Coming to grips with the nursing question: The politics of nursing education reform in 1960s america

Nursing History Review

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 37-60

  Tobbell, Dominique A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882809598     PISSN: 10628061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1891/1062-8061.22.1.37     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Sherman Mellinkoff to Franklin D. Murphy, 25 February 1963, UCLA Archives, Collection 401, Box 11, folder: Nursing School 1960-1964.
2. A. Marilyn Sime to Edna Fritz, 20 May 1968, University of Minnesota Archives, Office of Vice President for Academic Affairs, Box 30, folder: School of Nursing Review of Program 1967-1968.
3. Julie Fairman, Making Room in the Clinic: Nurse Practitioners and the Evolution of Modern Health Care (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008), 41; see 40-53 for a detailed description of the changes in nursing education at mid-century.
4. Fairman, Making Room in the Clinic; Joan Lynaugh, "Academic Nursing Practice," in Academic Nursing Practice: Helping to Share the Future of Health Care, ed. Lois K. Evans and Norma M. Lang (New York: Springer, 2004); and Joan Lynaugh and Barbara Brush, American Nursing: From Hospitals to Health Systems (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 1996). On the expansion of occupational divisions within nursing after World War II during the expanding use of medical technologies and increased incidence of chronic disease, see Margarete Sandelowski, Devices and Desires: Gender, Technology, and American Nursing (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), esp. 100-34.
5. This resonates with Susan Reverby's assertion that nurses' efforts to professionalize in the first half of the 20th century were "fractured both by patriarchal constraints from above and differences among women from within." Susan M. Reverby, Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 2.
6. Fairman, Making Room in the Clinic; Lynaugh, "Academic Nursing Practice"; and Lynaugh and Brush, American Nursing.
7. Esther Lucille Brown, Nursing for the Future: A Report Prepared for the National Nursing Council (New York: Russell Sage, 1948), 138-73. A second study published that same year by economist Eli Ginzberg also called for relocation of nursing schools from hospitals to universities and colleges. Eli Ginzberg, A Program for the Nursing Profession by the Committee on the Function of Nursing (New York: Macmillan, 1948).
8. Virginia Henderson, "The Nature of Nursing," American Journal of Nursing 64, no. 8 (1964): 62-8, quote 66.
9. Hildegard E. Peplau, "Interpersonal Techniques: The Crux of Psychiatric Nursing," American Journal of Nursing 62, no. 6 (1962): 50-54, quote 53. See also Hildegard E. Peplau, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing (New York: Putnam, 1952); Fairman, Making Room in the Clinic, 43.
10. Toward Quality in Nursing. Needs and Goals. Report of the Surgeon General's Consultant Group on Nursing (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1963), 11.
11. Mildred L. Montag and Lassar G. Gottkin, Community College Education for Nursing: An Experiment in Technical Education for Nursing (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959); Edith Lewis, "The Associate Degree Program," American Journal of Nursing 64, no. 5 (1964): 78-81. On the history and impact of community colleges on nursing education, see Patricia D'Antonio, American Nursing: A History of Knowledge, Authority, and the Meaning of Work (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 168-70.
12. D'Antonio, American Nursing, 169-70.
13. Lynaugh, "Academic Nursing Practice," 24; Cynthia Connolly and Joan Lynaugh, Fifty Years at the Division of Nursing United States Public Health Service (Washington, DC: USPHS Division of Nursing, 1997).
14. Biography of Lulu Hassenplug, http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/diglib/sc_diglib/biopages/lhassenplug.html, accessed October 31, 2012. See also Julie Fairman, "Context and Contingency: The Post-World War II History of Nursing Scholarship," Journal of Nursing Scholarship 40, no. 1 (2008): 4-11.
15. Lulu Wolf Hassenplug, UCLA School of Nursing's Founding Dean, oral history interview conducted by Judi Goodfriend (Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 1989).
16. W. Eugene Stern to Stafford L. Warren, memorandum, 8 February 1957, in The role of the student nurse and the nursing school curriculum with respect to patient care, UCLA Archives, Collection RS300, Box 178, folder: Departments-Nursing 1957.
17. W. Eugene Stern, William P. Longmire, and Willard E. Goodwin to Stafford L. Warren, memorandum, 5 June 1957, UCLA Archives, Collection RS300, Box 178, folder: Departments-Nursing 1957.
18. William P. Longmire, Creating the Department of Surgery at the UCLA School of Medicine, oral history interview conducted by Bernard Galm (Los Angeles: Oral History Program. University of California, Los Angeles, 1988), 521-24.
19. Stafford L. Warren, memorandum, 31 May 1957, in Radical Suggestions for Consideration, UCLA Archives, Collection RS300, Box 178, folder: Departments-Nursing 1957.
20. Hassenplug, UCLA School of Nursing's Founding Dean, 249-50.
21. Franklin D. Murphy to Foster H. Sherwood, 1 January 1967, UCLA Archives, Collection 401, Box 9, folder: I-Med 1960-1968; Foster H. Sherwood, "Nursing at UCLA," 21 June 1968, UCLA Archives, Collection 401, Box 11, folder: Nursing School 1967-1970.
22. Forrest H. Adams et al. to Committee on Educational Policy, Budget and Interdepartmental Relations, Graduate Council, and the Chancellor's Office, "UCLA School of Nursing: A Position Paper," 23 August 1968, UCLA Archives, Collection 401, Box 11, folder: Nursing School 1967-1970.
23. Colin Young to Foster H. Sherwood, 19 February 1969, UCLA Archives, Collection 401, Box 11, folder: Nursing School 1967-1970.
24. Hassenplug, UCLA School of Nursing's Founding Dean, 337-42.
25. For a comprehensive history of the University of Minnesota School of Nursing see Laurie K. Glass, Leading the Way: The University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 1909-2009 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota School of Nursing, 2009).
26. Edna L. Fritz, "Faculty Selection, Appointment, and Promotion in Collegiate Nursing Programs" (EdD dissertation, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1965). http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/viewfile/12030, accessed October 31, 2012.
27. On the demonstration project see Edna Fritz, Toward Better Nursing Care of Patients with Long-Term Illness (New York: Division of Education, National League of Nursing, 1956).
28. Oral History Interview with A. Marilyn Sime, interview by Dominique A. Tobbell, April 15, 2010, University of Minnesota AHC Oral History Project, 6. The University of Minnesota Archives permits the use of excerpts from the oral histories that are part of the University of Minnesota Academic Health Center Oral History Project.
29. Brown, Nursing for the Future; Peplau, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing; Peplau, "Interpersonal Techniques"; Henderson, "The Nature of Nursing"; J. Arthur Myers, Masters of Medicine: An Historical Sketch of the College of Medical Sciences, University of Minnesota 1888-1966 (St. Louis: Warren H. Green, 1968), 541-44, which explicitly acknowledges that the reforms were based on Brown's work.
30. Sime interview with Tobbell, 11.
31. Oral History Interview with Florence Marks, interview by Dominique A. Tobbell, April 13, 2010, University of Minnesota AHC Oral History Project, 41.
32. Oral History Interview with Marie Manthey, interview by Dominique A. Tobbell, October 12, 2010, University of Minnesota AHC Oral History Project, 5-6.
33. Oral History Interview with Ruth Weise, interview by Dominique A. Tobbell, July 28, 2010, University of Minnesota AHC Oral History Project, 15. Some of the medical faculty expressed similar concerns about the inadequate clinical preparation of nursing students; see, for example, Oral History Interview with John P. Delaney conducted by Dominique A. Tobbell on 27 March 2012, University of Minnesota AHC Oral History Project, 16.
34. See, for example, "Recommendation for Establishing Consultative Support and Continuing Education Services from the U of MN for the Furtherance of Practical Nursing Education and for Development of Programs in Nursing Leading to an Associate Degree in the State of MN, Concurrent with Disestablishment of the University's Program in Practical Nursing," ca. 1966 or 1967, University of Minnesota Archives, Office of the Vice President of Academic Administration, Box 22, Folder: Medical Sciences-Programs 1966-1967.
35. Edna Fritz to William G. Shepherd, 18 April 1966, University of Minnesota Archives, Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs Papers, Box 23, Folder: Medical Sciences Nursing Programs 1966-1967.
36. "Recommendation for Establishing Consultative Support and Continuing Education Services."
37. Oral History Interview with Eugenia Taylor, interview by Dominique A. Tobbell, May 27, 2010, University of Minnesota AHC Oral History Project, 16-21, quote 16.
38. Edna Fritz to Robert Howard, memorandum, 19 February 1965, in Discontinuance of the Practical Nursing Program, University of Minnesota Archives, Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs Papers, Box 23, folder: Medical Sciences Nursing Programs 1966-1967.
39. Florence Brennan et al. to Robert Howard, 27 March 1963, Office of Vice President for Academic Affairs, Box 30, folder: School of Nursing Review of Program 1967-1968.
40. Fritz, Toward Better Nursing Care of Patients with Long-Term Illness.
41. Marks interview with Tobbell; quotation from Edna Fritz to William Shepherd, 25 March 1968, Office of Vice President for Academic Affairs, Box 30, folder: School of Nursing Review of Program 1967-1968..
42. Marks interview with Tobbell, 46.
43. Fairman, "Context and Contingency."
44. For a summary of these studies see, Lynaugh and Brush, American Nursing, 8-9.
45. Toward Quality in Nursing.
46. For a study of health workforce needs, including nurses, in Minnesota see Osler L. Peterson and Ivan J. Fahs (Health Manpower Study Commission), Health Manpower for the Upper Midwest: A Study of the Needs for Physicians and Dentists in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana (St. Paul, MN: Hill Family Foundation, 1966).
47. "A Report on Nursing Education in the University of California as Related to the Needs of California and the West," 7 January 1957, UCLA Archives, #RS300, Box 178, folder: Departments-Nursing 1957.
48. Ivan J. Fahs and Kathryn Barchas, Nursing in the Upper Midwest: Focus on the State of Minnesota (Minneapolis: Upper Midwest Research and Development Council, 1969), 24.
49. Brown, Nursing for the Future; Ginzberg, A Program for the Nursing Profession; and Margaret Bridgman, Collegiate Education for Nursing (New York: Russell Sage, 1953).
50. "A Report on Nursing Education in the University of California."
51. George A. Pettitt to deans, memorandum, 23 March 1949, UCLA Archives, #RS300, Box 47, folder: Medical Education in California 1949-1955.
52. The Master Plan had grown out of a series of studies of California public higher education conducted in the 1940s and 1950s, A Master Plan for Higher Education in California, 1960-1975 (Sacramento: California State Department of Education, 1960); Glenn S. Dumke, "Higher Education in California," California Historical Society Quarterly 42, no. 2 (1963): 99-110.
53. Sidney Roberts et al. to Franklin D. Murphy, 2 April 1962, in Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on Nursing, UCLA Archives, Collection 401, Box 11, folder: Nursing School 1960-1964.
54. Edna Fritz to Elmer Learn, 1 September 1966, University of Minnesota Archives, President's Office, collection 841, Box 231, folder: Medical School, School of Nursing, 1960-1969.
55. Edna Fritz to O. Meredith Wilson, 30 September 1966, President's Office, collection 841, Box 231, folder: Medical School, School of Nursing, 1960-1969; "Recommendation for Establishing Consultative Support and Continuing Education Services." The first two associate degree programs in Minnesota were established in 1964 at Hibbing Junior College in Hibbing and St. Mary's Junior College in Minneapolis; by 1969 there were four associate degree programs in the state. See Fahs and Barchas, Nursing in the Upper Midwest, 5.
56. Hassenplug, UCLA School of Nursing's Founding Dean, 277-79. WICHE was enacted in 1953 by the Western states of New Mexico, Montana, Arizona, Utah, Oregon, Wyoming, and Colorado as a way of efficiently coordinating and sharing resources among the states' higher education systems. WICHE was focused in particular on ensuring that the states without their own health science schools could work with their Western colleagues to ensure that enough health care professionals would be produced for the entire region. California joined the compact in 1955.
57. Fahs and Barchas, Nursing in the Upper Midwest.
58. Jerome P. Lysaught, An Abstract for Action: National Commission for the Study of Nursing and Nursing Education (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970); Ruth M. Lunde to Isabel Harris, 11 February 1971, University of Minnesota Archives, School of Nursing Collection, Box 31, folder: 512 Planning for Rural Nursing.
59. Stanley J. Wenberg to Lyle French et al., 7 May 1971; and Verne E. Long to Stanley J. Wenberg, 29 April 29, University of Minnesota Archives, President's Office, collection 841, Box 231, folder: Medical School, School of Nursing, 1971-1980.
60. William G. Shepherd, Statement to the School of Nursing Faculty, 22 March 1968, Office of Vice President for Academic Affairs, Box 30, folder: School of Nursing Review of Program 1967-1968.
61. Sime interview with Tobbell, 16.
62. Weise interview with Tobbell, 21.
63. For a fuller description of the emergence of AHCs, particularly at the University of Florida and the University of Rochester, see Fairman, "Context and Contingency," 54-85.
64. Hassenplug, UCLA School of Nursing's Founding Dean, 332.
65. Marks interview with Tobbell, 43.Marks interview with Tobbell, 43.