Trichothecenes

Veterinary Toxicology

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 951-976

  Mostrom, Michelle S ^a   Raisbeck, Merl F ^b  

^a NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882820050     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012370467-2/50173-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (201)

1. Accensi F, Pinton P, Callu P, Abella-Bourges N, Guelfi J-F, Grosjean F, Oswald IP Ingestion of low doses of deoxynivalenol does not affect hematological, biochemical, or immune responses of piglets. J Anim Sci 2006, 84:1935-1942.
2. Anderson V (1906) Personal communication.
3. Anderson VL, Boland EW, Casper HH Effects of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) from scab infested barley on performance of feedlot and breeding cattle. J Anim Sci 1996, 74:208.
4. Azcona-Olivera JI, Ouyang Y, Warner RL, Linz JE, Pestka JJ Induction of cytokine mRNAs in mice after oral exposure to the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) , relationship to toxin distribution and protein synth. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995, 133:109-120.
5. Bamburg JR, Riggs NV, Strong FM The structures of toxins from two strains of Fusarium tricinctum. Tetrahedron 1968, 24:3329-3336.
6. Bata A, Harrach B, Ujszaszi K, Kis-Tamas A, Lasztity R Macrocyclic trichothecene toxins produced by Stachybotrys atra strains isolated in Middle Europe. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985, 49:678-681.
7. Bergsjo B, Matke T, Napstad I Effects of diets with graded levels of deoxynivalenol on performance of growing pigs. J Vet Med A 1992, 39:752-758.
8. Bergsjo B, Herstad O, Nafstad I Effects of feeding deoxynivalenol-contaminated oats on reproductive performance in White Leghorn hens. Br Poult Sci 1993, 34:147-159.
9. Bergsjo B, Langseth W, Nafstad I, Jansen JH, Larsen HJS The effects of naturally deoxynivalenol-contaminated oats on the clinical condition blood parameters, performance, and carcass composition of growing pigs. Vet Res Commun 1993, 17:283-294.
10. Bhat RV, Beedu SR, Ramakrishna Y, Munshi KL Outbreak of trichothecene mycotoxicosis associated with consumption of mould-damages wheat production in Kashmir Valley, India. Lancet 1989, 8628:35-37.
11. Bondy GS, Pestka JJ Immunomodulation by fungal toxins. J Toxicol Environ Health B 2000, 3:109-143.
12. Bondy GS, McCormick SP, Beremand MN, Pestka JJ Murine lymphocyte proliferation impaired by substituted neosolaniols and calonectrins-Fusarium metabolites associated with trichothecene biosynthesis. Toxicon 1991, 29:1107-1113.
13. Borison HL, Goodheart ML Neural factors in acute emetic, cardiovascular, and respiratory effects of T-2 toxin in cats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989, 101:399-413.
14. Bottex C, Martin A, Fontanges R Action of a mycotoxin (diacetoxyscirpenol) on the immune response of the mouse-interaction with an immunomodulator (OM-89). Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1990, 12:311-325.
15. Brake J, Hamilton PB, Kittrell RS Effects of the tricothecene mycotoxin diacetoxyscirpenol on fertility and hatchability of broiler breeders. Poult Sci 1999, 78:1690-1694.
16. Buening GM, Mann DD, Hook B, Osweiler GD The effect of T-2 toxin on the bovine immune system: cellular factors. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1982, 3:411-417.
17. Bunner DL, Morris ER Alteration of multiple cell membrane functions in L-6 myoblasts by T-2 toxin: an important mechanism of action. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1988, 92:113-121.
18. CAST Mycotoxins: Risks in Plant, Animal, and Human Systems. Task Force Report No. 139 2003, Council for Agriculture, Science and Technology, Ames, IA.
19. Charmley E, Trenholm HL, Thompson BK, Vudathala D, Nicholson JWG, Prelusky DB, Charmley LL Influence of level of deoxynivalenol in the diet of dairy cows on feed intake, milk production, and its composition. J Dairy Sci 1993, 76:3580-3587.
20. Chavez ER Vomitoxin-contaminated wheat in pig diets: pregnant and lactating gilts and weaners. Can J Anim Sci 1984, 64:717-723.
21. Chavez ER, Rheaume JA The significance of the reduced feed consumption observed in growing pigs fed vomitoxincontaminated diets. Can J Anim Sci 1986, 66:277-287.
22. Chi MS, Mirocha CJ, Kurtz HJ, Weaver G, Bates F, Shimoda W Effects of T-2 toxin on reproductive performance and health of laying hens. Poultry Sci 1977, 56:628-637.
23. Chowdhury SR, Smith TK, Boermans HJ, Woodward B Effects of feed-borne Fusarium mycotoxins on hematology and immunology of turkeys. Poultry Sci 2005, 84:1698-1706.
24. Chowdhury SR, Smith TK, Boermans HJ, Sefton AE, Downey R, Woodward B Effects of feeding blends of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on performance, metabolism, hematology, and immunocompetence of duckli. Poultry Sci 2005, 84:1179-1185.
25. Cole RJ, Cox RH Handbook of Toxic Funal Metabolites 1981, Academic Press, New York.
26. Coppock RW, Swanson SP, Gelberg HB, Koritz GD, Hoffman WE, Buck WB, Vesonder RF Preliminary study of the pharmacokinetics and toxicopathy of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in swine. Am J Vet Res 1985, 46:169-174.
27. Coppock RW, Gelberg HB, Hoffmann WE, Buck WB The acute toxicopathy of intravenous diacetoxyscirpenol (anguidine) administered in swine. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1985, 5:1034-1049.
28. Coppock RW, Hoffmann WE, Gelberg HB, Bass D, Buck WB Hematologic changes induced by intravenous administration of diacetoxyscirpenol in pigs, dogs and calves. Am J Vet Res 1989, 50:411-415.
29. Corley RA, Swanson SP, Buck WB Glucuronide conjugates of T-2 toxin and metabolites in swine bile and urine. J Agric Food Chem 1985, 33:1085-1089.
30. Corrier DE Mycotoxins: mechanisms of immunosuppression. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1991, 30:73-87.
31. Côté L-M, Beasley VR, Bratich PM, Swanson SP, Shivaprasad JL, Buck WB Sex related reduced weight gains in growing swine fed diets containing deoxynivalenol. J Anim Sci 1985, 61:942-950.
32. Côté L-M, Dahlem AM, Yoshizawa T, Swanson SP, Buck WB Excretion of deoxynivalenol and its metabolite in milk, urine and feces of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1986, 69:2416-2423.
33. Dänicke S, Gareis M, Bauer J Orientation values for critical concentrations of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in diets for pigs, ruminants and gallinaceous poultry. Proc Soc Nutr Physiol 2001, 10:171-174.
34. Dänicke S, Valenta H, Döll S On the toxicokinetics and the metabolism of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the pig. Arch Anim Nutr 2004, 58:169-180.
35. Dänicke S, Valenta H, Klobasa F, Döll S, Ganter M, Flachowsky G Effects of graded levels of Fusarium toxin contaminated wheat in diets for fattening pigs on growth, performance, nutrient digestibility, deoxynivalenol b. Arch Anim Nutr 2004, 58:1-17.
36. Dänicke S, Matthaus K, Lebzien P, Valenta H, Ueberschar KH, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Bohm J, Flachowsky G Effects of Fusarium toxin-contaminated wheat grain on nutrient turnover, microbial protein synthesis and metabolism of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in t. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berlin) 2005, 89:303-315.
37. Dänicke S, Goyarts T, Döll S, Grove N, Spolder M, Flachowsky G Effects of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol on tissue protein synthesis in pigs. Toxicol Lett 2006, 165:297-311.
38. Dankó G Stachybotryotoxicosis and immunosuppression. Int J Environ Stud 1975, 8:209-211.
39. Dearborn DG, Yike I, Sorenson WG, Miller MJ, Etzel RA Overview of investigations into pulmonary hemorrhage among infants in Cleveland, Ohio. Environ Health Perspect 1999, 107(Suppl. 3):495-499.
40. Diaz GJ, Squires EJ, Julian RJ, Boermans HJ Individual and combined effects of T-2 toxin and DAS in laying hens. Br Poult Sci 1994, 35:393-405.
41. DiCostanzo A, Johnston L, Felice L, Murphy M Feeding vomitoxin and mold-contaminated grains to cattle. Proceedings of the 55th Minnesota Nutrition Conference and Roche Technical Symposium 1994, 193-216. University of Minnesota, Bloomington, MN.
42. Dong D, Davis RJ, Flavell RA MAP kinases in the immune response. Annu Rev Immunol 2002, 20:55-72.
43. Dong W, Sell JE, Pestka JJ Quantitative assessment of mesangial immunoglobulin A (IgA) accumulation, elevated circulating IgA immune complexes, and hematuria during vomitoxininduced IgA. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1991, 17:197-207.
44. Ehrlich KC, Daigle KW Protein synthesis inhibition by 8-oxo-12,13-epoxytrichothecenes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1987, 923:206-213.
45. El-Banna AA, Hamilton RMG, Scott PM, Trenholm HL Nontransmission of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) to eggs and meat in chickens fed deoxynivalenol-contaminated diets. J Agric Food Chem 1983, 31:1381-1384.
46. Ellison RA, Kotsonis FN In vitro metabolism of T-2 toxin. Appl Microbiol 1974, 27:423-424.
47. Eriksen GS, Pettersson H Toxicological evaluation of trichothecenes in animal feed. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2004, 114:205-239.
48. Eriksen GS, Pettersson H, Lindberg JE Absorption, metabolism and excretion of 3-acetyl DON in pigs. Arch Anim Nutr 2003, 57:335-345.
49. Fioramonti J, Fargease MJ, Bueno L Action of T-2 toxin on gastrointestinal transit in mice: protective effect of an argillaceous compound. Toxicol Lett 1987, 36:227-232.
50. Fioramonti J, Dupuy D, Dupuy J, Bueno L The mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol, delays gastric emptying through serotonin-3 receptors in rodents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993, 266:1255-1260.
51. Forgacs J Stachybotryotoxicosis. Microbial Toxins 1972, vol. 8:95-128. Academic Press, New York. S. Kadis, A. Ciegler, S.J. Ajl (Eds.).
52. Forsell JH, Witt MF, Tai JH, Jensen R, Pestka JJ Effects of 8-week exposure of the B6C3F1 mouse to dietary deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) and zearalenone. Food Chem Toxicol 1986, 24:213-219.
53. Forsyth DM, Yoshizawa T, Morooka N, Tuite J Emetic and refusal activity of deoxynivalenol to swine. Appl Environ Microbiol 1977, 34:547-552.
54. Francis BM Reproductive toxicology of trichothecenes. Trichothecene Mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiologic Effects 1989, vol. I:143-159. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. V.R. Beasley (Ed.).
55. Friend DW, Trenholm HL, Elliot JI, Thompson BK, Hartin KE Effect of feeding vomitoxin-contaminated wheat to pigs. Can J Anim Sci 1982, 62:1211-1222.
56. Friend DW, Thompson BK, Trenholm HL, Hartin KE, Prelusky DB Effect of feeding diets containing deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) -contaminated wheat or corn on the feed consumption, weight gain, organ weight and sexual develo. Can J Anim Sci 1986, 66:765-775.
57. Friend DW, Thompson BK, Trenholm HL, Boermans HJ, Hartin KE, Panich PL Toxicity of T-2 toxin and its interaction with deoxynivalenol when fed to young pigs. Can J Anim Sci 1992, 72:703-711.
58. Friend SCE, Hancock DS, Schiefer HB, Babiuk LA Experimental T-2 toxicosis in sheep. Can J Comp Med 1983, 47:291-297.
59. Gauvreau HC Toxicokinetic, tissue residue and metabolite studies of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in turkeys. MSc Thesis 1991, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver.
60. Gentry PA, Cooper ML Effect of Fusarium T-2 toxin on hematological and biochemical parameters in the rabbit. Can J Comp Med 1981, 45:400-405.
61. Gentry PA, Ross ML, Chan PK-C Effect of T-2 toxin on bovine hematological and serum enzyme parameters. Vet Hum Toxicol 1984, 26:24-28.
62. Glávits R, Ványi A More important mycotoxicoses in pigs. Comprehensive clinico-pathological communication. Magy Állatorvosok Lapja 1995, 50:407-420.
63. Glávits R, Gabriella S, Sándor S, Ványi A, Gajdás GY Reproductive disorders caused by trichothecene mycotoxins in a large-scale pig herd. Acta Vet Hung 1983, 31:173-180.
64. Goyarts T, Dänicke S Bioavailability of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated wheat for the pig. Toxicol Lett 2006, 163:171-182.
65. Goyarts T, Dänicke S, Rothkötte HJ, Spilke J, Tiemann U, Schollenberger M On the effects of a chronic deoxynivalenol intoxication on performance, haematological and serum parameters of pigs when diets are offered either for ad libitum consumption or fed restrictively. J Vet Med A 2005, 52:305-314.
66. Grove JF Non-macrocyclic trichothecenes. Nat Prod Rep 1988, 5:187-209.
67. Grove JF Non-macrocyclic trichothecenes (Part 2). Prog Chem Org Nat Prod 2000, 69:1-70.
68. Hajtós I, Harrach B, Szigeti G, Fodor L, Malik G, Varga J Stachybotryotoxicosis as a predisposing factor of ovine systemic pasteurellosis. Acta Vet Hung 1983, 31:181-188.
69. Harvey RB, Kubena LF, Corrier DE, Witzel DA, Phillips TD, Heidenbaugh ND Effects of deoxynivalenol in a wheat ration fed to growing lambs. Am J Vet Res 1986, 47:1630-1632.
70. Harvey RB, Kubena LF, Huff WE, Corrier DE, Rottinghaus GE, Phillips TD Effects of treatment of growing swine with aflatoxin and T-2 toxin. Am J Vet Res 1990, 51:1688-1693.
71. Harvey RB, Kubena LF, Huff WE, Elissalde MH, Phillips TD Hematologic and immunologic toxicity of deoxynivalenol (DON) -contaminated diets to growing chickens. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1991, 46:410-416.
72. Harvey RB, Kubena LF, Elissalde MH, Rottinghaus GE, Corrier DE Administration of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin to growing swine. Am J Vet Res 1994, 55:1757-1761.
73. Harvey RB, Edrington TS, Kubena LF, Elissalde MH, Corrier DE, Rottinghaus GE Effect of aflatoxin and diacetoxyscirpenol in ewe lambs. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1995, 54:325-330.
74. Hayes MA, Schiefer HB Comparative toxicity of dietary T-2 toxin in rats and mice. J Appl Toxicol 1982, 2:207-212.
75. Hayes MA, Bellamy JEC, Schiefer HB Subacute toxicity of dietary T-2 toxin in mice, morphological and hematological effects. Can J Comp Med 1980, 44:203-218.
76. He P, Young LG, Forsberg C Microbial transformation of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Appl Environ Microbiol 1992, 58:3857-3863.
77. Hedman R, Pettersson H Transformation of nivalenol by gastrointestinal microbes. Arch Anim Nutr 1997, 50:321-329.
78. Hintikka E-L Stachybotryotoxicosis in horses. Mycotoxic Fungi, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicoses. Vol. 2. Mycotoxicoses of Domestic and Laboratory Animals, Poultry, and Aquatic Invertebrates and Vertebrates 1978, 181-185. Marcel Dekker, New York. T.D. Wyllie, L.G. Morehouse (Eds.).
79. Hoerr FJ, Carlton WW, Yagen B Mycotoxicosis caused by a single dose of T-2 toxin or diacetoxyscirpenol in broiler chickens. Vet Pathol 1981, 5:652-664.
80. Holladay SD, Blaylock BL, Comment CE, Heindel JJ, Luster MI Fetal thymic atrophy after exposure to T-2 toxin, selectivity for lymphoid progenitor cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1993, 121:8-14.
81. Hsia CC, Wu JL, Lu XQ, Li YS Natural occurrence and clastogenic effects of nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone in corn from a hig. Cancer Detect Prev 1988, 13:79-86.
82. Hsu I-C, Smalley EB, Strong FM, Ribelin WE Identification of T-2 toxin in moldy corn associated with a lethal toxicosis in dairy cattle. Appl Microbiol 1972, 24:684-690.
83. Hughes DM, Gahl MJ, Graham CH, Grieb SL Overt signs of toxicity to dogs and cats of dietary deoxynivalenol. J Anim Sci 1999, 77:693-700.
84. Huszenicza G, Fekete S, Szigeti G, Kulcsar M, Febel H, Kellems RO, Nagy P, Cseh S, Veresegyhazy T, Hullar I Ovarian consequences of low dose peroral Fusarium (T-2) toxin in a ewe and heifer model. Theriogenology 2000, 53:1631-1639.
85. Ingalls JR Influence of deoxynivalenol on feed consumption by dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Tech 1996, 60:297-300.
86. Ishii K, Sakai K, Ueno Y, Tsunoda H, Enomoto M Solaniol, a toxic metabolite of. Fusarium solani. Appl Microbiol 1971, 22:718-720.
87. Islam W, Nagase M, Yoshizawa T, Yamauchi K, Sakato N T-2 toxin induces thymic apoptosis in vivo in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998, 148:205-214.
88. Iverson F, Armstrong C, Nera E, Truelove J, Fernie S, Scott P, Stapley R, Hayward S, Gunner S Chronic feeding study of deoxynivalenol in B6C3F1 male and female mice. Teratog Carcinog Mutag 1995, 15:283-306.
89. Jacobsen BJ, Harlin KS, Swanson SP, Lambert RJ, Beasley VR, Sinclair JB, Wei LS Occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins associated with field mold damaged soybeans in the Midwest. Plant Dis 1995, 79:86-88.
90. Jarvis BB Stachybotrys chartarum: a fungus for our time. Phytochemistry 2003, 64:53-60.
91. JECFA Trichothecenes. In Safety Evaluation of Certain Mycotoxins in Food. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 74/WHO Food Additives Series 2001, 47:419-680. World Health Organization, Geneva.
92. Ji GE, Park SY, Wong SS, Pestka JJ Modulation of nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and cytokine production in a clonal macrophage model by the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol). Toxicology 1998, 125:203-214.
93. Joffe AZ Toxicity of Fusarium poae and F. sporotrichioides and its relation to alimentary toxic aleukia. Mycotoxins 1974, 229-262. Elsevier, New York. I.F.H. Purchase (Ed.).
94. Johnson PJ, Casteel SW, Messer NT Effect of feeding deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) -contaminated barley to horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997, 9:219-221.
95. Jones TC, Hunt RD, King NW Veterinary Pathology 1997, 1125. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. 6th edn.
96. Juhasz J, Nagy P, Huszenicza G, Szigeti G, Reiczigel J, Kulcsar M Long term exposure to T-2 Fusarium mycotoxin fails to alter luteal function, follicular activity and embryo recovery in mares. Equine Vet J Suppl 1997, 25:17-21.
97. Khera KS, Whalen C, Angers G, Vesonder RF, Keuiper-Goodman T Embryotoxicity of 4-deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in mice. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1982, 29:487-491.
98. Khera KS, Whalen C, Angers G A teratology study on vomitoxin (4-deoxynivalenol) in rabbits. Food Chem Toxicol 1986, 5:421-424.
99. Kiessling K-H, Pettersson H, Sandholm K, Olsen M Metabolism of aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, and three trichothecenes by intact rumen fluid, rumen protozoa, and rumen bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984, 47:1070-1073.
100. King RR, McQueen RE, Levesque D, Greenhalgh R Transformation of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) by rumen microorganisms. J Agric Food Chem 1984, 32:1181-1183.
101. Kubena LF, Harvey RB Response of growing Leghorn chicks to deoxynivalenol-contaminated wheat. Poult Sci 1988, 67:1778-1780.
102. Kubena LF, Swanson SP, Harvey RB, Fletcher OJ, Rowe LD, Phillips TD Effects of feeding deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) -contaminated wheat to growing chicks. Poult Sci 1985, 64:1649-1655.
103. Kubena LF, Harvey RB, Corrier DE, Huff WE, Phillips TD Effects of feeding deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) -contaminated wheat to female White Leghorn chickens from day old through egg production. Poult Sci 1987, 66:1612-1618.
104. Kuiper-Goodman T Prevention of human mycotoxicoses through risk assessment and risk management. Mycotoxins in Grain: Compounds Other than Aflatoxin 1994, 439-469. Eagan Press, St. Paul. J.D. Miller, H.L. Trenholm (Eds.).
105. Lafarge-Frayssinet D, Chakor K, Lafont P, Frayssinet C Transplacental transfer of T2-toxin: pathological effect. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1990, 10:64-68.
106. Lun AK, Young LG, Moran ET, Hunter DB, Rodriguez JP Effects of feeding hens a high level of vomitoxin-contaminated corn on performance and tissue residues. Poult Sci 1986, 65:1095-1099.
107. Lutsky I, Mor N, Yagen B, Joffe AZ The role of T-2 toxin in experimental alimentary toxic aleukia: a toxicity study in cats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1978, 43:111-124.
108. Mann DD, Buening GM, Hook B, Osweiler GD Effect of T-2 mycotoxin on bovine serum proteins. Am J Vet Res 1983, 44:1757-1759.
109. Mantle PG Miscellaneous toxigenic fungi. Mycotoxins in Animal Foods 1991, 141-152. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. J.E. Smith, R.S. Henderson (Eds.).
110. Marasas WFO, Nelson PE, Toussoun TA Toxigenic Fusarium Species 1984, The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA.
111. Matthaus K, Danicke S, Vahjen W, Simon O, Wang J, Valenta H, Meyer K, Strumpf A, Ziesenib H, Flachowsky G Progression of mycotoxin and nutrient concentrations in wheat after inoculation with. Fusarium culmorum. Arch Anim Nutr 2004, 58:19-35.
112. McLaughlin CS, Vaughan MH, Campbell IM, Wei CM, Stafford ME, Hansen BS Inhibition of protein synthesis by trichothecenes. Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health 1977, 263-275. Pathotox Publishers, Inc., Park Forest South, IL. J.V. Rodricks, C.W. Hesseltine, M.A. Mehlman (Eds.).
113. Mekhancha-Dahel C, Lafarge-Frayssinet C, Frayssinet C Immunosuppressive effects of four trichothecene mycotoxins. Food Addit Contam 1990, 7:S94-S96.
114. Miller JD Aspects of the ecology of Fusarium toxins in cereals. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002, 54:19-27. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York. J.W. DeVries, M.W. Trucksess, L.S. Jackson (Eds.).
115. Miller JD, Greenhalgh R, Wang Y, Lu M Trichothecene chemotypes of three Fusarium species. Mycologia 1991, 83:121-130.
116. Moon Y, Pestka JJ Vomitoxin-induced cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in macrophages mediated by activation of ERK and p38but not JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases. Toxicol Sci 2002, 69:373-382.
117. Morooka N, Uratsuji N, Yoshizawa T, Yamamoto H Studies on the toxic substances in barley infected with Fusarium spp. J Food Hyg Soc (Japan) 1972, 13:368-375. (in Japanese).
118. Mostrom MS, Tacke B, Lardy G Field corn, hail, and mycotoxins. Proceedings of the North Central Conference of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians 2005, Fargo, ND.
119. Neiger RD, Johnson TJ, Hurley DJ, Higgins KF, Rottinghaus GE, Stahr HM The short-term effect of low concentrations of dietary aflatoxin and T-2 toxin on mallard ducklings. Avian Dis 1994, 38:738-743.
120. Niyo KA, Richard JL, Niyo Y, Tiffany LH Pathologic, hematologic, and serologic changes in rabbits given T-2 mycotoxin orally and exposed to aerosols of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Am J Vet Res 1988, 49:2151-2160.
121. Osweiler GD, Hook BS, Mann DD, Buening GM, Rottinghaus GE Effects of T-2 toxin in cattle. Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Association, 85th Annual Meeting 1981, 214-231. St. Louis, MO.
122. Oslash;vernes G, Matre T, Sivertsen T, Larsen HJS, Langseth W, Reitan LJ, Jansen JH Effects of diets with graded levels of naturally deoxynivalenol-contaminated oats on immune response in growing pigs. J Vet Med A 1997, 44:539-550.
123. Pace JG Effect of T-2 mycotoxin on the rat liver mitochondria electron transport system. Toxicon 1983, 21:675-680.
124. Pace JG, Watts MR, Canterbury WJ T-2 mycotoxin inhibits mitochondrial protein synthesis. Toxicon 1988, 26:77-85.
125. Pang VF, Schiefer HB, Beasley VR Effects on the integumentary system. Trichothecene Mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiologic Effects 1989, vol. II:123-133. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. V.R. Beasley (Ed.).
126. Park JJ, Smalley EB, Chu FS Natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in field samples from the 1992 Wisconsin corn crop. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996, 62:1642-1648.
127. Patterson DSP, Matthews JG, Shreeve BJ, Roberts BA, McDonald SM, Hayes AW The failure of trichothecene mycotoxins and whole cultures of Fusarium tricinctum to cause experimental haemorrhagic syndromes in calves and pigs. Vet Rec 1979, 105:252-255.
128. Pestka JJ, Bondy GS Immunotoxic effects of mycotoxins. Mycotoxins in Grain: Compounds Other than Aflatoxin 1994, 339-358. Eagan Press, St. Paul. J.D. Miller, H.L. Trenholm (Eds.).
129. Pestka JJ, Smolinski AT Deoxynivalenol: toxicology and potential effects on humans. J Toxicol Environ Health B 2005, 8:39-69.
130. Pestka JJ, Moorman MA, Warner RL Dysregulation of IgA production and IgA nephropathy induced by the trichothecene vomitoxin. Food Chem Toxicol 1989, 27:361-368.
131. Pestka JJ, Yan D, King LE Flow cytometric analysis of the effects of in vitro exposure to vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) on apoptosis in murine T, B and IgA+ cells. Food Chem Toxicol 1994, 32:1125-1136.
132. Pestka JJ, Uzarski RL, Islam Z Induction of apoptosis and cytokine production in the Jurkat human T cells by deoxynivalenol: role of mitogen-activated protein kinases and comparison to othe. Toxicology 2005, 206:207-219.
133. Pier AC, Cysewski SJ, Richard JL, Baetz AL, Mitchell L Experimental mycotoxicoses in calves with aflatoxin, ochratoxin, rubratoxin, and T-2 toxin. Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Association, 80th Annual Meeting 1976, 130-148. Miami Beach, FL.
134. Placinta CM, D'Mello JPF, Macdonald AMC A review of worldwide contamination of cereal grains and animal feeds with Fusarium mycotoxins. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1999, 78:21-37.
135. Pollmann DS, Koch BA, Seitz LM, Mohr HE, Kennedy GA Deoxynivalenol-contaminated wheat in swine diets. J Anim Sci 1985, 60:239-247.
136. Poppenga RH, Lundeen GR, Beasley VR Assessment of a general therapeutic protocol for the treatment of acute T-2 toxicosis in swine. Vet Hum Toxicol 1987, 29:237-239.
137. Prelusky DB, Trenholm HL Tissue distribution of deoxynivalenol in swine dosed intravenously. J Agric Food Chem 1991, 39:748-751.
138. Prelusky DB, Trenholm HL, Lawrence GA, Scott PM Nontransmission of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) to milk following oral administration to dairy cows. J Environ Sci Health B 1984, 19:593-609.
139. Prelusky DB, Veira DM, Trenholm HL, Hartin KE Excretion profiles of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, following oral and intravenous administration to sheep. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1986, 6:356-363.
140. Prelusky DB, Hamilton RMG, Trenholm HL, Miller JD Tissue distribution and excretion of radioactivity following administration of 14C-labelled deoxynivalenol to White Leghorn hens. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1986, 7:635-645.
141. Prelusky DB, Hartin KE, Trenholm HL, Miller JD Pharmacokinetic fate of 14C-labeled deoxynivalenol in swine. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1988, 10:276-286.
142. Prelusky DB, Hartin KE, Trenholm HL Distribution of deoxynivalenol in cerebral spinal fluid following administration to swine and sheep. J Environ Sci Health B 1990, 25:395-413.
143. Prelusky DB, Yeun JM, Thompson BK, Trenholm HL Effect of deoxynivalenol on neurotransmitters in discrete regions of swine brain. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1992, 22:36-40.
144. Prelusky DB, Rotter BA, Rotter RG Toxicology of mycotoxins. Mycotoxins in Grain: Compounds Other than Aflatoxin 1994, 359-403. Eagan Press, St. Paul. J.D. Miller, H.L. Trenholm (Eds.).
145. Rafai R, Bata A, Vanyi A, Papp Z, Brydl E, Jakab L, Tuboly S, Tury E Effect of various levels of T-2 toxin on the clinical status, performance, and metabolism of growing pigs. Vet Rec 1995, 136:485-489.
146. Rafai R, Tuboly S, Bata A, Tilly P, Vanyi A, Papp Z, Jakab L, Tury E Effect of various levels of T-2 toxin in the immune system of growing pigs. Vet Rec 1995, 136:511-514.
147. Rafai P, Pettersson H, Bata A, Papp Z, Glavits R, Tuboly S, Vanyi A, Soos P Effect of dietary T-2 fusariotoxin concentrations on the health and production of white pekin duck broilers. Poult Sci 2000, 79:1548-1556.
148. Raisbeck MF, Rottinghaus GE, Kendall JD Effects of naturally occurring mycotoxins on ruminants. Mycotoxins in Animal Foods 1991, 647-677. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. J.E. Smith, R.S. Henderson (Eds.).
149. Raymond SL, Smith TK, Swamy HV Effects of feeding a blend of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on feed intake, serum chemistry, and hematology of horses, and the ef. J Anim Sci 2003, 81:2123-2130.
150. Raymond SL, Smith TK, Swamy HV Effects of feeding a blend of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on feed intake, metabolism, and indices of athletic performance on ex. J Anim Sci 2005, 83:1267-1273.
151. Rizzo AF, Atroshi F, Ahotupa M, Sankari S, Elovaara E Protective effect of antioxidants against free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation induced by DON or T-2 toxin. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1994, 41:81-90.
152. Robbana-Barnat S, Lafarge-Frayssinet C, Cohen H, Neish GA, Frayssinet C Immunosuppressive properties of deoxynivalenol. Toxicology 1988, 48:155-166.
153. Robison TS, Mirocha CJ, Kurtz HJ, Behrens JC, Chi MS, Weaver GA, Nystrom SD Transmission of T-2 toxin into bovine and porcine milk. J Dairy Sci 1979, 62:637-641.
154. Rocha O, Ansari K, Doohan FM Effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on eukaryotic cells: a review. Food Addit Contam 2005, 22:369-378.
155. Rodricks JV, Eppley RM Stachybotrys and stachybotryotoxicosis. Mycotoxins 1974, 181-197. Elsevier, New York. I.F.H. Purchase (Ed.).
156. Rosenstein Y, Lafarge-Frayssinet C Inhibitory effect of Fusarium T-2 toxin on lymphoid DNA and protein synthesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1983, 70:283-288.
157. Rosenstein Y, Lafarge-Frayssinet C, Lespinats G, Loisillier F, Lafont P, Frayssinet C Immunosuppressive activity of Fusarium toxins. Effects on antibody synthesis and skin grafts of crude extracts, T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol. Immunology 1979, 36:111-117.
158. Rotter BA, Thompson BK, Lessard M, Trenholm HL, Tryphonas H Influence of low-level exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins on selected immunological and hematological parameters in young swine. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1994, 23:117-124.
159. Rotter BA, Prelusky DB, Pestka JJ Toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). J Toxicol Environ Health 1996, 48:1-34.
160. Rousseaux CG, Schiefer HB Maternal toxicity, embryolethality and abnormal fetal development in CD-1 mice following one oral dose of T-2 toxin. J Appl Toxicol 1987, 7:281-288.
161. Rousseaux CG, Schiefer HB, Hancock DS Reproductive and teratological effects of continuous low-level dietary T-2 toxin in female CD-1 mice for two generations. J Appl Toxicol 1986, 6:179-184.
162. Saito M, Ohtsubo K Trichothecene toxins of Fusarium species. Mycotoxins 1974, 263-281. Elsevier, New York. I.F.H. Purchase (Ed.).
163. Schiefer HB, Beasley VR Effects on the digestive system and energy metabolism. Trichothecene Mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiologic Effects 1989, vol. II:61-89. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. V.R. Beasley (Ed.).
164. Schneider DJ, Marasas WFO, Dale Kuys JC, Kriek NPJ, Van Schalkwyk GC A field outbreak of suspected stachybotryotoxicosis in sheep. J South Afr Vet Assoc 1979, 50:73-81.
165. Scott PM The natural occurrence of trichothecenes. Trichothecene Mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiologic Effects 1989, vol. I:1-26. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. V.R. Beasley (Ed.).
166. Sehata S, Kiyosawa N, Makino T, Atsumi F, Ito K, Yamoto T, Teranishi M, Baba Y, Uetsuka K, Nakayama H, Doi K Morphological and microarray analysis of T-2 toxin-induced rat fetal brain lesions. Food Chem Toxicol 2004, 42:1727-1736.
167. Shinozuka S, Suzuki M, Noguchi N, Sugimoto T, Uetsuka K, Nakayama H, Doi K T-2 toxin induced apoptosis in hematopoietic tissues of mice. Toxicol Pathol 1998, 26:674-681.
168. Shlosberg A, Weisman Y, Handji V A severe reduction in egg laying in a flock of hens associated with trichothecene mycotoxins in the feed. Vet Hum Toxicol 1984, 26:384-386.
169. Shlosberg AS, Klinger Y, Malkinson MH Muscovy ducklings, a particularly sensitive avian bioassay for T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol. Avian Dis 1986, 30:820-824.
170. Smalley EB, Strong FM Toxic trichothecenes. Mycotoxins 1974, 199-228. Elsevier, New York. I.F.H. Purchase (Ed.).
171. Swamy HVLN, Smith TK, MacDonald EJ, Boermans HJ, Squires EJ Effects of feeding a blend of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on swine performance, brain regional neurochemistry, and serum chemis. J Anim Sci 2002, 82:3257-3267.
172. Swamy HVLN, Smith TK, MacDonald EJ, Karrow NA, Woodward B, Boermans HJ Effects of feeding a blend of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on growth and immunological measurements of starter pigs, and the eff. J Anim Sci 2003, 81:2792-27803.
173. Swamy HVLN, Smith TK, MacDonald EJ Effects of feeding blends of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on brain regional neurochemistry of starter pigs and broiler chickens. J Anim Sci 2004, 82:2131-2139.
174. Swanson SP, Corley RA The distribution, metabolism, and excretion of trichothecene mycotoxins. Trichothecene Mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiologic Effects 1989, vol. I:37-61. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. V.R. Beasley (Ed.).
175. Swanson SP, Nicoletti J, Rood HD, Buck WB, C∈ LM, Yoshizawa T Metabolism of three trichothecene mycotoxins, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and deoxynivalenol, by bovine rumen microorganisms. J Chromatogr 1987, 414:335-342.
176. Taylor MJ, Pang VF, Beasley VR The immunotoxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins. Trichothecene Mycotoxicosis: Pathophysiologic Effects 1989, vol. II:1-37. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. V.R. Beasley (Ed.).
177. Thompson WL, Wannemacher RW Structure-function relationship of 12,13-epoxytrichothecene mycotoxins in cell culture: comparison of whole animal lethality. Toxicon 1986, 24:985-994.
178. Trenholm HL, Thompson BK, Hartin KE, Greenhalgh R, McAllister AJ Ingestion of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) -contaminated wheat by nonlactacting dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 1985, 68:1000-1005.
179. Tryphonas H, Iverson F, So Y, Nera EA, McGuire PF, O'Grady L, Clayson DB, Scott PM Effects of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) on the humoral and cellular immunity of mice. Toxicol Lett 1986, 30:137-150.
180. Ueno Y Mode of action of trichothecenes. Pure Appl Chem 1977, 49:1737-1745.
181. Ueno Y General toxicology. Trichothecenes - Chemical, Biological, and Toxicological Aspects 1983, 135-146. Elsevier, New York. Y. Ueno (Ed.).
182. Ueno Y Toxicological features of T-2 toxin and related trichothecenes. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1984, 4:S124-S132.
183. Ueno Y, Sato N, Ishii K, Sakai K, Tsunoda H, Enomoto M Biological and chemical detection of trichothecene mycotoxins in Fusarium species. Appl Microbiol 1973, 25:699-704.
184. Valenta H, Dänicke S Study on the transmission of deoxynivalenol and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol into eggs of laying hens using a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet me. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005, 49:779-785.
185. Vesonder RF, Ciegler A, Jensen AH Isolation of the emetic principle from Fusarium-infected corn. Appl Microbiol 1973, 26:1008-1010.
186. Vesonder RF, Ciegler A, Jensen AH, Rohwedder WK, Weisleder D Co-identity of the refusal and emetic principle from Fusarium-infected corn. Appl Environ Microbiol 1976, 31:280-285.
187. Vila B, Jaradat ZW, Marquardt RR, Frohlich AA Effect of T-2 toxin on in vivo lipid peroxidation and vitamin E status in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2002, 40:479-486.
188. Weaver GA, Kurtz HJ, Mirocha CJ The effect of Fusarium toxins on food producing animals. Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Association, 81st Annual Meeting 1977, 215-218. Minneapolis, MN.
189. Weaver GA, Kurtz HJ, Bates FY, Chi MS, Mirocha CJ, Behrens JC Acute and chronic toxicity of T-2 mycotoxin in swine. Vet Rec 1978, 103:531-535.
190. Weaver GA, Kurtz HJ, Mirocha CJ, Bates FY, Behrens JC, Robinson TS, Gipp WF Mycotoxin-induced abortions in swine. Can Vet J 1978, 19:72-74.
191. Weaver GA, Kurtz HJ, Bates FY, Mirocha CJ, Behrens JC, Hagler WM Diacetoxyscirpenol toxicity in pigs. Res Vet Sci 1981, 31:131-135.
192. Westlake K, Mackie RI, Dutton MF T-2 metabolism by ruminal bacteria and its effect on their growth. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987, 53:587-592.
193. Westlake K, Mackie RI, Dutton MF Effects of several mycotoxins on specific growth rate of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and toxin degradation in vitro. Appl Environ Microbiol 1987, 53:613-614.
194. Williams KC, Blaney BJ, Magee MH Responses of pigs fed wheat naturally infected with Fusarium graminearum and containing the mycotoxins 4-deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Aust J Sci Res 1988, 39:1095-1105.
195. Wyatt RD, Doerr JA, Hamilton PB, Burmeister HR Egg production, shell thickness, and other physiological parameters of laying hens affected by T-2 toxin. Appl Microbiol 1975, 29:641-645.
196. Yang G-H, Jarvis BB, Chung Y-J, Pestka JJ Apoptosis induction by the satratoxins and other trichothecene mycotoxins, relationship to ERK, p38MAPK, and SAPK/JNK activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000, 164:149-160.
197. Yoshizawa T, Morooka N Deoxynivalenol and its monoacetate: new mycotoxins from Fusarium roseum and moldy barley. Agric Biol Chem 1973, 37:2933-2934.
198. Yoshizawa T, Mirocha CJ, Swanson SP Metabolic fate of T-2 toxin in a lactating cow. Food Cosmet Toxicol 1981, 19:31-39.
199. Young LG, McGirr L, Valli VE, Lumsden JH, Lun A Vomitoxin in corn fed to young pigs. J Anim Sci 1983, 57:655-664.
200. Zhou H-R, Yan D, Pestka JJ Differential cytokine mRNA expression in mice after oral exposure to the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) : dose response and time course. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997, 144:294-305.
201. Zhou H-R, Islam Z, Pestka JJ Induction of competing apoptotic and survival signaling pathways in the macrophage by the ribotoxic trichothecene deoxynivalenol. Toxicol Sci 2005, 87:113-122.