The crime of piracy

International Criminal Law

Volumn 1, Issue , 2008, Pages 799-814

  Sundberg, Jacob W F ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84882627608     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004165328.i-1086     Document Type: Chapter

References (70)

1. The Politically Organized Raids Of The Greek "Piratis" On Sea-Borne Commerce And Ports Were Described As An Ancient Way Of Life By Thucydides, Thucydides, I The Peloponnesian War, 5-7, And Was One Of The Five Forms Of Political Economy Classified Without Condemnation By Aristotle, Aristotle, The Politics, 1256 B
2. See Homer, The Odyssey, Bk. Ix. For A Discussion Of The Piracy Of Antiquity, See Gerhard Mueller & Freda Adler, Outlaws Of The Ocean: The Complete Book Of Contemporary Crimes On The High Seas 207 (1985).
3. Dig. 49.15.19.2; Dig. 49.14.24; Dig. 50.16.118.
4. Marcus Cicero, De Officiis, Bk. Iii, 29 (1902).
5. How. St. Tr. 1269, 1271 (1693).
6. Paul Stiel, Der Tatbestand Der Piraterie Nach Geltendem Vlkerrecht, Staats-Und Vlkerrechtliche Abhandlungen, Bd. Iv, Heft. 4, 42 (Leipzig, 1905).
7. Jules M. Sestier, La Piraterie Dans L' Antiquiti 268 (1880).
8. A Fascinating Discussion Of The Notion Of War In The Late Middle Ages Is Offered By Maurice H. Keen, The Laws Of War In The Late Middle Ages 71-218 (1965).
9. Convention On The High Seas, Done At Geneva, Apr. 29, 1958, 13 U.S.T. 2312, 450 U.N.T.S. 82 (Entered Into Force Sept. 30, 1962) [Hereinafter 1958 Geneva High Seas Convention].
10. International Agreement For Collective Measures Against Piratical Attacks In The Mediterranean By Submarines, Sept. 14, 1937, 181 L.N.T.S. 135; International Agreement For Collective Measures Against Piratical Attacks In The Mediterranean By Surface Vessels And Aircraft, Sept. 17, 1937, 181 L.N.T.S. 149
11. See Also William Thomas Mallison, Studies In The Law Of Naval Warfare: Submarines In General And Limited Wars (1968)
12. Treaty On The Use Of Submarines And Noxious Gases In Warfare, Feb. 6, 1922 (Never Ratified), 1 Papers Relating To Foreign Relations Of The United States 267 (1922). The Name Is Derived From The American Delegate And Initiator, Mr. Elihu Root.
13. See Generally Alfred T. Mahan, Naval Warfare, In Elections From The Writings Of Rear Admiral Alfred T. Mahan 328-41 (A. Westcott Ed., 1919).
14. [15] Martens Nouveau Recueil 791
15. [7] Martens Nouveau Recueil (Ser.3) 39.
16. Le Louis, 165 Eng. Rep. 1464 (1817).
17. For Compilation Of National Legislation, See Generally 26 Am. J. Int'l L. Pt. V (Supp. 1932); Working Draft No. 744-L, Nov. 17, 1969, Prepared For The 17Th Session Of The Legal Committee Of The International Civil Aviation Organization ("Icao").
18. [1] Lassa Oppenheim, International Law ? 273, 341 (2D Ed. 1912).
19. William E. Hall, A Treatise On International Law ? 81, 310 (8Th Ed. 1924).
20. Le Moniteur Universel, Dec. 5, 1806, No. 339, At 1462, Translated In C.A. Hereshoff Bartlett, Liability For Official War Crimes, 35 Law Q. Rev. 177 (1919).
21. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (1762)
22. It Is A Peculiar Twist Of History That Today, When War Is As Total As The Government Being Fought Against, And Consequently The Basis For The Privileged Treatment Of Prisoners Of War Has Totally Disappeared, The Privilege As Such Is Still Able To Rally Enthusiastic Support In Countries Of The Western, Non-Communist Type
23. Torsten Gihl, Who Is A Spy?, In Legal Essays-A Tribute To Frede Castberg, 230, 235 (1963). For A Detailed Account Of The Case
24. See R.Y. Jennings, The Caroline And Mcleod Cases, 32 Am. J. Int'l L. 82 (1938).
25. See, E.G., Alfred Verdross, Vlkerrecht 235 (5Th Ed. 1964)
26. Hans Kelsen & Robert Tucker, Principles Of International Law 358 (2D Ed. 1966).
27. D. Von Herder Public Prosecutor, Nytt. Juridiskt Arkiv 65 (1946), [1946] Ann. Dig. 95.
28. Lotika Sarkar, The Proper Law Of Crime, 11 Int'l & Comp. L.Q. 446, 452 (1952), Reprinted In International Criminal Law 50, 56 (Gerhard O. W. Mueller & Edward M. Wise Eds., 1965).
29. See Generally Michael Zander, The Act Of State Doctrine, 53 Am. J. Int'l L. 826 (1959)
30. Haro F. Van Panhuys, In The Borderland Between The Act Of State Doctrine And Questions Of Jurisdictional Immunities, 13 Int'l & Comp. L.Q. 1193 (1964).
31. For Previous Criticism Of The Idea That An Act Cannot Be Piratical If Done Under State Authority, See The Magellan Pirates, 164 Eng. Rep. 47 (1853) (Decided By Lushington).
32. See Yoram Dinstein, The Defense Of "Obedience To Superior Orders" In International Law (1965)
33. Rebels, And Even Foreigners Fighting Under Their Own Sovereign's Commissions On Behalf Of Rebels, Were Treated As "Pirates" As Early As 1580 In Europe. See 1 Alberico Gentili, De Jure Belli Libri Tres (1612).
34. Gaceta Da Madrid, July 17,1966, Reprinted In Raoul Genet, Precis De Droit Maritime Pour Les Temps De Guerre 185 N. 270 (1937) (Some Excerpts Translated Into English Will Be Found In Raoul Genet, The Charge Of Piracy In The Spanish Civil War, 32 Am. J. Int'l L. 253, 260 (1938).
35. Calvo, Examen Des Trois Rles De Droit International Proposs Dans Le Traitde Washington, 1874 Rev. Dr. Int. Leg. Comp. 453, 454.
36. In Two Cases, The English And Canadian Courts Confronted With Confederate Raiders Held Them To Be Aspirates Jure Gentium For The Sole Purpose Of Refusing Extradition Under A Strained Interpretation Of The Applicable Extradition Treaty. See 2 James B. Moore, Digest Of International Law 1079-80, 1082-83 (1906).
37. Maurice R. Simmonet, Convention Sur La Haute Mer 155 (1966).
38. For A Reasoned View, See George G. Wilson, Insurgency And International Maritime Law, 1 Am. J. Int'l L. 46, 60 (1907).
39. In England, For Example, Military Action Against The Hauscar, A Vessel In Rebellion Against Peru In 1877, Was Sought To Be Justified By Using The Category "Piracy." Diplomatic Correspondence And Parliamentary Debates Immediately After The Incident Cast Doubt Upon The Legal Integrity Of The British Position. See 68 Brit. & Foreign State Papers 744
40. Hansard's Parliamentary Debates (Ser. 3) 567-85, 787-802.
41. Lester H. Woolsey, Closure Of Ports By The Chinese Nationalist Government, 214 Am. J. Int'l L. 350, 354 (1950).
42. H. W. Malkin, The Inner History Of The Declaration Of Paris, 1927 Brit. Y.B Int'l L. 1, 42
43. William Hall, Should The Declaration Of Paris, 1856, Be Revised?, In U.S. Naval War College-International Law Topics And Discussions 107, 116 (1905).
44. Erik J.S. Castr, Civil War, In Annales Academiae Scietiarum Fennicae 2, 131 (1966).
45. Lauterpacht Summarizes The 1947 Situation Under British And American Law As Follows: "The Preponderant Practice Of Governments, Weighty Judicial Decisions, As Well As The Majority Of Writers, Seem To Favour The View That Unrecognized Insurgents, If They Interfere With The Ships Of Third States Or Their Subjects, May Be Treated As Piratical." Hersch Lauterpacht, Recognition In International Law 298 (1947).
46. Art. 16, 26 Am. J. Int'l L. Pt. V (Supp. 1932).
47. In Many Cases It Is Impossible To Determine To Universal Satisfaction Whether Some Self-Proclaimed "Rebels" Or "Government In Exile" Are Entitled To The Benefits Of The Law Applicable To "Belligerents" In An Armed Conflict Of International Character, Or Whether They Are Serving "Private Ends" And Should Be Considered Merely Criminals Subject To The Municipal Criminal Law Of The State Whose Territory, Vessels Or Nationals Are Victims Of The "Pirates."
48. Charles Fenwick, Piracy In The Caribbean, 55 Am. J. Int'l L. 426, 427 (1961).
49. See Generally Arthur Nussbaum, A Concise History Of The Law Of Nations 97 (1950). Grotius' Arguments Of That Day-He Was Born In 1583 And Consequently Only 22 Years Old-Were Perhaps Rather Cheap; He Confused The Feudal Title Of The Spanish With The Ownership Notion Of The Digests And Consequently Concluded That Alexander Borgia No More Than Anyone Else "Plus Juris A Alium Transferre Potest Quam Ipse Habet." See Staedler, Hugo Grotius Er Die "Donatio Alexandri" Von 1493, 1941 Zeitschrift F?R Vlkerrecht 258. De Jure Praede Was Left Unpublished; Publication Did Not Take Place Until 1868. See Carl Schmitt, Der Nomos Der Erde Im Vlkerrecht Des Jus Publicum Europaeum 151 (1950).
50. Von Martens, Versuch ?Ber Caper, Feindliche Nehmungen Und Insonderheit Wiedernehmungen. Nach Den Gesetzen, Vertrgen Und Gebrauchen Der Europischen Seemchte 46 (Gtingen, 1795), Concludes From The Amount Of Regulation Of Privateering In Contemporary Statutes And Treatises That "Die 2Te Hfte Des 17Ten Jahrhunderts Die Zeit Sey, Von Welchen Der Ausgebreitests Und Allgemenste Gebrauch Der Caper Anfungt." For A Fuller Discussion
51. See Gerhard O. W. Mueller & Freda Adler, Outlaws Of The Ocean: The Complete Book Of Contemporary Crime On The High Seas 275 (1985).
52. In The Great English Trial Of Captain William Kidd In 1701, Action In Excess Of What Was Expressly Authorized In His Commission Was Regarded As Action Animo Furandi: Kidd Was Hanged. See R.V. Kidd, 14 Howell's State Trials 123 (1701).
53. Burdick H. Brittin, International Law For Seagoing Officers 85 (1956).
54. [1] C. Rob. 340 (1799).
55. Chronicle Of International Events, 29 Am. J. Int'l L. 320 (1935).
56. See, E.G., The 1882 Convention For Regulating The Police Of The North Sea Fisheries And The Convention Respecting The Liquor Traffic In The North Sea.
57. Herbert A. Smith, The Law And Custom Of The Sea 64 (3D Ed. 1959).
58. Quincy Wright, Legal Aspects Of The U-2 Incident, 54 Am. J. Int'l L. 836 (1960).
59. Philippe Simonnot, Les Papes, L'eglise Et L'argent. Histoire Conomique Du Christianisme Des Origins ? Nos Jours 630 (Bayard).
60. G. Poumar?De, "Pour En Finir Avec La Croisade. Lutte Et Ralits Contre Les Turcs Aux Xvie Et Xviie Si?Cles
61. (Puf 2004): "La Corse Se Substitue Ainsi La Croisade Strictu Sensu, Mais Il Se Veut Encore Un Forme De Croisade."
62. See Paullin, Commodore John Rodgers, 1773-1838, At 93-169 (1910, Republished By The U.S. Naval Institute 1967).
63. Reference Should Here Be Made To Alfred P. Rubin's Very Solid Scholarship In The Matter, Published As Alfred P. Rubin, The Law Of Piracy, U.S. Naval War College International Law Studies Vol. 63 (1988). A More Easy Reading May Be Found In Chapter 17 "Lessons Of History" (At 285-301) In G.O.W. Mueller & Freda Adler, Outlaws Of The Ocean (1985). Cornelius Bynkershoek, Questionum Juris Publici, 1737.
64. [1] Spinks' Eccl. & Adm. Rep. 81.
65. S.S. Lotus, 1927 Pcij (Ser. A) No. 9.
66. United States V. Sisal Sales Corp., 274 U.S. 268 (1927); United States V. Aluminum Co. Of America, 148 F.2D. (2D.Cir. 1945).
67. United States V. Aluminum Co. Of America, 148 F.2D 416 (2D Cir. 1945); United States V. General Electric Co., 81 F. Supp. 753 (D.N.J. 1949); United States V. Rodriquez, 182 F. Supp. 479 (S.D. Cal. 1960).
68. Erik Nordstrom, Folkrattsliga Aspekter Pa Kontroll Av Linjekonferenser, Handels-Hogskolan Goteborg Skiufter 6, 19 (1965)
69. International Convention For The Unification Of Certain Rules Relating To Penal Jurisdiction In Matters Of Collision Or Other Incidents Of Navigation, May 20, 1932, 439 U.N.T.S. 233.
70. Georg Schwarzenberger, The Problem Of An International Criminal Law, 3 Curr. Leg. Probs. 263, 269 (1950).