Efficiency and hemostatic aspects 1984, 21:102-105.
216. Sanders PW, Taylor H, Curtis JJ Hemodialysis without anticoagulation. Am J Kidney Dis 1985, 5(1):32-35.
217. Schwab SJ, Onorato JJ, Sharar LR, et al. Hemodialysis without anticoagulation. One-year prospective trial in hospitalized patients at risk for bleeding. Am J Med 1987, 83(3):405-410.
218. Liboro R, Schwartz AB, Conroy J, et al. Heparin free hemodialysis does not cause fibrin consumptive coagulopathy and maintains alternate pathway complement activation. ASAIO Trans 1990, 36:86-89.
219. Janssen MJ, Huijgens PC, Bouman AA, et al. Citrate versus heparin anticoagulation in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993, 8(11):1228-1233.
220. Wiegmann TB, MacDougall ML, Diederich DA Long-term comparisons of citrate and heparin as anticoagulants for hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1987, 9(5):430-435.
221. Evenepoel P, Maes B, Vanwalleghem J, et al. Regional citrate anticoagulation for hemodialysis using a conventional calcium-containing dialysate. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 39(2):315-323.
222. Apsner R, Buchmayer H, Lang T, et al. Simplified citrate anticoagulation for high-flux hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 38(5):979-987.
223. Schrader J, Stibbe W, Kandt M, et al. Low molecular weight heparin versus standard heparin. A long-term study in hemodialysis and hemofiltration patients. ASAIO Trans 1990, 36(1):28-32.
224. Nurmohamed MT, ten Cate J, Stevens P, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of a low molecular weight heparin in chronic hemodialysis patients. A comparison with standard heparin. ASAIO Trans 1991, 37:M459-M461.
225. Guillet B, Simon N, Sampol JJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of the low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin during 48 h after bolus administration as an anticoagulant in haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003, 18(11):2348-2353.
226. Naumnik B, Borawski J, Mysliwiec M Different effects of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin on extrinsic blood coagulation during haemodialysis: A prospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003, 18(7):1376-1382.
227. Polkinghorne KR, McMahon LP, Becker GJ Pharmacokinetic studies of dalteparin (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Clexane), and danaparoid sodium (Orgaran) in stable chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 40(5):990-995.
228. Stefoni S, Cianciolo G, Donati G, et al. Standard heparin versus low-molecular-weight heparin. A medium-term comparison in hemodialysis. Nephron 2002, 92(3):589-600.
229. Hainer JW, Sherrard DJ, Swan SK, et al. Intravenous and subcutaneous weight-based dosing of the low molecular weight heparin tinzaparin (Innohep) in end-stage renal disease patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 40(3):531-538.
230. Lord H, Jean N, Dumont M, et al. Comparison between tinzaparin and standard heparin for chronic hemodialysis in a Canadian center. Am J Nephrol 2002, 22(1):58-66.
231. Fareed J, Callas D, Hoppensteadt DA, et al. Antithrombin agents as anticoagulants and antithrombotics. Implications in drug development. Med Clin North Am 1998, 82(3):569-586.
232. Nowak G, Bucha E, Brauns I, et al. Anticoagulation with r-hirudin in regular haemodialysis with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT II). The first long-term application of r-hirudin in a haemodialysis patient. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1997, 109(10):354-358.
233. van Wyk V, Badenhorst PN, Kotze HF The effect of r-hirudin vs. heparin on blood-membrane interactions during hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 1997, 48(6):381-387.
234. Caruana RJ, Smith MC, Clyne D, et al. Controlled study of heparin versus epoprostenol sodium (prostacyclin) as the sole anticoagulant for chronic hemodialysis. Blood Purif 1991, 9(5-6):296-304.
235. Maurin N Antithrombotic management with a stable prostacyclin analogue during extracorporeal circulation. Contrib Nephrol 1991, 93:205-209.
236. Kuzniewski M, Sulowicz W, Hanicki Z, et al. Effect of heparin and prostacyclin/heparin infusion on platelet aggregation in hemodialyzed patients. Nephron 1990, 56(2):174-178.
237. Boccardo P, Melacini D, Rota S, et al. Individualized anticoagulation with dermatan sulphate for haemodialysis in chronic renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997, 12(11):2349-2354.
238. Nurmohamed MT, Knipscheer HC, Stevens P, et al. Clinical experience with a new antithrombotic (dermatan sulfate) in chronic hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 1993, 39(3):166-171.
239. Akizawa T, Koshikawa S, Ota K, et al. Nafamostat mesilate: A regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis in patients at high risk for bleeding. Nephron 1993, 64(3):376-381.
240. Matsuo T, Kario K, Nakao K, et al. Anticoagulation with nafamostat mesilate, a synthetic protease inhibitor, in hemodialysis patients with a bleeding risk. Haemostasis 1993, 23(3):135-141.
241. Charney DI, Salmond R Cardiac arrest after hypertonic citrate anticoagulation for chronic hemodialysis. ASAIO Trans 1990, 36:M217-M219.
242. Kelleher SP, Schulman G Severe metabolic alkalosis complicating regional citrate hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1987, 9:235-236.
243. van der Meulen J, Janssen MJ, Langendijk PN, et al. Citrate anticoagulation and dialysate with reduced buffer content in chronic hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 1992, 37(1):36-41.
244. O'Shea SI, Ortel TL, Kovalik EC Alternative methods of anticoagulation for dialysis-dependent patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Semin Dial 2003, 16(1):61-67.
245. Ouseph R, Ward RA Anticoagulation for intermittent hemodialysis. Semin Dial 2000, 13(3):181-187.
246. Depner TA, Keshaviah PR, Ebben JP, et al. Multicenter clinical validation of an on-line monitor of dialysis adequacy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996, 7(3):464-471.
247. Chauveau P, Naret C, Puget J, et al. Adequacy of haemodialysis and nutrition in maintenance haemodialysis patients: Clinical evaluation of a new on-line urea monitor. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996, 11(8):1568-1573.
248. Rahmati MA, Rahmati S, Hoenich N, et al. On-line clearance: A useful tool for monitoring the effectiveness of the reuse procedure. ASAIO J 2003, 49(5):543-546.
249. Lindsay RM, Sternby J Future directions in dialysis quantification. Semin Dial 2001, 14(4):300-307.
250. Gotch FA On-line clearance: Advanced methodology to monitor adequacy of dialysis at no cost. Contrib Nephrol 2002, 137:268-271.
251. Calzavara P, Calconi G, Da Rin G, et al. A new biosensor for continuous monitoring of the spent dialysate urea level in standard hemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs 1998, 21(3):147-150.
252. Argiles A, Ficheux A, Thomas M, et al. Precise quantification of dialysis using continuous sampling of spent dialysate and total dialysate volume measurement. Kidney Int 1997, 52(2):530-537.
253. Del Vecchio L, Di Filippo S, Andrulli S, et al. Conductivity: Online monitoring of dialysis adequacy. Int J Artif Organs 1998, 21(9):521-525.
254. Ishihara T, Igarashi I, Kitano T, et al. Continuous hematocrit monitoring method in an extracorporeal circulation system and its application for automatic control of blood volume during artificial kidney treatment. Artif Organs 1993, 17(8):708-716.
255. Steuer RR, Leypoldt JK, Cheung AK, et al. Reducing symptoms during hemodialysis by continuously monitoring the hematocrit. Am J Kidney Dis 1996, 27(4):525-532.
256. Steuer RR, Leypoldt JK, Cheung AK, et al. Hematocrit as an indicator of blood volume and a predictor of intradialytic morbid events. ASAIO J 1994, 40(3):M691-M696.
257. de Vries JP, Olthof CG, Visser V, et al. Continuous measurement of blood volume during hemodialysis by an optical method. ASAIO J 1992, 38(3):M181-M185.
258. Depner TA Techniques for prospective detection of venous stenosis. Adv Ren Replace Ther 1994, 1:119-130.
259. Hakim R, Himmelfarb J Hemodialysis access failure: A call to action. Kidney Int 1998, 54(4):1029-1040.
260. Dember LM, Holmberg EF, Kaufman JS Value of static venous pressure for predicting arteriovenous graft thrombosis. Kidney Int 2002, 61(5):1899-1904.
261. Bosman PJ, Boereboom FT, Eikelboom BC, et al. Graft flow as a predictor of thrombosis in hemodialysis grafts. Kidney Int 1998, 54(5):1726-1730.
262. Schneditz D, Polaschegg HD, Levin NW, et al. Cardiopulmonary recirculation in dialysis. An underrecognized phenomenon. ASAIO J 1992, 38(3):M194-M196.
263. Depner TA, Krivitski NM Clinical measurement of blood flow in hemodialysis access fistulae and grafts by ultrasound dilution. ASAIO J 1995, 41(3):M745-M749.
264. Krivitski NM Theory and validation of access flow measurement by dilution technique during hemodialysis. Kidney Int 1995, 48(1):244-250.
265. Krivitski NM, MacGibbon D, Gleed RD, et al. Accuracy of dilution techniques for access flow measurement during hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1998, 31(3):502-508.
266. Krivitski NM Access flow measurement during surveillance and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty intervention. Semin Dial 2003, 16(4):304-308.
267. Tessitore N, Bedogna V, Gammaro L, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound dilution access blood flow measurement in detecting stenosis and predicting thrombosis in native forearm arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 42(2):331-341.
268. Schwarz C, Mitterbauer C, Boczula M, et al. Flow monitoring: Performance characteristics of ultrasound dilution versus color Doppler ultrasound compared with fistulography. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 42(3):539-545.
269. Depner TA, Reasons AM Longevity of peripheral A-V grafts and fistulas for hemodialysis is related to access blood flow. J Am Soc Nephrol 1996, 7(9):1405.
270. Neyra NR, Ikizler TA, May RE, et al. Change in access blood flow over time predicts vascular access thrombosis. Kidney Int 1998, 54(5):1714-1719.
271. May RE, Himmelfarb J, Yenicesu M, et al. Predictive measures of vascular access thrombosis: A prospective study. Kidney Int 1997, 52:1656-1662.
272. Wang E, Schneditz D, Nepomuceno C, et al. Predictive value of access blood flow in detecting access thrombosis. ASAIO J 1998, 44(5):M555-M558.
273. Paulson WD, Ram SJ, Faiyaz R, et al. Association between blood pressure, ultrafiltration, and hemodialysis graft thrombosis: A multivariable logistic regression analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 40(4):769-776.
274. Tordoir JH, Rooyens P, Dammers R, et al. Prospective evaluation of failure modes in autogenous radiocephalic wrist access for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003, 18(2):378-383.
275. Begin V, Ethier J, Dumont M, et al. Prospective evaluation of the intra-access flow of recently created native arteriovenous fistulae. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 40(6):1277-1282.
276. Ram SJ, Work J, Caldito GC, et al. A randomized controlled trial of blood flow and stenosis surveillance of hemodialysis grafts. Kidney Int 2003, 64(1):272-280.
277. Moist LM, Churchill DN, House AA, et al. Regular monitoring of access flow compared with monitoring of venous pressure fails to improve graft survival. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14(10):2645-2653.
278. McCarley P, Wingard RL, Shyr Y, et al. Vascular access blood flow monitoring reduces access morbidity and costs. Kidney Int 2001, 60(3):1164-1172.
279. Garland JS, Moist LM, Lindsay RM Are hemodialysis access flow measurements by ultrasound dilution the standard of care for access surveillance?. Adv Ren Replace Ther 2002, 9(2):91-98.
280. Kopple JD Effect of nutrition on morbidity and mortality in maintenance dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1994, 24:1002-1009.
281. Bergstrom J Anorexia in dialysis patients. Semin Nephrol 1996, 16(3):222-229.
282. Slatopolsky E, Gonzalez E, Martin K Pathogenesis and treatment of renal osteodystrophy. Blood Purif 2003, 21(4-5):318-326.
283. Martin KJ, Gonzalez EA Strategies to minimize bone disease in renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 38(6):1430-1436.
284. Kaufman JS, Reda DJ, Fye CL, et al. Subcutaneous compared with intravenous epoetin in patients receiving hemodialysis. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Erythropoietin in Hemodialysis Patients. N Engl J Med 1998, 339(9):578-583.
285. Uribarri J, Levin N, Delmez J, et al. Association of acidosis and nutritional parameters in hemodialysis patients (Abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 1997, 8:108A.
286. Bergstrom J, Wang T, Lindholm B Factors contributing to catabolism in end-stage renal disease patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1998, 24(1):92-101.
287. Uribarri J, Zia M, Mahmood J, et al. Acid production in chronic hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998, 9(1):114-120.
288. Walls J Effect of correction of acidosis on nutritional status in dialysis patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1997, 23(3-6):234-236.
289. Brady JP, Hasbargen JA Correction of metabolic acidosis and its effect on albumin in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1998, 31(1):35-40.
290. Zager PG, Nikolic J, Brown RH, et al. "U" curve association of blood pressure and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Medical Directors of Dialysis Clinic, Inc. Kidney Int 1998, 54(2):561-569.
291. Port FK, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Wolfe RA, et al. Predialysis blood pressure and mortality risk in a national sample of maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1999, 33(3):507-517.
292. Schreiber MJ Clinical case-based approach to understanding intradialytic hypotension. Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 38(4 suppl 4):S37-S47.
293. Nette RW, Krepel HP, van den Dorpel MA, et al. Hemodynamic response to lower body negative pressure in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 41(4):807-813.
294. Lee PT, Fang HC, Chen CL, et al. High vibration perception threshold and autonomic dysfunction in hemodialysis patients with intradialysis hypotension. Kidney Int 2003, 64(3):1089-1094.
295. Akcahuseyin E, Nette RW, Vincent HH, et al. Simulation study of the intercompartmental fluid shifts during hemodialysis. ASAIO J 2000, 46(1):81-94.
296. Sherman RA Intradialytic hypotension: An overview of recent, unresolved and overlooked issues. Semin Dial 2002, 15(3):141-143.
297. Perazella MA Pharmacologic options available to treat symptomatic intradialytic hypotension. Am J Kidney Dis 2001, 38(4 suppl 4):S26-S36.
298. Hoeben H, Abu-Alfa AK, Mahnensmith R, et al. Hemodynamics in patients with intradialytic hypotension treated with cool dialysate or midodrine. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 39(1):102-107.
299. Lin YF, Wang JY, Denq JC, et al. Midodrine improves chronic hypotension in hemodialysis patients. Am J Med Sci 2003, 325(5):256-261.
300. Maggiore Q, Pizzarelli F, Santoro A, et al. The effects of control of thermal balance on vascular stability in hemodialysis patients: Results of the European randomized clinical trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 40(2):280-290.
301. Santoro A, Mancini E, Basile C, et al. Blood volume controlled hemodialysis in hypotension-prone patients: Randomized, multicenter controlled trial. Kidney Int 2002, 62(3):1034-1045.
302. McIntyre CW, Lambie SH, Fluck RJ Biofeedback controlled hemodialysis (BF-HD) reduces symptoms and increases both hemodynamic tolerability and dialysis adequacy in non-hypotension prone stable patients. Clin Nephrol 2003, 60(2):105-112.
303. Buoncristiani U, Fagugli RM, Pinciaroli MR, et al. Reversal of left-ventricular hypertrophy in uremic patients by treatment with daily hemodialysis (DHD). Contrib Nephrol 1996, 119:152-156.
304. Pierratos A Nocturnal home haemodialysis: An update on a 5-year experience. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999, 14(12):2835-2840.
305. Pierratos A Daily hemodialysis: An update. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2002, 11(2):165-171.
306. Kumar VA, Craig M, Depner TA, et al. Extended daily dialysis: A new approach to renal replacement for acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. Am J Kidney Dis 2000, 36(2):294-300.
307. Depner TA Hemodialysis access: The role of monitoring. Inline methods. ASAIO J 1998, 44(1):38-39.
308. Schwab SJ, Weiss MA, Rushton F, et al. Multicenter clinical trial results with the LifeSite hemodialysis access system. Kidney Int 2002, 62(3):1026-1033.
309. Levin NW, Yang PM, Hatch DA, et al. Initial results of a new access device for hemodialysis technical note. Kidney Int 1998, 54(5):1739-1745.
310. Moran JE Subcutaneous vascular access devices. Semin Dial 2001, 14(6):452-457.
311. Kohler H, Arnold W, Renschin G, et al. Active hepatitis B vaccination of dialysis patients and medical staff. Kidney Int 1994, 25:124-128.
312. Peces R, de la Torre M, Alcazar R, et al. Prospective analysis of the factors influencing the antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 1997, 29(2):239-245.
313. Fabrizi F, Andrulli S, Bacchini G, et al. Intradermal versus intramuscular hepatitis B re-vaccination in non-responsive chronic dialysis patients: A prospective randomized study with cost-effectiveness evaluation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997, 12(6):1204-1211.
314. Vlassopoulos D, Arvanitis D, Lilis D, et al. Complete success of intradermal vaccination against hepatitis B in advanced chronic renal failure and hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail 1997, 19(3):455-460.
315. Depner TA Approach to hemodialysis kinetic modeling. Principles and Practice of Dialysis 1999, 79-98. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. W.L. Henrich (Ed.).