Performance of diethylene glycol-based particle counters in the sub-3nm size range

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques

Volumn 6, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 1793-1804

  Wimmer, D ^a,b   Lehtipalo, K ^b,c   Franchin, A ^b   Kangasluoma, J ^b   Kreissl, F ^a   Kurten A ^a   Kupc, A ^d   Metzger, A ^a   Mikkila J ^c   Petaja T ^b   Riccobono, F ^e,f   Vanhanen, J ^c   Kulmala, M ^b   Curtius, J ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^c Airmodus Ltd   (Finland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^e PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^f JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; ALCOHOL; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; CONDENSATION; MEASUREMENT METHOD; MOBILITY; NUCLEATION; PARTICLE SIZE; PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT;

EID: 84882619230     PISSN: 18671381     EISSN: 18678548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/amt-6-1793-2013     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Chen, D. R. and Pui, D. H. Y.: Numerical and experimental studies of particle deposition in a tube with a conical contraction - laminar flow regime, in: Aerosol Measurement, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 173-176, 2001.
2. Ehn, M., Junninen, H., Schobesberger, S., Manninen, H. E., Franchin, A., Sipilä, M. M., Petäjä, T., Kerminen, V.-M., Tammet, H., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Horrak, U., Kulmala, M., and Worsnop, D. R.: An instrumental comparison of mobility and mass measurements of atmospheric small ions, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 45, 522-532, 2011.
3. Fernandez de la Mora, J., Thomson, B. A., and Gamero-Castaño, M.: Tandem mobility mass spectrometry study of electrosprayed tetraheptyl ammonium bromide clusters, J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom., 16, 717-732, 2005. (Pubitemid 40602922)
4. Flagan, R. C.: On differential mobility analyzer resolution, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 30, 556-570, 1999.
5. Gormley, P. G. and Kennedy, M.: Diffusion from a stream flowing through a cylindrical tube, in: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 52, available at: http://www.jstor.org/ stable/20488498 (last access: January 2013), University College Dublin, 163-169, 1948.
6. Herrmann, W., Eichler, T., Bernardo, N., and Fernandez de la Mora, J.: Turbulent transition arises at Reynolds number 35 000 in a short ViennaType DMA with a large laminarization inlet, in: AAAR, Annual Conference, St. Louis, Minnesota, USA, 2000.
7. Iida, K., Stolzenburg, M. R., and McMurry, P. H.: Effect of working fluid on sub-2 nm particle detection with a laminar flow ultrafine condensation particle counter, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 43, 81-96, 2009.
8. Jiang, J., Attoui, M., Heim, M., Brunelli, N. A., McMurry, P. H., Kasper, G., Flagan, R. C., Giapis, K., and Mouret, G.: Transfer functions and penetrations of five differential mobility analyzers for sub-2 nm particle classification, Aerosol. Sci. Tech., 45, 480-492, 2011a.
9. Jiang, J., Zhao, J., Chen, M., Eisele, F. L., Scheckman, J., Williams, B. J., Kuang, C., and McMurry, P. H.: First measurements of neutral atmospheric cluster and 1-2 nm particle number size distributions during nucleation events, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 45, 2-5, 2011b.
10. Junninen, H., Ehn, M., Petäjä, T., Luosujärvi, L., Kotiaho, T., Kostiainen, R., Rohner, U., Gonin, M., Fuhrer, K., Kulmala, M., and Worsnop, D. R.: A high-resolution mass spectrometer to measure atmospheric ion composition, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 1039-1053, doi:10.5194/amt-3-1039-2010, 2010.
11. Kangasluoma, J., Junninen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Sipilä, M., Mikkilä, J., Vanhanen, J., Attoui, M., Worsnop, D., Kulmala, M., and Petäjä, T.: Remarks on ion generation for CPC calibrations in the sub 3 nm size range, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 47, 556-563, doi:10.1080/02786826.2013. 773393, 2013.
12. Ki Ku, B. and Fernandez de la Mora, J.: Relation between electrical mobility, mass, and size for nanodrops 1-6.5 nm in diameter in air, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 43, 241-249, 2009.
13. Kirkby, J., Curtius, J., Almeida, J., Dunne, E., Duplissy, J., Ehrhart, S., Franchin, A., Gagne, S., Ickes, L., Kürten, A., Kupc, A., Metzger, A., Riccobono, F., Rondo, L., Schobesberger, S., Tsagkogeorgas, G., Wimmer, D., Amorim, A., Bianchi, F., Breitenlechner, M., David, A., Dommen, J., Downard, A., Ehn, M., Flagan, R. C., Haider, S., Hansel, A., Hauser, D., Jud, W., Junninen, H., Kreissl, F., Kvashin, A., Laaksonen, A., Lehtipalo, K., Lima, J., Lovejoy, E. R., Makhmutov, V., Mathot, S., Mikkilä, J., Minginette, P., Mogo, S., Nieminen, T., Onnela, A., Pereira, P., Petäjä, T., Schnitzhofer, R., Seinfeld, J. H., Sipilä, M., Stozhkov, Y., Stratmann, F., Tome, A., Vanhanen, J., Viisanen, Y., Vrtala, A., Wagner, P. E., Walther, H., Weingartner, E., Wex, H., Winkler, P. M., Carslaw, K. S., Worsnop, D. R., Baltensperger, U., and Kulmala, M.: Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation, Nature, 476, 429-433, 2011.
14. Kuang, C., Chen, M., McMurry, P. H., and Wang, J.: Modification of laminar flow ultrafine condensation particle counters for the enhanced detection of 1 nm condensation nuclei, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 46, 309-315, 2011.
15. Kulmala, M., Mordas, G., Petäjä, T., Grönholm, T., Aalto, P. P., Vehkamäki, H., Hienola, A. I., Herrmann, E., Sipilä, M., Riipinen, I., Manninen, H. E., Hämeri, K., Stratmann, F., Bilde, M., Winkler, P. M., Birmili, W., and Wagner, P. E.: The condensation particle counter battery (CPCB): a new tool to investigate the activation properties of nanoparticles, J. Aerosol Sci., 38, 289-304, 2007a. (Pubitemid 46365708)
16. Kulmala, M., Riipinen, I., Sipilä, M., Manninen, H. E., Petäjä, T., Junninen, H., Dal Maso, M., Mordas, G., Mirme, A., Vana, M., Hirsikko, A., Laakso, L., Harrison, R. M., Hanson, I., Leung, C., Lehtinen, K. E. J., and Kerminen, V.-M.: Toward direct measurement of atmospheric nucleation, Science, 318, 89-92, 2007b. (Pubitemid 47538037)
17. Kulmala, M., Petäjä, T., Nieminen, T., Sipilä, M., Manninen, H. E., Lehtipalo, K., Dal Maso, M., Aalto, P., Junninen, H., Paasonen, P., Riipinen, I., Lehtinen, K., Laaksonen, A., and Kerminen, V. M.: Measurement of the nucleation of atmospheric aerosol particles, Nat. Protoc., 7, 1651-1667, 2012.
18. Kulmala, M., Kontkanen, J., Junninen, H., Lehtipalo, K., Manninen, H. E., Nieminen, T., Petäjä, T., Sipilä, M., Schobesberger, S., Rantala, P., Franchin, A., Jokinen, T., Järvinen, E., Aijälä, M., Kangasluoma, J., Hakala, J., Aalto, P. P., Paasonen, P., Mikkilä, J., Vanhanen, J., Aalto, J., Hakola, H., Makkonen, U., Ruuskanen, T., Mauldin, R. L., Duplissy, J., Vehkamäki, H., Back, J., Kortelainen, A., Riipinen, I., Kurten, T., Johnston, M. V., Smith, J. N., Ehn, M., Mentel, T. F., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Laaksonen, A., Kerminen, V. M., and Worsnop, D. R.: Direct Observations of Atmospheric Aerosol Nucleation, Science, 339, 943-946, 2013.
19. Lehtipalo, K., Sipilä, M., Riipinen, I., Nieminen, T., and Kulmala, M.: Analysis of atmospheric neutral and charged molecular clusters in boreal forest using pulse-height CPC, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4177-4184, doi:10.5194/acp-9-4177-2009, 2009.
20. Lehtipalo, K., Kulmala, M., Sipilä, M., Petäjä, T., Vana, M., Ceburnis, D., Dupuy, R., and O'Dowd, C.: Nanoparticles in boreal forest and coastal environment: a comparison of observations and implications of the nucleation mechanism, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7009-7016, doi:10.5194/acp-10- 7009-2010, 2010.
21. McMurry, P. H.: The history of condensation nucleus counters, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 33, 297-322, 2000.
22. Merikanto, J., Spracklen, D. V., Mann, G. W., Pickering, S. J., and Carslaw, K. S.: Impact of nucleation on global CCN, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8601-8616, doi:10.5194/acp-9-8601-2009, 2009.
23. Middlebrook, A. M., Thomson, D. S., and Murphy, D. M.: On the purity of laboratory-generated sulfuric acid droplets and ambient particles studied by laser mass spectrometry, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 27, 293-307, 1997. (Pubitemid 27350016)
24. Mordas, G., Kulmala, M., Petäjä, T., Aalto, P. P., Matulevicius, V., Grigoraitis, V., Ulevicius, V., Grauslys, V., Ukkonen, A., and Hämeri, K.: Design and performance characteristics of a condensation particle counter UF-02proto, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 543-552, 2005. (Pubitemid 41812941)
25. Saghafifar, H., Kürten, A., Curtius, J., von der Weiden, S.-L., Hassanzadeh, S., and Borrmann, S.: Characterization of a modified expansion condensation particle counter for detection of nanometer-sized particles, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 43, 767-780, 2009.
26. Scheibel, H. G. and Porstendörfer, J.: Generation of monodisperse Ag- and NaCl-aerosols with particle diameters between 2 and 300 nm, J. Aerosol Sci., 14, 113-126, 1983. (Pubitemid 13571945)
27. Seto, T., Okuyama, K., de Juan, L., and Fernandez de la Mora, J.: Condensation of supersaturated vapors on monovalent and divalent ions of varying size, J. Chem. Phys., 107, 1576-1585, 1997. (Pubitemid 127572893)
28. Sgro, L. A. and Fernandez de la Mora, J.: A simple turbulent mixing CNC for charged particle detection down to 1.2 nm, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 38, 1-11, 2004. (Pubitemid 38076347)
29. Sipilä, M., Lehtipalo, K., Kulmala, M., Petäjä, T., Junninen, H., Aalto, P. P., Manninen, H. E., Kyrö, E.-M., Asmi, E., Riipinen, I., Curtius, J., Kürten, A., Borrmann, S., and O'Dowd, C. D.: Applicability of condensation particle counters to measure atmospheric clusters, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 4049-4060, :doi10.5194/acp-8-4049-2008, 2008.
30. Sipilä, M., Lehtipalo, K., Attoui, M., Neitola, K., Petäjä, T., Aalto, P. P., O'Dowd, C. D., and Kulmala, M.: Laboratory verification of PH-CPC's ability to monitor atmospheric sub-3 nm clusters, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 43, 126-135, 2009.
31. Sipilä, M., Berndt, T., Petäjä, T., Brus, D., Vanhanen, J., Stratmann, F., Patokoski, J., Mauldin III, R. L., Hyvärinen, A.-P., Lihavainen, H., and Kulmala, M.: The role of sulfuric acid in atmospheric nucleation, Science, 327, 1243-1246, 2010.
32. Stolzenburg, M. R. and McMurry, P. H.: An ultrafine aerosol condensation nucleus counter, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 14, 48-65, 1991.
33. Stratmann, F., Otto, E., and Fissan, H.: Thermophoretical and diffusional particle transport in cooled laminar tube flow, J. Aerosol Sci., 25, 1305-1319, doi:10.1016/0021-8502(94)90127-9, 1994.
34. Vanhanen, J., Mikkilä, J., Lehtipalo, K., Sipilä, M., Manninen, H. E., Siivola, E., Petäjä, T., and Kulmala, M.: Particle size magnifier for Nano-CN detection, Aerosol Sci. Tech., 45, 533-542, 2011.
35. Winkler, P. M., Steiner, G., Vrtala, A., Vehkamäki, H., Noppel, M., Lehtinen, K. E. J., Reischl, G. P., Wagner, P. E., and Kulmala, M.: Heterogeneous nucleation experiments bridging the scale from molecular ion clusters to nanoparticles, Science, 319, 1374-1377, 2008. (Pubitemid 351354869)