Virology

The AIDS Pandemic

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 13-35

  Kanki, Phyllis J ^a   Essex, Myron E ^a  

^a HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882873654     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012465271-2/50004-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (117)

1. Allain J, Laurian Y, Paul D, et al. Long-term evaluation of HIV antigen and antibodies to p24 and gp41 in patients with hemophilia. Potential clinical importance. N Engl J Med 1987, 317:1114-1121.
2. Allan JS, Short M, Taylor ME, et al. Species-specific diversity among simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys. J Virol 1991, 65:2816-2828.
3. Ammann AJ, Abrams D, Conant M, et al. Acquired immune dysfunction in homosexual men: immunologic profiles. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1983, 27:315-325.
4. Anderson RM, Schwartlander B, McCutchan F, Hu D Implications of genetic variability in HIV for epidemiology and public health. Lancet 1996, 347:1778-1779.
5. Anonymous Epidemiologic aspects of the current outbreak of Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infections. N Engl J Med 1982, 306:248-252.
6. Balfe P, Simmonds P, Ludlam CA, Bishop JO, Brown AJ Concurrent evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients infected from the same source: rate of sequence change and low frequency of inactivating mutations. J Virol 1990, 64:6221-6233.
7. Barin F, M'Boup S, Denis F, et al. Serological evidence for virus related to simian T-lymphotropic retrovirus III in residents of West Africa. Lancet 1985, ii:1387-1390.
8. Barre-Sinoussi F, Chermann J-C, Rey F, et al. Isolation of T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 1983, 220:868-870.
9. Biberfeld G, Brown F, Esparza J, et al. Meeting report: WHO working group on characterization of HIV-related retroviruses: Criteria for characterization and proposal for a nomenclature system. AIDS 1987, 1:189-190.
10. Blatt S, Hendrix C, Butzin C, et al. Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin testing predicts progression to AIDS in, HIV-infected patients. Ann Intern Med 1993, 119:177-184.
11. Bobkov A, Cheingsong-Popov R, Garaev M, et al. Identification of an env G subtype and heterogeneity of HIV-1 strains in the Russian Federation and Belarus. AIDS 1994, 8:1649-1655.
12. Burke DS, McCutchan FE Global Distribution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Clades. AIDS: Biology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention 1997, 119-126. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, PA. S.A. Rosenberg (Ed.).
13. Cao Y, Qin L, Zhang L, Safrit J, Ho DD Virologic and immunologic characterization of long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:201-208.
14. Charneau P, Borman AM, Quillent C, et al. Isolation and envelope sequence of a highly divergent HIV-1 isolate: definition of a new HIV-1 group. Virology 1994, 205:247-253.
15. Clark DR, Wolthers KC T-cell dynamics and renewal in HIV-1 infection. Aids Pathog 2000, 28:55-64.
16. Clark SJ, Shaw GM The acute retroviral syndrome and the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Immunology 1993, 5:149-155.
17. Clark S, Saag M, Decker W, et al. High titers of cytopathic virus in plasma of patients with symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 1991, 324:954-960.
18. Clumeck N, Mascart-Lemone F, de Maubeuge J, Brenez D, Marcelis L Acquired immune deficiency syndrome in Black Africans [letter]. Lancet 1983, 1:642.
19. Coombs RW, Collier AC, Allain J, et al. Plasma viremia in human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1989, 321:1621-1631.
20. Curran JW, Lawrence DN, Jaffe H, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with transfusions. N Engl J Med 1984, 310:69-75.
21. Davis KC, Horsburgh CR, Hasiba U, Schocket AL, Kirkpatrick CH Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a patient with hemophilia. Ann Intern Med 1983, 98:284-286.
22. De Leys R, Vanderborght B, Vanden Haesevelde M, et al. Isolation and partial characterization of an unusual human immunodeficiency retrovirus from two persons of west-central African origin. J Virol 1990, 64:1207-1216.
23. Delassus S, Cheynier R, Wain-Hobson S Evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef and long terminal repeat sequences over 4 years in vivo and in vitro. J Virol 1991, 65:225-231.
24. Dewolf F, Spijkerman I, Schellekens PT, et al. Aids prognosis based on HIV-1 RNA, CD4+ T-cell count and function-markers with reciprocal predictive value over time after seroconversion. AIDS 1997, 11:1799-1806.
25. Dornadula G, Zhang H, VanUitert B, et al. Residual HIV-1 RNA in blood plasma of patients taking suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy. JAMA 1999, 282:1627-1632.
26. Elliott JL, Hoppes WL, Platt MS, Thomas JG, Patel IP, Gansar A The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare bacteremia in a patient with hemophilia. Ann Intern Med 1983, 98:290-293.
27. Essex M Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: Role of a human retrovirus. J Natl Cancer Inst 1982, 69:981-985.
28. Essex M Simian immunodeficiency virus in people [editorial; comment]. N Engl J Med 1994, 330:209-210.
29. Essex M, Kanki P The origins of the AIDS virus. Sci Am 1988, 259:64-71.
30. Essex M, McLane MF, Lee TH, et al. Antibodies to cell membrane antigens associated with human T-cell leukemia virus in patients with AIDS. Science 1983, 220:859-862.
31. Essex M, McLane MF, Tachibana N, Francis DP, Lee TH Distribution of antibodies to HTLV-MA in patients with AIDS and related control groups. Human T-cell Leukemia Viruses 1984, 355-362. Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York. L. Gross (Ed.).
32. Essex M, McLane MF, Kanki PJ, Allan JS, Kitchen LW, Lee TH Retroviruses associated with leukemia and ablative syndromes in animals and in human beings. Cancer Res 1985, 45:4534s-4538s.
33. Fahey JL, Prince H, Weaver M, et al. Quantitative changes in T helper or T suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocyte subsets that distinguish acquired immune deficiency syndrome from other immune subset disorders. Am J Med 1984, 76:95-100.
34. Fahey JL, Taylor JM, Detels R, et al. The prognostic value of cellular and serologic markers in infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:166-172.
35. Fauci AS Immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993, 6:655-662.
36. Fauci AS Host factors and the pathogenesis of HIV-induced disease. Nature 1996, 384:529-534.
37. Fenyo EM, Albert J, Asjo B Replicative capacity, cytopathic effect and cell tropism of HIV. AIDS 1989, 3:5S-12S.
38. Finzi D, Hermankova M, Pierson T, et al. Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Science 1997, 278:1295-1300.
39. Francis DP, Curran JW, Essex M Epidemic acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): Epidemiologic evidence for a transmitted agent. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983, 71:1-6.
40. Gallo RC, Salahuddin SZ, Popovic M, et al. Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science 1984, 224:500-503.
41. Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, et al. Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Nature 1999, 397:436-441.
42. Gelmann EP, Wong-Staal F, Kramer RA, Gallo RC Molecular cloning and comparative analyses of the genomes of simian sarcoma virus and its associated helper virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981, 78:3373-3377.
43. Gelmann EP, Popovic M, Blayney D, et al. Proviral DNA of a retrovirus, human T-cell leukemia virus, in two patients with AIDS. Science 1983, 220:862-865.
44. Georges-Courbot MC, Lu CY, Makuwa M, et al. Natural infection of a household petred-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus) with a new simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 1998, 72:600-608.
45. Goodenow M, Huet T, Saurin W, Kwok S, Sninsky J, Wain-Hobson S HIV-1 isolates are rapidly evolving quasispecies: evidence for viral mixtures and preferred nucleotide substitutions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989, 2:344-352.
46. Gottlieb MS, Schroff R, Schanker HM, Weisman JD, Fan PT, Wolf RA Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 1981, 305:1425-1431.
47. Gupta P, Kingsley L, Armstrong J, Ding M, Cottrill M, Rinaldo CR Enhanced expression of human immunodeficiency type 1 correlates with development of AIDS. Virology 1993, 196:586-595.
48. Gurtler LG, Hauser PH, Eberle J, et al. A new subtype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (MVP-5180) from Cameroon. J Virol 1994, 68:1581-1585.
49. Hatano H, Vogel S, Yoder C, et al. Pre-HAART HIV burden approximates post-HAART viral levels following interruption of therapy in patients with sustained viral suppression. AIDS 2000, 14:1357-1363.
50. Haynes BF, Pantaleo G, Fauci AS Toward an understanding of the correlates of protective immunity to HIV infection. Science 1996, 271:324-328.
51. Henrickson RV, Maul DH, Osborn KG, et al. Epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency in rhesus monkeys. Lancet 1983, 1:388-390.
52. Hirsch VM, Olmsted RA, Murphey-Corb M, Purcell RH, Johnson PR An African primate lentivirus (SIV sm) closely related to HIV-2. Nature 1989, 339:389-392.
53. Ho DD, Moudgil T, Alam M Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus in the blood of infected persons. N Engl J Med 1989, 321:1621-1625.
54. Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, Chen W, Leonard JM, Markowitz M Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 1995, 373:123-126.
55. Hubert JB, Burgard M, Dussaix E, et al. Natural history of serum HIV-1 RNA levels in 330 patients with a known date of infection. AIDS 2000, 14:123-131.
56. Huet T, Cheynier R, Meyerhans A, Roelants G, Wain Hobson S Genetic organization of a chimpanzee lentivirus related to HIV-1. Nature 1990, 345:356-359.
57. Jaffe HW, Francis DP, McLane MF, et al. Transfusion-associated AIDS: serologic evidence of human T-cell leukemia virus infection of donors. Science 1984, 223:1309-1312.
58. Jain MK, John TJ, Keusch GT Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in India. AIDS 1994, 8:S61-S75.
59. Johnson PR, Gravell M, Allan J, et al. Genetic diversity among simian immuno-deficiency virus isolates from African green monkeys. J Med Primatol 1989, 18:271-277.
60. Kalyanaraman VS, Sarngadharan MG, Robert-Guroff M, Miyoshi I, Golde D, Gallo RC A new subtype of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-II) associated with a T-cell variant of hairy cell leukemia. Science 1982, 218:571-573.
61. Kanki PJ, Kurth R, Becker W, Dreesman G, McLane MF, Essex M Antibodies to simian T-lymphotropic retrovirus type III in African Green monkeys and recognition of STLV-III viral proteins by AIDS and related sera. Lancet 1985, i:1330-1332.
62. Kanki PJ, McLane MF, King NWJ, et al. Serologic identification and characterization of a macaque T-lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV) type III. Science 1985, 228:1199-1201.
63. Kanki P, Hunt RD, Essex M The Pathobiology of Macaque Retroviruses closely related to Human T-cell Lymphotropic Viruses. Animal Models of Retrovirus Infection and Their Relationship to AIDS 1986, 223-232. Academic Press, Orlando, FL. L.A. Salzman (Ed.).
64. Kanki PJ, Barin F, M'Boup S, et al. New human T-lymphotropic retrovirus related to simian T-lymphotropic virus type IIIAGGM (STLV-IIIAGM). Science 1986, 232:238-243.
65. Kanki PJ, Hamel DJ, Sankalé J-L, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes differ in disease progression. J Infect Dis 1999, 179:68-73.
66. Kirchhoff F, Pohlmann S, Hamacher M, et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus variants with differential T-cell and macrophage tropism use CCR5 and an unidentified cofactor expressed in CEMX174 cells for efficient entry. J Virol 1997, 71:6509-6516.
67. Korber BT, Allen EE, Farmer AD, Myers GL Heterogeneity of HIV-1 and HIV-2. AIDS 1995, 9:S5-S18.
68. Kunanusont C, Foy HM, Kreiss JK, et al. HIV-1 subtypes and male-to-female transmission in Thailand. Lancet 1995, 345:1078-1083.
69. Lane HC, Masur H, Gelmann EP, et al. Correlation between immunologic function and clinical subpopulations of patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1985, 78:417-422.
70. Letvin NL, Eaton KA, Aldrich WR, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a colony of macaque monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1983, 80:2718-2722.
71. Louwagie J, McCutchan F, Mascola J Genetic subtypes of HIV-1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1993, 9(Suppl 1):147s-150s.
72. Lyles RH, Munoz A, Yamashita TE, et al. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virustype 1 viremia after seroconversion and proximal to AIDS in a large cohort of homosexual men. J Infect Dis 2000, 181:872-880.
73. Mann JM, Bila K, Colebunders RL, et al. Natural history of human immunodeficiency virus infection in Zaire. Lancet 1986, 2:707-709.
74. Marlink R, Kanki P, Thior I, et al. Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1. Science 1994, 265:1587-1590.
75. Masur H, Michelis MA, Greene JB, et al. An outbreak of community-acquired Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestation of cellular immune dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1981, 305:1431-1438.
76. McCutchan F, Salimen MO, Carr JK, Burke DS HIV-1 genetic diversity. AIDS 1996, 10:S13-S20.
77. Mellors J, Kingsley L, Rinaldo C, et al. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma predicts outcome after seroconversion. Ann Intern Med 1995, 122:573-579.
78. Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR, Gupta P, White RM, Todd JA, Kingsley LA Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 1996, 272:1167-1170.
79. Mellors JW, Munoz A, Giorgi JV, et al. Plasma viral load and CD4(+) lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med 1997, 126:946-954.
80. Myers G, Pavlakis GN The Retroviridae 1992, 1-37. Plenum Press, New York. J.A. Levy (Ed.).
81. Nahmias AJ, Weiss J, Yao X, et al. Evidence for human infection with an HTLV-III/LAV-like virus in Central Africa. Lancet 1986, 1:1279-1280.
82. Nkengasong JN, Janssens W, Heyndrickx L, et al. Genotypic subtypes of HIV-1 in Cameroon. AIDS 1994, 8:1405-1412.
83. Notermans DW, Goudsmit J, Danner SA, Dewolf F, Perelson AS, Mittler J Rate of HIV-1 decline following antiretroviral therapy is related to viral load at baseline and drug regimen. AIDS 1998, 12:1483-1490.
84. Obrien TR, Rosenberg PS, Yellin F, Goedert JJ Longitudinal HIV-1 RNA levels in a cohort of homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1998, 18:155-161.
85. Oleske J, Minnefor A, Cooper R, et al. Immune deficiency syndrome in children. JAMA 1983, 249:2345-2349.
86. Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Demarest JF, et al. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature 1993, 362:355-358.
87. Pantaleo G, Menzo S, Vaccarezza M, et al. Studies in subjects with long-term non-progressive human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:209-216.
88. Panther LA, Tucker L, Xu C, Tuomala RE, Mullins JI, Anderson DJ Genital tract human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) shedding and inflammation and HIV-1 env diversity in perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Infect Dis 2000, 181:555-563.
89. Peeters M, Honore C, Huet T, et al. Isolation and partial characterization of an HIV-related virus occurring naturally in chimpanzees in Gabon. AIDS 1989, 3:625-630.
90. Piot P, Quinn TC, Taelman H, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a heterosexual population in Zaire. Lancet 1984, 2:65-69.
91. Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980, 77:7415-7419.
92. Poon MC, Landay A, Prasthofer EF, Stagno S Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Mycobacterium a vium-intracellulare infection in a previously healthy patient with classic hemophilia. Clinical, immunologic, and virologic findings. Ann Intern Med 1983, 98:287-290.
93. Popovic M, Sarngadharan MG, Read E, Gallo RC Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS. Science 1984, 224:497-500.
94. Putter H, Prins JM, Jurriaans S, et al. Slower decline of plasma HIV-1 RNA following highly suppressive antiretroviral therapy in primary compared with chronic infection. AIDS 2000, 14:2831-2839.
95. Redfield R, Wright D, Tramont E The Walter Reed staging classification for HTLV-IIILAV infection. N Engl J Med 1986, 314:131-132.
96. Rinaldo C, Huang X-L, Fan Z, et al. High levels of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) memory cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity and low viral load are associated with lack of disease in HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors. J Virol 1995, 69:5838-5842.
97. Rubinstein A., Sicklick M, Gupta A, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency with reversed T4/T8 ratios in infants born to promiscuous and drug-addicted mothers. JAMA 1983, 249:2350-2356.
98. Sabin CA, Devereux H, Phillips AN, Janossy G, Loveday C, Lee CA Immune markers and viral load after HIV-1 seroconversion as predictors of disease progression in a cohort of haemophilic men. AIDS 1998, 12:1347-1352.
99. Sabin CA, Devereux H, Phillips AN, et al. Course of viral load throughout HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000, 23:172-177.
100. Saksela K, Steven C, Ribinstein P, Baltimore D Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood cells predicts disease progression in dependently of the numbers of CD4+ lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:1104-1108.
101. Saxinger WC, Levine PH, Dean AG, et al. Evidence for exposure to HTLV-III in Uganda before 1973. Science 1985, 227:1036-1038.
102. Schacker TW, Hughes JP, Shea T, Coombs RW, Corey L Biological and virologic characteristics of primary HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1998, 128.
103. Schupbach J, Popovic M, Gilden RV, Gonda MA, Sarngadharan MG, Gallo RC Serological analysis of a subgroup of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) associated with AIDS. Science 1984, 224:503-505.
104. Scott GB, Buck BE, Leterman JG, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in infants. N Engl J Med 1984, 310:76-81.
105. Siegal FP, Lopez C, Hammer GS, et al. Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med 1981, 305:1439-1444.
106. Soto-Ramirez L, Renjifo B, McLane MF, et al. HIV-1 Langerhan's cell tropism associated with heterosexual transmission of HIV. Science 1996, 271:1291-1293.
107. Stein D, Lyles R, Graham N, et al. Predicting clinical progression or death in subjects with early-stage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-a comparative analysis of quantification of HIV RNA, soluble tumor necrosis factor type i receptors, neopterin, and beta(2)-microglobulin. J Infect Dis 1997, 176:1161-1167.
108. Tersmette M, De Goede R, Al B, et al. Differential syncytium-inducing capacity of human immunodeficiency virus isolates: frequent detection of syncytium-inducing isolates in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. J Virol 1988, 62:2026-2032.
109. Tsujimoto H, Cooper RW, Kodama T, et al. Isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus from mandrills in Africa and its relationship to other human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. J Virol 1988, 62:4044-4050.
110. unaids unaids Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic 2002 2002, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (unaids), Geneva.
111. Van de Perre P, Rouvroy D, Lepage P, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Rwanda. Lancet 1984, 2:62-65.
112. Vanharmelen J, Wood R, Lambrick M, Rybicki EP, Williamson AL, Williamson C An association between HIV-1 subtypes and mode of transmission in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS 1997, 11:81-87.
113. Wei X, Ghosh SK, Taylor ME, et al. Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature 1995, 373:117-122.
114. Weniger BG, Takebe Y, Ou C-Y, Yamazaki S The molecular epidemiology of HIV in Asia. AIDS 1994, 8:13s-28s.
115. Wong JK, Xignacio CC, Torriani F, Havlir D, Fitch NFS, Richman DS In vivo compartmentalization of human immunodeficiency virus: evidence from the examination of pol sequences from autopsy tissues. J Virol 1997, 71:2059-2071.
116. Yu X, McLane MF, Ratner L, O'Brien W, Collman R, Essex M, Lee TH Killing of primary CD4+ T cells by non-syncytium-inducing macrophage-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:10237-10241.
117. Zekeng L, Gurtler L, Alaneze A, et al. Prevalence of HIV-1 subtype O infection in Cameroon: preliminary results. AIDS 1994, 8:1628-1629.