Myocardial Infarction and Electrocardiographic Patterns Simulating Myocardial Infarction

Chou's Electrocardiography in Clinical Practice: Adult and Pediatric

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 162-204

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882864470     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-141603774-3.10008-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (210)

1. Wilson FA, Hill IG, Johnston FD The form of the electrocardiogram in experimental myocardial infarction. III. The later effect produced by ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. Am Heart J 1935, 10:903.
2. Wilson FN, Johnston FD, Hill IG The form of the electrocardiogram in experimental myocardial infarction. IV. Additional observations on the later effects produced by ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. Am Heart J 1935, 10:1025.
3. Chou T-C Electrocardiography. Clinical Practice 1996, Saunders, Philadephia. 4th ed.
4. Goldberger E Unipolar Lead Electrocardiography and Vectorcariography 1953, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia. 3rd ed.
5. Myers GB, Klein HA, Hiratzka T V. Correlation of electrocardiographic and pathologic findings in posterior infarction. Am Heart J 1949, 38:547.
6. Myers GB, Klein HA, Hiratzka T VI. Correlation of electrocardiographic and pathologic findings in posterolateral infarction. Am Heart J 1948, 38:837.
7. Johnsrude CL, Perry JC, Cecchin F, et al. Differentiating anomalous left main pulmonary artery in infants from myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy by electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1995, 75:71.
8. Essen RV, Merz W, Efert S QRS mapping in the evaluation of acute anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation 1980, 62:266.
9. Bar FW, Volders PGA, Hoeppener P, et al. Development of ST-segment elevation and Q- and R-wave changes in acute myocardial infarction and the influence of thrombolytic therapy. Am J Cardiol 1996, 77:337.
10. Kaplan BM, Berkson DM Serial electrocardiograms after myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1964, 60:430.
11. Kalbfleisch JM, Shadaksharappa KS, Conrad LL, et al. Disappearance of the Q-deflection following myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1968, 76:193.
12. Coll S, Betriu AM, De Flores T, et al. Significance of Q-wave regression after transmural acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988, 61:739.
13. Iwasaki K, Kusachi S, Hina K, et al. Q-wave regression unrelated to patency of infarct-related artery or left ventricular ejection fraction or volume after anterior wall acute myocardial infarction treated with or without reperfusion therapy. Am J Cardiol 1995, 76:14.
14. Lyck F, Holmvang L, Grande P, et al. Effects of revascularization after first acute myocardial infarction on the evolution of QRS complex changes (the DANAMI trial). Am J Cardiol 1999, 83:488.
15. Phibbs B "Transmural" versus "subendocardial" myocardial infarction: an electrocardiographic myth. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983, 1:561.
16. Bodenheimer MM, Banka VS, Helfant RH Correlation of pathologic Q waves on the standard electrocardiogram and the epicardial electrogram of the human heart. Circulation 1976, 54:213.
17. Mirvis DM, Ingram L, Molly KM, et al. Electrocardiographic effects of experimental nontransmural myocardial infarction. Circulation 1985, 71:1206.
18. Baer FM, Theissen P, Voth E Morphologic correlate of pathologic Q waves as assessed by gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 1994, 74:430.
19. Kornreich F, Montague TJ, Rautaharju M Identification of first acute Q wave and non-Q wave myocardial infarction by multivariate analysis of body surface potential maps. Circulation 1991, 84:2442.
20. Selvester RH, Wagner GS, Ideker RE Myocardial infarction. Comprehensive Electrocardiology 1989, Pergamon, New York. P.W. MacFarlane, T.D. Lawrie (Eds.).
21. Flowers NC, Horan LG, Johnson JC Anterior infarctional changes occurring during mid and late ventricular activation detectable by surface mapping techniques. Circulation 1976, 54:906.
22. Solomon JC, Selvester RH Simulation of measured activation sequence in the human heart. Am Heart J 1973, 85:518.
23. Shalev Y, Fogelman R, Oettinger M, et al. Does the electrocardiographic pattern of "anteroseptal" myocardial infarction correlate with the anatomic location of myocardial injury?. Am J Cardiol 1995, 75:763.
24. Warner RA, Hill NE, Mookherjee S, et al. Diagnostic significance for coronary artery disease of abnormal Q waves in the "lateral" electrocardiographic leads. Am J Cardiol 1986, 58:431.
25. Ha D, Kraft DI, Stein PD The anteriorly oriented horizontal vector loop: the problem of distinction between direct posterior myocardial infarction and normal variation. Am Heart J 1974, 88:408.
26. Bough EW, Boden WE, Korr KS, et al. Left ventricular asynergy in electrocardiographic "posterior" myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984, 4:209.
27. Nestico PF, Hakki AH, Iskandrian AS, et al. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of posterior myocardial infarction revisited: a new approach using a multivariate discriminant analysis and thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy. J Electrocardiol 1986, 19:33.
28. 1 lead to right or left circumflex coronary pathoanatomy in acute inferior myocardial infarction. Chest 1994, 105:360.
29. 2. Am J Cardiol 1997, 80:508.
30. Bayes de Luna A, Cino JM, Pujadas S, et al. Concordance of electrocardiographic patterns and healed myocardial infarction location detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am J Cardiol 2006, 97:445.
31. Pearce ML, Kossowsky W, Levine R Isolated abnormalities in high precordial leads, an infrequent sign of myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1966, 72:442.
32. F and inferior-posterior wall motion abnormalities. J Electrocardiogr 1983, 16:367.
33. Young E, Williams C The frontal plane vectorcardiogram in old inferior myocardial infarction: criteria for diagnosis and electrocardiographic correlation. Circulation 1968, 37:604.
34. Warner RA, Hill NE, Mookherjee S, et al. Electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of combined inferior myocardial infarction and left anterior hemiblock. Am J Cardiol 1983, 51:718.
35. Andersen HR, Falk E, Nielsen D Right ventricular infarction: frequency, size and topography in coronary heart disease: a prospective study comprising 107 consecutive autopsies from a coronary care unit. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987, 10:1223.
36. Forman MB, Goodin J, Phelan B, et al. Electrocardiographic changes associated with isolated right ventricular infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984, 4:640.
37. Isner JM, Robert WC Right ventricular infarction complicating left ventricular infarction secondary to coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1978, 42:885.
38. Ratliff NB, Hackel DB Combined right and left ventricular infarction: pathogenesis and clinicopathologic correlation. Am J Cardiol 1980, 45:217.
39. Wartman WB, Hellerstein HK The incidence of heart disease in 2,000 consecutive autopsies. Ann Intern Med 1948, 28:41.
40. Cabin HS, Clubb KS, Wackers F, et al. Right ventricular myocardial infarction with anterior wall left ventricular infarction: an autopsy study. Am Heart J 1987, 113:16.
41. Morgera T, Alberti E, Sivestri F, et al. Right precordial ST and QRS changes in the diagnosis of right ventricular infarction. Am Heart J 1984, 108:13.
42. Chou TC, Van der Bel-Kahn J, Allen J, et al. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of right ventricular infarction. Am J Med 1981, 70:1175.
43. 3. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985, 6:1273.
44. Braat S, Brugada P, DeZwaan C, et al. Value of electrocardiogram in diagnosing right ventricular infarction in patients with an acute inferior wall myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1983, 49:368.
45. 4R and hemodynamic, scintigraphic and echocardiographic findings in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1981, 101:281.
46. Zehender M, Kasper W, Kauder E, et al. Right ventricular infarction as an independent predictor of prognosis after acute inferior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:981.
47. Dabrowska B, Walczak E, Preis R, et al. Acute infarction of the left ventricular papillary muscle: electrocardiographic pattern and recognition of its location. Clin Cardiol 1996, 19:404.
48. Rothfeld B, Fleg JL, Gottlieb SH Insensitivity of the electrocardiogram in apical myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1984, 53:715.
49. Tamura A, Kataoka H, Mikuriya Y Electrocardiographic findings in a patient with pure septal infarction. Br Heart J 1991, 65:166.
50. Zeymer U, Neuhaus KL, Wegscheider K, et al. Effects of thrombolytic therapy in acute inferior myocardial infarction with or without right ventricular involvement. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 32:876.
51. McCann GP, Van Dockum WG, Beek AM, Nijveldt R, Ten Cate FJ, Ten Berg JM, Van Rossum AC Extent of myocardial infarction and reverse remodeling assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with and without right bundle branch block following alcohol septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2007, 99(4):563-567.
52. Zalenski RJ, Rydman RJ, Sloan EP, et al. Value of posterior and right ventricular leads in comparison to the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram in evaluation of ST-segment elevation in suspected acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1997, 79:1579.
53. Castle CH, Keane WM Electrocardiographic "peri-infarction block.". Circulation 1965, 31:403.
54. First SR, Bayley RH, Bedford DR Peri-infarction block: an electrocardiographic abnormality occasionally resembling bundle-branch block and local ventricular block of other types. Circulation 1950, 2:31.
55. Grant RP Peri-infarction. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1959-1960, 2:237.
56. Durrer D, Van Lier AA, Buller J Epicardial and intramural excitation in chronic myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1964, 68:765.
57. Mayarga-Cortes A, Rozanski JJ, Sung RJ, et al. Right ventricular apical activation times in patients with conduction disturbances occurring during acute transmural myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1979, 43:913.
58. Vassallo JA, Cassidy DM, Marchlinski FE, et al. Abnormalities of endocardial activation pattern in patients with previous healed myocardial infarction and ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1986, 58:479.
59. Kadish A, Balke W, Levine JE, et al. Activation patterns in healed experimental myocardial infarction. Circ Res 1989, 65:1698.
60. Hatal R, Savard P, Tremblay G, et al. Three distinct patterns of ventricular activation in infarcted human hearts. Circulation 1995, 91:1480.
61. Langner PH, Geselowitz DB, Mansure FT High frequency components in the electrocardiograms of normal subjects and of patients with coronary heart disease. Am Heart J 1961, 62:746.
62. Flowers NC, Horan LG, Tolleson WJ, et al. Localization of the site of myocardial scarring in man by high frequency components. Circulation 1969, 40:927.
63. Goldberger AL, Bhargava V, Froelicher V, et al. Effect of myocardial infarction on high frequency QRS potentials. Circulation 1981, 64:34.
64. Zaman AG, Morris JL, Smyllie JH, et al. Late potentials and ventricular enlargement after myocardial infarction: a new role for high-resolution electrocardiography?. Circulation 1993, 88:905.
65. Babbitt DG, Binkley PF, Schaal SF Clinical significance of terminal QRS abnormalities in the setting of inferior myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol 1991, 24:85.
66. Young E, Levine HD, Vokonas PS, et al. Vectorcardiogram in old inferior myocardial infarction. II. Mid-to-late QRS changes. Circulation 1970, 62:1143.
67. Warner RA, Battaglia J, Hill NE, et al. Terminal portion of the QRS in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of inferior myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1985, 55:896.
68. Wagner NB, Sevilla DC, Krucoff MW, et al. Transient alterations of the QRS complex and ST segment during percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Am J Cardiol 1988, 62:1038.
69. Barnhill JE, Wikswo JP, Dawson AK, et al. The QRS complex during transient myocardial ischemia: studies in patients with variant angina pectoris and in a canine preparation. Circulation 1985, 71:901.
70. Frink RN, James TN Normal blood supply to the human His bundle and proximal bundle branches. Circulation 1973, 32:1020.
71. Fuchs RM, Achuff SC, Grunwald L, et al. Electrocardiographic localizations of coronary artery narrowings: studies during myocardial ischemia and infarction in patients with one-vessel disease. Circulation 1984, 60:1209.
72. Blanke H, Cohen M, Schlueter GU, et al. Electrocardiographic and coronary arteriographic correlations during acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1984, 54:249.
73. Assali A, Sclarovsky S, Herz I, et al. Importance of left anterior hemiblock development in inferior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1997, 80:672.
74. Dunn RF, Newman HN, Bernstein L, et al. The clinical features of isolated circumflex coronary artery disease. Circulation 1984, 69:477.
75. Weinshel AM, Isner JM, Salem EN, et al. The coronary anatomy of right ventricular myocardial infarction: relationnship between the site of right coronary occlusion and origin of the right ventricular free wall branches. Circulation 1983, 68(Suppl III):351.
76. Midgette AS, Griffith JL, Califf RM, et al. Prediction of the infarct-related artery in acute myocardial infarction by a scoring system using summary ST-segment and T-wave changes. Am J Cardiol 1996, 78:389.
77. Bayes de Luna A, Wagner G, Birnbaum Y, Nikus K, Fiol M, Gorgels A, Cinca J, Clemmensen PM, Pahlm O, Sclarovsky S, Stern S, Wellens J, Zareba W International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiography. A new terminology for left ventricular walls and location of myocardial infarcts that present Q wave based on the standard of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a statement for healthcare professionals from a committee appointed by the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiography. Circulation 2006, 114:1755-1760.
78. Essen RV, Merz W, Effert S Spontaneous course of ST-segment elevation in acute anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation 1979, 59:105.
79. Zmyslinski RW, Akiyama T, Biddle TL, et al. Natural course of S-T segment and QRS complex in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1979, 43:29.
80. Mills RM, Young E, Gorlin R, et al. Natural history of S-T segment elevation after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1975, 35:609.
81. Wilson FN, Macleod AG, Barker PS The T deflection of the electrocardiogram. Trans Assoc Am Physicins 1931, 46:29.
82. Surawicz B Electrophysiologic Basis of ECG and Cardiac Arrhythmias 1995, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
83. Deanfield JE, Davies G, Mongiardi F, et al. Factors influencing R wave amplitude in patients with ischemic heart disease. Br Heart J 1983, 49:8.
84. Feldman T, Chua KG, Childers RW R wave of the surface and intracoronary electrogram during acute coronary artery occlusion. Am J Cardiol 1986, 58:885.
85. David D, Naito M, Michelson E, et al. Intramyocardial conduction: a major determinant of R wave amplitude during acute myocardial ischemia. Circulation 1982, 65:161.
86. Madias JE The "giant R waves" ECG pattern of hyperacute phase of myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol 1993, 26:77.
87. Feldman JL, Coste P, Furber A, et al. Incomplete resolution of ST-segment elevation is a marker of transient microcirculatory dysfunction after stenting for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003, 107:2684.
88. Sciagra R, Parodi G, Migliorini A, et al. ST-segment analysis to predict infarct size and functional outcome in acute myocardial infarction treated with primary coronary intervention and adjunctive Abciximab therapy. Am J Cardiol 2006, 97:48.
89. Dong J, Ndreppa G, Schmitt C, et al. Early resolution of ST-segment elevation correlates with myocardial salvage assessed by Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy in patients with acute myocardial infarction after mechanical or thrombolytic reperfusion therapy. Circulation 2002, 105:2496.
90. Krucoff MW, Croll MA, Pope JE, et al. Continuous 12-lead ST segment recovery analysis in the TAMI 7 study: performance of a noninvasive method for real-time detection of failed myocardial reperfusion. Circulation 1993, 88:437.
91. Poli A, Fetiveau R, Vandoni P, et al. Integrated analysis of myocardial blush and ST-segment elevation recovery after successful primary angioplasty. Circulation 2002, 106:313.
92. Veldkamp RF, Green CL, Wilkins ML, et al. Comparison of continuous ST-segment recovery analysis with methods using static electrocardiograms for noninvasive patency assessment during acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1994, 73:1069.
93. Richardson SG, Morton P, Murtaugh JG, et al. Relation of coronary arterial patency and left ventricular function to electrocardiographic changes after streptokinase treatment during acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988, 61:961.
94. Shah PK, Cercek B, Lew AS, et al. Angiographic validation of bedside markers of reperfusion. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 21:55.
95. Schechter M, Rabinowitz B, Becker B, et al. Additional ST segment elevation during the first hour of thrombolytic therapy: an electrocardiographic sign predicting a favorable outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992, 20:1460.
96. Miida T, Oda H, Toeda T, et al. Additional ST-segment elevation immediately after reperfusion and its effect on myocardial salvage in anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1994, 73:851.
97. Kondo M, Tamura K, Tanio H, et al. Is ST segment reelevation associated with reperfusion an indicator of marked myocardial damage after thrombolysis?. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 21:62.
98. Langer A, Krucoff MW, Klootwijk P, et al. Prognostic significance of ST segment shift after resolution of ST elevation with myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy: the GUSTO-I ST-segment Monitoring Substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:783.
99. Somitsu Y, Nakamura M, Degawa T, et al. Prognostic value of slow resolution of ST-segment elevation following successful direct percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for recovery of left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol 1997, 80:406.
100. Brodie BR, Stuckey TD, Hansen C, et al. Relation between electrocardiographic ST-segment resolution and early and late outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2005, 95:343.
101. Kircher BJ, Topol EJ, O'Neill WW, et al. Prediction of infarct coronary artery recanalization after intravenous thrombolytic therapy. Am J Cardiol 1987, 59:513.
102. McLaughlin MG, Stone GW, Aymong E, et al. Prognostic utility of comparative methods for assessment of ST-segment resolution after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. The Controlled Abciximab and device investigation to Lower Angioplastic Complications (CADILLAC) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 44:1215.
103. Bren GB, Wasserman AG, Ross AM Electrocardiographic infarct evolution is accelerated by successful thrombolysis: a report from the NHIBI Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987, 9:63A.
104. Timmis GC Electrocardiographic effects of reperfusion. Cardiol Clin 1987, 5:427.
105. Raitt MH, Maynard C, Wagner GS, et al. Appearance of abnormal Q waves early in the course of acute myocardial infarction: implications for efficacy of thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995, 25:1084.
106. Lee CW, Hong M-K, Suk H, et al. Determinants and prognostic implications of terminal QRS complex distortion in patients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2001, 88:210.
107. Cercek B, Lew AS, Laramee P, et al. Time course and characteristics of ventricular arrhythmias after reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1987, 60:214.
108. Gorgels APM, Vos MA, Letsch IS, et al. Usefulness of the accelerated idioventricular rhythm as a marker for myocardial necrosis and reperfusion during thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988, 61:231.
109. Myers GB, Klein HA, Stofer BE I. Correlation of electrocardiographic and pathologic findings in anteroseptal infarction. Am Heart J 1948, 36:535.
110. Myers GB, Klein HA, Hiratzka T II. Correlation of electrocardiographic and pathologic findings in large anterolateral infarcts. Am Heart J 1948, 36:838.
111. Myers GB, Klein HA, Hiratzka T III. Correlation of electrocardiographic and pathologic findings in anteroposterior infarction. Am Heart J 1949, 37:205.
112. Myers GB, Klein HA, Hiratzka T IV. Correlation of electrocardiographic and pathologic findings in infarction of the interventricular septum and right ventricle. Am Heart J 1949, 37:720.
113. Myers GB, Klein HA, Stofer BE VII. Correlation of electrocardiographic and pathologic findings in lateral infarction. Am Heart J 1949, 37:374.
114. Levine HD, Philips E An appraisal of the newer electrocardiography: correlations in one hundred and fifty consecutive autopsied cases. N Engl J Med 1951, 245:833.
115. Paton BC The accuracy of diagnosis of myocardial infarction: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Med 1957, 23:761.
116. Woods JD, Laurie W, Smith WG The reliability of the electrocardiogram in myocardial infarction. Lancet 1963, 2:265.
117. Sigurdsson E, Thorgeirsson G, Sigvaldson H, et al. Unrecognized myocardial infarction: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and the prognostic role of angina pectoris: a Reykjavik study. Ann Intern Med 1995, 122:96.
118. Sheifer SE, Manolio TA, Gersh BJ Unrecognized myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 2001, 135:801.
119. Gunnar RM, Pietras RJ, Blackaller J, et al. Correlation of vectorcardiographic criteria for myocardial infarction with autopsy findings. Circulation 1967, 35:158.
120. Horan LG, Flowers NC, Johnson JC Significance of the diagnostic Q wave of myocardial infarction. Circulation 1971, 43:428.
121. Das MK, Khan B, Jacob S, et al. Significance of a fragmented QRS complex versus a Q wave in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2006, 113:2495.
122. Selvester RH, Solomon JC, Gillespie TL Digital computer model of a total body electrocardiographic surface map. Circulation 1968, 38:684.
123. Wagner GS, Freye CJ, Palmeri ST, et al. Evaluation of a QRS scoring system for estimating myocardial infarction size. I. Specificity and observer agreement. Circulation 1982, 65:342.
124. Pahlm O, Haisty WK, Wagner NB, et al. Specificity and sensitivity of QRS criteria for diagnosis of single and multiple myocardial infarcts. Am J Cardiol 1991, 68:1300.
125. Ideker RE, Wagner GS, Ruth WK, et al. Evaluation of a QRS scoring system for estimating myocardial infarct size. II. Correlation with quantitative anatomic findings for anterior infarcts. Am J Cardiol 1982, 49:1604.
126. Roark SE, Ideker RE, Wagner GS, et al. Evaluation of a QRS scoring system for estimating myocardial infarct size. III. Correlation with quantitative anatomic findings for inferior infarcts. Am J Cardiol 1983, 51:382.
127. Palmeri ST, Harrison DG, Cobb FR, et al. A QRS scoring system for assessing left ventricular function after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1982, 306:4.
128. Ward RM, White RD, Ideker RE, et al. Evaluation of a QRS scoring system for estimating myocardial infarct size. III. Correlation with quantitative anatomic findings for posterolateral infarcts. Am J Cardiol 1984, 53:706.
129. Sevilla DC, Wagner NB, Pegues R, et al. Correlation of the complete version of the Selvester QRS scoring system with quantitative anatomic findings for multiple left ventricular myocardial infarcts. Am J Cardiol 1992, 69:465.
130. Pahlm US, Chaitman BR, Rautaharju PM, et al. Comparison of the various electrocardiographic scoring codes for estimating anatomically documented sizes of single and multiple infarcts of the left ventricle. Am J Cardiol 1998, 81:809.
131. Cowan MJ, Bruce RA, Reichenbach DD Validation of a computerized QRS criterion for estimating myocardial infarction size and correlation with quantitative morphologic measurements. Am J Cardiol 1986, 57:60.
132. Aldrich HR, Wagner NB, Boswick J, et al. Use of initial ST segment deviation for prediction of final electrocardiographic size of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988, 61:749.
133. Wilkins ML, Maynard C, Annex BH, et al. Admission prediction of expected final myocardial infarct size using weighted ST-segment, Q wave, and T wave measurements. J Electrocardiol 1997, 30:1.
134. Mikell FL, Petrovich J, Snyder MC, et al. Reliability of Q wave formation and QRS score in predicting regional and global left ventricular performance in acute myocardial infarction with successful reperfusion. Am J Cardiol 1986, 57:923.
135. Christian TF, Clements JP, Behrenbeck T, et al. Limitations of the electrocardiogram in estimating infarction size after acute reperfusion therapy for myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1991, 114:264.
136. Giannuzzi P, Giozdano A, Imparato A, et al. Reliability of standard electrocardiogram in detecting left ventricular asynergy in 315 patients with recent myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol 1987, 10:105.
137. Fioretti P, Tijssen JG, Azar AJ, et al. Prognostic value of predischarge 12 lead electrocardiogram after myocardial infarction compared with other routine clinical variables. Br Heart J 1987, 57:306.
138. Juergens CP, Fernandes C, Hasche ET, et al. Electrocardiographic measurement of infarct size after thrombolytic therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27:617.
139. Conde CA, Meller J, Espinoza J, et al. Disappearance of abnormal Q waves after aortocoronary bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol 1975, 36:889.
140. Bateman TM, Czar LSS, Gray RJ, et al. Transient pathologic Q waves during ischemic events: an electrocardiographic correlate of stunned but viable myocardium. Am Heart J 1983, 106:1421.
141. Bassan MM, Oatfield R, Hoffman I, et al. New Q waves after aortocoronary bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 1974, 290:349.
142. Zeft HJ, Freedberg HD, King JF, et al. Reappearance of anterior QRS forces after coronary bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol 1975, 36:163.
143. Freedman SB, Dunn RF, Bernstein K, et al. Influence of coronary collateral blood flow on the development of exertional ischemia and Q wave infarction in patients with severe single-vessel disease. Circulation 1985, 71:681.
144. Hutchins GM, Bulkley BH Infarct expansion versus extension: two different complications of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1978, 41:1127.
145. Anderson CI, Harrison DG, Stack NC, et al. Evaluation of serial QRS changes during acute inferior myocardial infarction using a QRS scoring system. Am J Cardiol 1983, 52:252.
146. Haiat R, Chiche P Transient abnormal Q waves in the course of ischemic heart disease. Chest 1974, 65:140.
147. Nohara R, Kambara H, Suzuki Y, et al. Septal Q wave in exercise testing: evaluation by single-photon emission computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 1985, 55:905.
148. Meller J, Conde CA, Donoso E, et al. Transient Q waves in Prinzmetal's angina. Am J Cardiol 1975, 35:691.
149. Albert DE, Califf RM, Lecocq DA, et al. Comparative rates of resolution of QRS changes after operative and nonoperative acute myocardial infarcts. Am J Cardiol 1983, 51:378.
150. Krone RJ, Greenberg H, Dwyer EM, et al. Long-term prognostic significance of ST segment depression during acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:361.
151. Stone PH, Raabe DS, Jaffe AS, et al. Prognostic significance of location and type of myocardial infarction: independent adverse outcome associated with anterior location. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988, 11:453.
152. Klein LW, Helfant RH The Q-wave and non-Q wave myocardial infarction: differences and similarities. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1986, 29:205.
153. Birnbaum Y, Chetrit A, Sclarovsky S, et al. Abnormal Q waves on the admission electrocardiogram of patients with first myocardial infarction: prognostic implications. Clin Cardiol 1997, 20:472.
154. Hands ME, Lloyd BL, Robinson JS, et al. Prognostic significance of electrocardiographic site of infarction after correction for enzymatic size of infarction. Circulation 1986, 73:885.
155. Willems JL, Willems RJ, Willems GM, et al. Significance of initial ST segment elevation and depression for the management of thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1990, 82:1147.
156. Birnbaum Y, Sclarovsky S, Herz I Admission clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics predicting in-hospital development of high-degree atrioventricular block in inferior acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1997, 80:1134.
157. O'Rourke RA Treatment of right ventricular infarction: thrombolytic therapy, coronary angioplasty, or neither?. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 37:882.
158. Birnbaum Y, Herz I, Sclarovsky S, et al. Prognostic significance of the admission electrocardiogram in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 27:1128.
159. Hochrein J, Sun F, Pieper KS, et al. Higher T-wave amplitude associated with better prognosis in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction (a GUSTO-I Substudy). Am J Cardiol 1998, 81:1078.
160. Sclarovsky-Benjaminov F, Sclarovsky S, Birnbaum Y The predictive value of the electrocardiographic pattern of acute Q-wave myocardial infarction for recurrent ischemia. Clin Cardiol 1995, 18:710.
161. Maeda S, Imai T, Kuboki K, et al. Pathologic implications of restored positive T waves and persistent negative T waves after Q wave myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996, 28:1514.
162. Tamura A, Nagase K, Mikuriya Y, et al. Significance of spontaneous normalization of negative T waves in infarct-related leads during healing of anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1999, 84:1341.
163. Go AS, Barron HV, Rundle AC, et al. Bundle-branch block and in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1998, 129:690.
164. Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SI, Topol EJ, et al. Acute myocardial infarction and complete bundle branch block at hospital admission: characteristics and outcome in the thrombolytic era. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:105.
165. Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Gates KB, et al. Predictors of in-hospital bundle branch block reversion after presenting with acute myocardial infarction and bundle branch block. Am J Cardiol 1998, 82:373.
166. Simons GR, Sgarbossa E, Wagner G, et al. Atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disorders in acute myocardial infarction: a reappraisal in the thrombolytic era. PACE 1998, 22:2651.
167. Kosuge M, Kimura K, Ishikawa T, et al. Clinical features of patients with reperfused inferior wall acute myocardial infarction complicated by early complete atrioventricular block. Am J Cardiol 2001, 88:1187.
168. Mauri F, Franzosi MG, Maggioni AP, et al. Clinical value of 12-lead electrocardiography to predict the long-term prognosis of GISSI-1 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 39:1549.
169. Yerra L, Anevakar N, Skali H, et al. Association of QRS duration and outcomes after myocardial infarction: the VALIANT trial. Heart Rhythm 2006, 3:313.
170. Elhendy A, Hamill SC, Mahoney DW, et al. Relation of QRS duration on the surface 12-lead electrocardiogram with mortality in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2005, 96:1082.
171. Brilakis ES, Wright RS, Kopecky SL, et al. Bundle branch block as a predictor of long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2001, 88:205.
172. Wong C-K, Gao W, Stewart RAH, et al. Risk stratification of patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction and right bundle branch block. Importance of QRS duration and early ST-segment resolution after fibrinolytic therapy. Circulation 2006, 114:783.
173. Bar FW, Brugada P, Dassen WR, et al. Prognostic value of Q waves, R/S ratio, loss of R wave voltage, ST-T segment abnormalities, electrical axis, low voltage and notching: correlation of electrocardiogram and left ventriculogram. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984, 4:17.
174. Miller RR, Amsterdam EA, Bogren HG, et al. Electrocardiographic and cineangiographic correlations in assessment of the location, nature and extent of abnormal left ventricular segmental contraction in coronary artery diseae. Circulation 1974, 449:447.
175. Bodenheimer MM, Banka VS, Helfant RH Q waves and ventricular asynergy: predictive value and hemodynamic significance of anatomic localization. Am J Cardiol 1975, 35:615.
176. Dubnow MH, Burchell HB, Titus JL Post-infarction ventricular aneurysm: a clinicopathologic and electrocardiographic study of 80 cases. Am Heart J 1965, 70:753.
177. Frances C, Romero A, Grady D Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 32:537.
178. Cokkinos DV, Hallman GL, Cooley DA, et al. Left ventricular aneurysm: analysis of electrocardiographic features and postresection changes. Am
179. Cinca J, Bardaji A, Carreno A, et al. ST segment elevation at the surface of a healed myocardial infarction in pigs: conditions for passive transmission from the ischemic peri-infarction zone. Circulation 1995, 91:1552.
180. Oliva PB, Hammill SC, Edwards WD Cardiac rupture, a clinically predictable complication of acute myocardial infarction: report of 70 cases with clinicopathologic correlations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993, 22:720.
181. L. J Electrocardiol 2000, 33:49.
182. Hayashi T, Hirano Y, Takai H, et al. Usefulness of ST-segment elevation in the inferior leads in predicting ventricular septal rupture in patients with anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2005, 96:1037.
183. Figueras J, Curos A, Cortodellas J, et al. Relevance of electrocardiographic findings, heart failure, and infarct site in assessing risk and timing of left ventricular free wall rupture during acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1995, 76:543.
184. Solodky A, Behar S, Herz I, et al. Comparison of incidence of cardiac rupture among patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by thrombolysis versus percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 2001, 87:1105.
185. Birnbaum Y, Wagner GS, Gates KB, et al. Clinical and electrocardiographic variables associated with increased risk of ventricular septal defect in acute anterior myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2000, 86:830.
186. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: experimental observations and clinical implications. Circulation 1990, 81:1161.
187. Bigi R, Mafrici A, Colombo P, et al. Relation of terminal QRS distortion to left ventricular functional recovery and remodeling in acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 2005, 96:1233.
188. Siilvet H, Amin J, Padmanabhan S, et al. Prognostic implications of increased QRS duration in patients with moderate and severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2001, 88:182.
189. Lancellotti P, Kulbertus HE, Pierard LA Predictors of rapid QRS widening in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2004, 93:1410.
190. Harding JD, Piacentino V, Gaughan JP, et al. Electrophysiological alterations after mechanical circulatory support in patients with advanced cardiac failure. Circulation 2001, 104:1241.
191. Perloff JK, Roberts WC, De Leon AC, et al. The distinctive electrocardiogram of Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy. Am J Med 1967, 42:179.
192. Sanyal SK, Johnson WW, Thapar MK, et al. An ultrastructural basis for electrocardiographic alterations associated with Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy. Circulation 1978, 57:1122.
193. Hejtmancik MR, Bradfield JY, Miller GV Myocarditis and Friedreich's ataxia. Am Heart J 1948, 38:757.
194. Goldman AM Acute myocarditis simulating myocardial infarction. Dis Chest 1962, 41:61.
195. Buja LM, Khoi NB, Roberts WC Clinically significant cardiac amyloidosis. Am J Cardiol 1970, 26:394.
196. Harris TR, Copeland GD, Brody DA Progressive injury current with metastatic tumor of the heart: case report and review of the literature. Am Heart J 1965, 69:392.
197. Wigle ED, Baron RH The electrocardiogram in muscular subaortic stenosis: effect of a left septal incision and right bundle-branch block. Circulation 1966, 34:585.
198. Braudo M, Wigle ED, Keith JD A distinctive electrocardiogram in muscular subaortic stenosis due to ventricular septal hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 1964, 14:599.
199. Lemery R, Kleinebenne A, Nihoyanopoulos P, et al. Q waves in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in relation to the distribution and severity of right and left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990, 16:368.
200. Savage DD, Seides SF, Clark CE, et al. Electrocardiographic findings in patients with obstructive and nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1978, 58:402.
201. Maron BF, Wolfson JK, Ciro E, et al. Relation of electrocardiographic abnormalities and patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy identified by 2-dimensional echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1983, 51:189.
202. Goldberger AL Q wave T wave vector discordance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: septal hypertrophy and strain pattern. Br Heart J 1979, 42:201.
203. Salem BI, Schnee M, Leatharman LL, et al. Electrocardiographic pseudo-infarction: appearance with a large posterior pericardial effusion after cardiac surgery. Am J Cardiol 1978, 42:681.
204. 4 in absence of myocardial infarction: electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic study. Circulation 1955, 12:391.
205. Surawicz B Abnormal electrocardiogram in the absence of heart disease. Proc Life Insur Med Directors Assoc 1976, 60:84.
206. Tuquan SK, Mau RD, Schwartz MJ Anterior myocardial infarction patterns in the mitral valve prolapse systolic click syndrome. Am J Med 1975, 58:719.
207. McGinn S, White PD Acute cor pulmonale resulting from pulmonary embolism: its clinical recognition. JAMA 1935, 104:1473.
208. Allen RD, Surawicz B The electrocardiogram in pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary Thromboembolism 1973, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL. K. Mobin-Uddin (Ed.).
209. Lichtenberg SB, Schwartz MJ, Case RB Value of premature ventricular contraction morphology in the detection of myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol 1980, 13:167.
210. Wahl JM, Hakki AH, Iskandrian AS, et al. Limitations of premature ventricular complex morphology in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. J Electrocardiol 1986, 19:131.