The Evolution of Parallel Visual Pathways in the Brains of Primates

Evolution of Nervous Systems

Volumn 4, Issue , 2007, Pages 87-108

  Casagrande, V A ^a   Khaytin, I ^a   Boyd, J ^b  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cat; Koniocellular; Magnocellular; Parvocellular; Prosimian; Simian; Striate cortex; W cell; X cell; Y cell

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882863046     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B0-12-370878-8/00006-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (153)

1. Amrine-Madsen H., Koepfli K.P., Wayne R.K., Springer M.S. A new phylogenetic marker, apolipoprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2003, 28:225-240.
2. Bauer U., Scholz M., Levitt J.B., Obermayer K., Lund J.S. A model for the depth-dependence of receptive field size and contrast sensitivity of cells in layer 4C of macaque striate cortex. Vision Res. 1999, 39:613-629.
3. Bickford M.E., Guido W., Godwin D.W. Neurofilament proteins in Y-cells of the cat lateral geniculate nucleus: Normal expression and alteration with visual deprivation. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:6549-6557.
4. Bishop G.H. Fiber groups in the optic nerve. Am. J. Physiol. 1933, 106:460-474.
5. Bishop G.H. The relation between nerve fiber size and sensory modality: Phylogenetic implications of the afferent innervation of cortex. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1959, 128:89-114.
6. Bons N., Silhol S., Barbie V., Mestre-Frances N., Albe-Fessard D. A stereotaxic atlas of the grey lesser mouse lemur brain (Microcebus murinus). Brain Res. Bull. 1998, 46:1-173.
7. Boyd J.D., Casagrande V.A. Relationships between cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs in primate primary visual cortex (V1) and the distribution of neurons projecting to the middle temporal area (MT). J. Comp. Neurol. 1999, 409:573-591.
8. Boyd J.D., Matsubara J.A. Laminar and columnar patterns of geniculocortical projections in the cat: Relationship to cytochrome oxidase. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 365:659-682.
9. Boyd J.D., Matsubara J.A. Projections from V1 to lateral suprasylvian cortex: An efferent pathway in the cat's visual cortex that originates preferentially from CO blob columns. Vis. Neurosci. 1999, 16:849-860.
10. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalistationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues 1909, J. A. Barth.
11. Calkins D.J. Seeing with S cones. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 2001, 20:255-287.
12. Calkins D.J., Sterling P. Absence of spectrally specific lateral inputs to midget ganglion cells in primate retina. Nature 1996, 381:613-615.
13. Casagrande V.A. A third parallel visual pathway to primate area V1. Trends Neurosci. 1994, 17:305-310.
14. Casagrande V.A., Harting J.K. Transneuronal transport of tritiated fucose and proline in the visual pathways of tree shrew Tupaia glis. Brain Res. 1975, 96:367-372.
15. Casagrande V.A., Joseph R. Morphological effects of monocular deprivation and recovery on the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in galago. J. Comp. Neurol. 1980, 194:413-426.
16. Casagrande V.A., Kaas J.H. The afferent, intrinsic, and efferent connections of primary visual cortex in primates. Primary Visual Cortex in Primates 1994, 201-259. Plenum. A. Peters, K.S. Rockland (Eds.).
17. Casagrande V.A., Norton T.T. Lateral geniculate nucleus: A review of its physiology and function. The Neural Basis of Visual function 1991, 41-84. Macmillan. A.G. Leventhal (Ed.).
18. Casagrande V.A., Royal D.W. Parallel visual pathways in a dynamic system. The Primate Visual System 2004, 1-27. CRC Press. J.H. Kaas, C.E. Collins (Eds.).
19. Casagrande V.A., Xu X. Parallel visual pathways: A comparative perspective. The Visual Neurosciences 2004, 494-506. MIT Press. L.M. Chalupa, J.S. Werner (Eds.).
20. Chatterjee S., Callaway E.M. Parallel colour-opponent pathways to primary visual cortex. Nature 2003, 426:668-671.
21. Chaudhuri A., Zangenehpour S., Matsubara J.A., Cynader M.S. Differential expression of neurofilament protein in the visual system of the vervet monkey. Brain Res. 1996, 709:17-26.
22. Clarke P.G., Martin K.A., Rao V.M., Whitteridge D. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the sheep and its retinal connections. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 1988, 73:295-304.
23. Coogan T.A., Burkhalter A. Hierarchical organization of areas in rat visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 1993, 13:3749-3772.
24. Dacey D.M., Packer O.S. Colour coding in the primate retina: Diverse cell types and cone-specific circuitry. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2003, 13:421-427.
25. DeBruyn E.J., Casagrande V.A. Demonstration of ocular dominance columns in a New World primate by means of monocular deprivation. Brain Res. 1981, 207:453-458.
26. DeFelipe J., Marco P., Busturia I., Merchan-Perez A. Estimation of the number of synapses in the cerebral cortex: Methodological considerations. Cereb. Cortex 1999, 9:722-732.
27. Demeulemeester H., Arckens L., Vandesande F., Orban G.A., Heizman C.W., Pochet R. Calcium binding proteins as molecular markers for cat geniculate neurons. Exp. Brain Res. 1991, 83:513-520.
28. DeYoe E.A., Felleman D.J., Van Essen D.C., McClendon E. Multiple processing streams in occipitotemporal visual cortex. Nature 1994, 371:151-154.
29. Diamond I.T., Conley M., Itoh K., Fitzpatrick D. Laminar organization of geniculocortical projections in Galago senegalensis and Aotus trivirgatus. J. Comp. Neurol. 1985, 242:584-610.
30. Diamond I.T., Fitzpatrick D., Schmechel D. Calcium binding proteins distinguish large and small cells of the ventral posterior and lateral geniculate nuclei of the prosimian galago and the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90:1425-1429.
31. Ding Y., Casagrande V.A. Synaptic and neurochemical characterization of parallel pathways to the cytochrome oxidase blobs of primate visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 391:429-443.
32. Dkhissi-Benyahya O., Szel A., Degrip W.J., Cooper H.M. Short and mid-wavelength cone distribution in a nocturnal strepsirrhine primate (Microcebus murinus). J. Comp. Neurol. 2001, 438:490-504.
33. Drager U.C. Autoradiography of tritiated proline and fucose transported transneuronally from the eye to the visual cortex in pigmented and albino mice. Brain Res. 1974, 82:284-292.
34. Easter S.S., Purves D., Rakic P., Spitzer N.C. The changing view of neural specificity. Science 1985, 230:507-511.
35. Ebinger P. Quantitative investigations of visual brain structures in wild and domestic sheep. Anat. Embryol. (Berl.) 1975, 146:313-323.
36. Elston G.N., Benavides-Piccione R., DeFelipe J. The pyramidal cell in cognition: A comparative study in human and monkey. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21. RC163.
37. Espinoza S.G., Subiabre J.E., Thomas H.C. Retinotopic organization of striate and extrastriate visual cortex in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Biol. Res. 1992, 25:101-107.
38. Fitzpatrick D., Raczkowski D. Innervation patterns of single physiologically identified geniculocortical axons in the striate cortex of the tree shrew. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990, 87:449-453.
39. Fitzpatrick D., Itoh K., Diamond I.T. The laminar organization of the lateral geniculate body and the striate cortex in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). J. Neurosci. 1983, 3:673-702.
40. Florence S.L., Kaas J.H. Ocular dominance columns in area 17 of Old World macaque and talapoin monkeys: Complete reconstructions and quantitative analyses. Vis. Neurosci. 1992, 8:449-462.
41. Florence S.L., Conley M., Casagrande V.A. Ocular dominance columns and retinal projections in New World spider monkeys (Ateles ater). J. Comp. Neurol. 1986, 243:234-248.
42. Frascella J., Lehmkuhle S. A comparision between Y-cells in A-laminae and lamina C of cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 1984, 52:911-920.
43. Glendenning K.K., Kofron E.A., Diamond I.T. Laminar organization of projections of the lateral geniculate nucleus to the striate crotex in Galago. Brain Res. 1976, 105:538-546.
44. Harting J.K., Huerta M.F. The geniculostriate projection in the grey squirrel: Preliminary autoradiographic data. Brain Res. 1983, 272:341-349.
45. Harting J.K., Huerta M.F., Hashikawa T., Van Lieshout D.P. Projection of the mammalian superior colliculus upon the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus: Organization of tectogeniculate pathways in nineteen species. J. Comp. Neurol. 1991, 304:275-306.
46. Hässler R. Comparative anatomy of the central visual systems in day- and night-active primates. Evolution of the Forebrain 1967, 419-434. Thieme. R. Hässler, S. Stephen (Eds.).
47. Hawken M.J., Parker A.J., Lund J.S. Laminar organization and contrast sensitivity of direction-selective cells in the striate cortex of the Old World monkey. J. Neurosci. 1988, 8:3541-3548.
48. Hendrickson A.E., Wilson J.R., Ogren M.P. The neuroanatomical organization of pathways between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in Old World and New World primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 1978, 182:123-136.
49. Hendry S.H.C., Calkins D.J. Neuronal chemistry and functional organization in the primate visual system. Trends Neurosci. 1998, 21:344-349.
50. Hendry S.H.C., Casagrande V.A. A common pattern for a third visual channel in the primate LGN. Soc. Neurosci. 1996, 22:1605. (abstract).
51. Hendry S.H.C., Reid R.C. The koniocellular pathway in primate vision. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2000, 23:127-153.
52. Hendry S.H.C., Jones E.G., Hockfield S., McKay R.D.G. Neuronal populations stained with the monoclonal antibody cat-301 in the mammalian cerebral cortex and thalamus. J. Neurosci. 1988, 8:518-542.
53. Hess D.T., Edwards M.A. Anatomical demonstration of ocular segregation in the retinogeniculocortical pathway of the New World capuchin monkey (Cebus apella). J. Comp. Neurol. 1987, 264:409-420.
54. Hickey T.L., Guillery R.W. Variability of laminar patterns in the human lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 1979, 183:221-246.
55. Hitchcock P.F., Hickey T.L. Ocular dominance columns: Evidence for their presence in humans. Brain Res. 1980, 182:176-179.
56. Hockfield S., Mckay R.D. A surface antigen expressed by a subset of neurons in the vertebrate central nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1983, 80:5758-5761.
57. Hockfield S., Mckay R.D., Hendry S.H., Jones E.G. A surface antigen that identifies ocular dominance columns in the visual cortex and laminar features of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 1983, 48(Part 2):877-889.
58. Holdefer R.N., Norton T.T. Laminar organization of receptive field properties in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the tree shrew (Tupaiaglis belangeri). J. Comp. Neurol. 1995, 358:401-413.
59. Hollander H., Halbig W. Topography of retinal representation in the rabbit cortex: An experimental study using transneuronal and retrograde tracing techniques. J. Comp. Neurol. 1980, 193:701-710.
60. Horton J.C., Hedley-Whyte E.T. Mapping of cytochrome oxidase patches and ocular dominance columns in human visual cortex. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 1984, 304:255-272.
61. Horton J.C., Hocking D.R. Anatomical demonstration of ocular dominance columns in striate cortex of the squirrel monkey. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16:5510-5522.
62. Hubel D.H. An autoradiographic study of the retino-cortical projections in the tree shrew (Tupaia glis). Brain Res. 1975, 96:41-50.
63. Hubel D.H., Wiesel T.N. Anatomical demonstration of columns in the monkey striate cortex. Nature 1969, 221:747-750.
64. Hubel D.H., Wiesel T.N. Ferrier lecture. Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 1977, 198:1-59.
65. Jacobs G.H. Primate photopigments and primate color vision. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93:577-581.
66. Jacobs G.H. A perspective on color vision in platyrrhine monkeys. Vision Res. 1998, 38:3307-3313.
67. Jacobs G.H. Progress toward understanding the evolution of primate color vision. Evol. Anthropol. 2002, 11:132-135.
68. Jain N., Preuss T.M., Kaas J.H. Subdivisions of the visual system labeled with the Cat-301 antibody in tree shrews. Vis. Neurosci. 1994, 11:731-741.
69. Johnson J.K., Casagrande V.A. Distribution of calcium-binding proteins within the parallel visual pathways of a primate (Galago crassicaudatus). J. Comp. Neurol. 1995, 356:238-260.
70. Kaas J.H. Convergences in the modular and areal organization of the forebrain of mammals: Implications for the reconstruction of forebrain evolution. Brain Behav. Evol. 2002, 59:262-272.
71. Kaas J.H. The evolution of the visual system in primates. The Visual Neurosciences 2004, 1563-1572. MIT Press. L.M. Chalupa, J.S. Werner (Eds.).
72. Kaas J.H., Hall W.C., Diamond I.T. Visual cortex of the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis): Architectonic subdivisions and connections from the visual thalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 1972, 145:273-305.
73. Kaas J.H., Krubitzer L.A., Johanson K.L. Cortical connections of areas 17 (V-I) and 18 (V-II) of squirrels. J. Comp. Neurol. 1989, 281:426-446.
74. Kalatsky V.A., Stryker M.P. New paradigm for optical imaging: Temporally encoded maps of intrinsic signal. Neuron 2003, 38:529-545.
75. Kaplan E. The M, P, and K pathways of the primate visual system. The Visual Neurosciences 2004, 481-493. MIT Press. L. Chalupa, J.S. Werner (Eds.).
76. Kaplan E., Benardete E. The dynamics of primate retinal ganglion cells. Prog. Brain Res. 2001, 134:17-34.
77. Karamanlidis A.N., Magras J. Retinal projections in domestic ungulates. I: The retinal projections in the sheep and the pig. Brain Res. 1972, 44:127-145.
78. Karamanlidis A.N., Saigal R.P., Giolli R.A., Mangana O., Michaloudi H. Visual thalamocortical connections in sheep studied by means of the retrograde transport of horseradish-peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol. 1979, 187:245-260.
79. Kaskan P.M., Franco E.C., Yamada E.S., Silveira L.C., Darlington R.B., Finlay B.L. Peripheral variability and central constancy in mammalian visual system evolution. Proc. Biol. Sci. 2005, 272:91-100.
80. Kawamura S., Kubotera N. Ancestral loss of short wave-sensitive cone visual pigment in lorisiform prosimians, contrasting with its strict conservation in other prosimians. J. Mol. Evol. 2004, 58:314-321.
81. Kawano J. Cortical projections of the parvocellular laminae C of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in the cat: An anterograde wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase study. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 392:439-457.
82. Krubitzer L.A., Kaas J.H. Cortical connections of MT and DL in the prosimian galago: Evidence that modular segregation of parallel pathways is a primitive feature in primates. Soc. Neurosci. 1986, 12. (abstract).
83. Krubitzer L.A., Kaas J.H. Cortical connections of MT in four species of primates: Areal, modular, and retinotopic patterns. Vis. Neurosci. 1990, 5:165-204.
84. Lachica E.A., Casagrande V.A. Direct W-like geniculate projections to the cytochrome oxidase (CO) blobs in primate visual cortex: Axon morphology. J. Comp. Neurol. 1992, 319:141-158.
85. Law M.I., Zahs K.R., Stryker M.P. Organization of primary visual cortex (area 17) in the ferret. J. Comp. Neurol. 1988, 278:157-180.
86. Lennie P. Roles of M and P pathways. Contrast Sensitivity 1993, 201-213. MIT Press. R. Shapley, D. Lam (Eds.).
87. LeVay S., McConnell S.K. ON and OFF layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the mink. Nature 1982, 300:350-351.
88. Lomber S.G. Behavioral cartography of visual functions in cat parietal cortex: Areal and laminar dissociations. Prog. Brain Res. 2001, 134:265-284.
89. Lu H.D., Petry H.M. Temporal modulation sensitivity of tree shrew retinal ganglion cells. Vis. Neurosci. 2003, 20:363-372.
90. Lyon D.C., Jain N., Kaas J.H. Cortical connections of striate and extrastriate visual areas in tree shrews. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 401:109-128.
91. Madsen O., Scally M., Douady C.J., et al. Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals. Nature 2001, 409:610-614.
92. Malach R. Patterns of connections in rat visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 1989, 9:3741-3752.
93. Malpeli J.G., Lee D., Baker F.H. Laminar and retinotopic organization of the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus: Magnocellular and parvocellular magnification functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 375:363-377.
94. Manger P.R., Kiper D., Masiello I., et al. The representation of the visual field in three extrastriate areas of the ferret (Mustela putorius) and the relationship of retinotopy and field boundaries to callosal connectivity. Cereb. Cortex 2002, 12:423-437.
95. Matsubara J.A., Boyd J.D. Relationship of LGN afferents and cortical efferents to cytochrome oxidase blobs. The Cat Primary Visual Cortex 2002, 221-258. Academic Press. B.R. Payne, A. Peters (Eds.).
96. McConnell S.K., LeVay S. Anatomical organization of the visual system of the mink, Mustela vison. J. Comp. Neurol. 1986, 250:109-132.
97. Merigan W.H., Maunsell J.H. How parallel are the primate visual pathways?. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 1993, 16:369-402.
98. Mishkin M., Ungerleider L.G., Macko K.A. Object vision and spatial vision: Two cortical pathways. Trends Neurosci. 1983, 6:414-417.
99. Montero V.M. Retinotopy of cortical connections between the striate cortex and extrastriate visual areas in the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 1993, 94:1-15.
100. Montero V.M., Jian S. Induction of c-fos protein by patterned visual stimulation in central visual pathways of the rat. Brain Res. 1995, 690:189-199.
101. Murphy W.J., Eizirik E., O'Brien S.J., et al. Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science 2001, 294:2348-2351.
102. Nathans J. The evolution and physiology of human color vision: Insights from molecular genetic studies of visual pigments. Neuron 1999, 24:299-312.
103. Northcutt R.G., Kaas J.H. The emergence and evolution of mammalian neocortex. Trends Neurosci. 1995, 18:373-379.
104. Norton T.T., Casagrande V.A. Laminar organization of receptive-field properties in lateral geniculate nucleus of bush baby (Galago crassicaudatus). J. Neurophysiol. 1982, 47:715-741.
105. Olavarria J., Montero V.M. Organization of visual cortex in the mouse revealed by correlating callosal and striate-extrastriate connections. Vis. Neurosci. 1989, 3:59-69.
106. Paolini M., Sereno M.I. Direction selectivity in the middle lateral and lateral (ML and L) visual areas in the California ground squirrel. Cereb. Cortex 1998, 8:362-371.
107. Payne B.R. Evidence for visual cortical area homologs in cat and macaque monkey. Cereb. Cortex 1993, 3:1-25.
108. Pettigrew J.D., Ramachandran V.S., Bravo H. Some neural connections subserving binocular vision in ungulates. Brain Behav. Evol. 1984, 24:65-93.
109. Preuss T.M., Coleman G.Q. Human-specific organization of primary visual cortex: Alternating compartments of dense Cat-301 and calbindin immunoreactivity in layer 4A. Cereb. Cortex 2002, 12:671-691.
110. Radinsky L.B. The oldest primate endocast. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1967, 27:385-388.
111. Radinsky L.B. Primate brain evolution. Am. Sci. 1975, 63:656-663.
112. Radinsky L.B. Brain evolution in extinct South American ungulates. Brain Behav. Evol. 1981, 18:169-187.
113. Rager G. The visual cortex of Tupaia: An alternative model. J. Hirnforsch. 1991, 32:537-540.
114. Reyes A., Gissi C., Catzeflis F., Nevo E., Pesole G., Saccone C. Congruent mammalian trees from mitochondrial and nuclear genes using Bayesian methods. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2004, 21:397-403.
115. Rosa M.G. Topographic organisation of extrastriate areas in the flying fox: Implications for the evolution of mammalian visual cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 1999, 411:503-523.
116. Rosa M.G., Gattass R., Fiorani J.M. Complete pattern of ocular dominance stripes in V1 of a New World monkey, Cebus apella. Exp. Brain Res. 1988, 72:645-648.
117. Rosa M.G., Krubitzer L.A. The evolution of visual cortex: Where is V2?. Trends Neurosci. 1999, 22:242-248.
118. Rosa M.G., Pettigrew J.D., Cooper H.M. Unusual pattern of retinogeniculate projections in the controversial primate Tarsius. Brain Behav. Evol. 1996, 48:121-129.
119. Ross C.F. Into the light: The origin of Anthropoidea. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 2000, 29:147-194.
120. Rowe M.H., Stone J. The interpretation of variation in the classification of nerve cells. Brain Behav. Evol. 1980, 17:123-151.
121. Rowe M.H., Benevento L.A., Rezak M. Some observations on the patterns of segregated geniculate inputs to the visual cortex in New World primates: An autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 1978, 159:371-378.
122. Sanderson K.J., Haight J.R., Pearson L.J. Transneuronal transport of tritiated fucose and proline in the visual pathways of the brushtailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. Neurosci. Lett. 1980, 20:243-248.
123. Schiller P.H., Colby C.L. The responses of single cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the rhesus monkey to color and luminance contrast. Vis. Res. 1983, 23:1631-1641.
124. Sesma M.A., Casagrande V.A., Kaas J.H. Cortical connections of area 17 in tree shrews. J. Comp. Neurol. 1984, 230:337-351.
125. Shatz C.J., Lindstrom S., Wiesel T.N. The distribution of afferents representing the right and left eyes in the cat's visual cortex. Brain Res. 1977, 131:103-116.
126. Sherman S.M., Norton T.T., Casagrande V.A. X- and Y-cells in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the tree shrew (Tupaia glis). Brain Res. 1975, 93:152-157.
127. Shostak Y., Ding Y., Mavity-Hudson J., Casagrande V.A. Cortical synaptic arrangements of the third visual pathway in three primate species: Macaca mulatta, Saimiri sciureus, and Aotus trivirgatus. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:2885-2893.
128. Sincich L.C., Horton J.C. Independent projection streams from macaque striate cortex to the second visual area and middle temporal area. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:5684-5692.
129. Sincich L.C., Park K.F., Wohlgemuth M.J., Horton J.C. Bypassing V1: A direct geniculate input to area MT. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:1123-1128.
130. Spatz W.B. Loss of ocular dominance columns with maturity in the monkey, Callithrix jacchus. Brain Res. 1989, 488:376-380.
131. Stepniewska I., Qi H.X., Kaas J.H. Do superior colliculus projection zones in the inferior pulvinar project to MT in primates?. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1999, 11:469-480.
132. Stone J.S. Parallel Processing in the Visual System: The Classification of Retinal Ganglion Cells and Its Impact on the Neurobiology of Vision 1983, Plenum.
133. Stryker M.P., Zahs K.R. On and off sublaminae in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the ferret. J. Neurosci. 1983, 3:1943-1951.
134. Tan Y., Li W.H. Trichromatic vision in prosimians. Nature 1999, 402:36.
135. Tigges J., O'Steen W.K. Termination of retinofugal fibers in squirrel monkey: A re-investigation using autoradiographic methods. Brain Res. 1974, 79:489-495.
136. Tigges J., Tigges M. Ocular dominance columns in the striate cortex of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Brain Res. 1979, 166:386-390.
137. Van Den Bussche R.A., Hoofer S.R., Hansen E.W. Characterization and phylogenetic utility of the mammalian protamine p1 gene. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2002, 22:333-341.
138. Van Hooser S.D., Heimel J.A., Nelson S.B. Receptive field properties and laminar organization of lateral geniculate nucleus in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). J. Neurophysiol. 2003, 90:3398-3418.
139. Venter J.C., Adams M.D., Myers E.W., et al. The sequence of the human genome. Science 2001, 291:1304-1351.
140. Waddell P.J., Kishino H., Ota R. A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics. Genome Inform. Ser. Workshop Genome Inform. 2001, 12:141-154.
141. Wang Q., Burkhalter A. Dorsal and ventral streams for processing of visual information in mouse cerebral cortex. Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner 2004, Program No. 300.5 (abstract).
142. 3H]proline within the visual system of the grey squirrel. Brain Res. 1977, 129:346-352.
143. White A.J., Solomon S.G., Martin P.R. Spatial properties of koniocellular cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the marmoset Callithrix jacchus. J. Physiol. 2001, 533:519-535.
144. White A.J., Wilder H.D., Goodchild A.K., Sefton A.J., Martin P.R. Segregation of receptive field properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus of a New-World monkey, the marmoset Callithrix jacchus. J. Neurophysiol. 1998, 80:2063-2076.
145. Wiesel T.N., Hubel D.H. Spatial and chromatic interactions in the lateral geniculate body of the rhesus monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 1966, 29:1115-1156.
146. Williams M.F. Primate encephalization and intelligence. Med. Hypotheses 2002, 58:284-290.
147. Wilson P.D., Rowe M.H., Stone J. Properties of relay cells in cat's lateral geniculate nucleus: A comparison of W-cells with X- and Y-cells. J. Neurophysiol. 1976, 39:1193-1209.
148. Xu X., Bosking W., Sary G., Stefansic J., Shima D., Casagrande V. Functional organization of visual cortex in the owl monkey. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:6237-6247.
149. Xu X., Bosking W.H., White L.E., Fitzpatrick D., Casagrande V.A. Functional organization of visual cortex in the prosimian bush baby revealed by optical imaging of intrinsic signals. J. Neurophysiol 2005, 94:2748-2762.
150. Xu X., Ichida J.M., Allison J.D., Boyd J.D., Bonds A.B. A comparison of koniocellular, magnocellular and parvocellular receptive field properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). J. Physiol. 2001, 531:203-218.
151. Yazar F., Mavity-Hudson J.A., Ding Y., Oztas E., Casagrande V.A. Layer IIIB? (IVA) of primary visual cortex (V1) and its relationship to the koniocellular (K) pathway in macaque monkeys. Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner 2004, Program No. 300.17 (abstract).
152. Yeh C.I., Stoelzel C.R., Alonso J.M. Two different types of Y cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 2003, 90:1852-1864.
153. Zahs K.R., Stryker M.P. Segregation of ON and OFF afferents to ferret visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 1988, 59:1410-1429.