메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 103-155

Understanding how the Interaction of Wind and Trees Results in Wind-Throw, Stem Break-Age, and Canopy Gap Formation

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 84882506587     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012088778-1/50006-6     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (71)

References (186)
  • 2
    • 14844300051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind stability of trees on slopes
    • September 16-18, 1803, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, University of Karlsruhe, Germany, B. Ruck,, C. Kottmeier,, C. Mattheck,, C.P. Quine,, G. Wilhelm, (Eds.)
    • Achim A., Nicoll B., Mochan S., Gardiner B.A. Wind stability of trees on slopes. Wind Effects on Trees: Proceedings of the International Conference 2003, 231-237. September 16-18, 1803, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, University of Karlsruhe, Germany. B. Ruck,, C. Kottmeier,, C. Mattheck,, C.P. Quine,, G. Wilhelm, (Eds.).
    • (2003) Wind Effects on Trees: Proceedings of the International Conference , pp. 231-237
    • Achim, A.1    Nicoll, B.2    Mochan, S.3    Gardiner, B.A.4
  • 4
    • 84977709086 scopus 로고
    • Strong winds and windblown trees: a paleoclimatic indicator
    • Allen J.R.L. Strong winds and windblown trees: a paleoclimatic indicator. Weather 1992, 47:410-416.
    • (1992) Weather , vol.47 , pp. 410-416
    • Allen, J.R.L.1
  • 5
    • 0027045108 scopus 로고
    • Trees and their response to wind: mid Flandrian strong winds, Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Channel, southwest Britain
    • Allen J.R.L. Trees and their response to wind: mid Flandrian strong winds, Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Channel, southwest Britain. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond Series B 1992, 338:335-364.
    • (1992) Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond Series B , vol.338 , pp. 335-364
    • Allen, J.R.L.1
  • 6
    • 0002717399 scopus 로고
    • Gales and gale damage to forests, with special reference to the effects of the storm of 31st January 1953, in the north east of Scotland
    • Andersen K.F. Gales and gale damage to forests, with special reference to the effects of the storm of 31st January 1953, in the north east of Scotland. Forestry 1954, 27:97-121.
    • (1954) Forestry , vol.27 , pp. 97-121
    • Andersen, K.F.1
  • 7
    • 34548258697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compression failures in wind-damaged spruce trees
    • September 16-18, 1803, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, University of Karlsruhe, Germany, B. Ruck,, C. Kottmeier,, C. Mattheck,, C.P. Quine,, G. Wilhelm, (Eds.)
    • Arnold M. Compression failures in wind-damaged spruce trees. Wind Effects on Trees: Proceedings of the International Conference 2003, 253-260. September 16-18, 1803, University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, University of Karlsruhe, Germany. B. Ruck,, C. Kottmeier,, C. Mattheck,, C.P. Quine,, G. Wilhelm, (Eds.).
    • (2003) Wind Effects on Trees: Proceedings of the International Conference , pp. 253-260
    • Arnold, M.1
  • 9
    • 0000742851 scopus 로고
    • Forest development in canopy gaps of a diverse hardwood forest of the southern Appalachians
    • Barden L.S. Forest development in canopy gaps of a diverse hardwood forest of the southern Appalachians. Oikos 1981, 37:205-209.
    • (1981) Oikos , vol.37 , pp. 205-209
    • Barden, L.S.1
  • 11
    • 0027040622 scopus 로고
    • Hurricane Hugo: damage to a tropical rain forest in Puerto Rico
    • Basnet K., Likens G.E., Scatena F.N., Lugo A.E. Hurricane Hugo: damage to a tropical rain forest in Puerto Rico. Oecologia 1992, 8:47-55.
    • (1992) Oecologia , vol.8 , pp. 47-55
    • Basnet, K.1    Likens, G.E.2    Scatena, F.N.3    Lugo, A.E.4
  • 12
    • 0030301363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of a typhoon on Japanese warm temperate rainforests
    • Bellingham P.J., Kohyama T., Aiba S. The effects of a typhoon on Japanese warm temperate rainforests. Ecol Res 1996, 11:229-247.
    • (1996) Ecol Res , vol.11 , pp. 229-247
    • Bellingham, P.J.1    Kohyama, T.2    Aiba, S.3
  • 13
    • 0028164364 scopus 로고
    • Sprouting of trees in Jamaican montane forests, after a hurricane
    • Bellingham P.J., Tanner E.V.J., Healey J.R. Sprouting of trees in Jamaican montane forests, after a hurricane. J Ecol 1994, 82:747-758.
    • (1994) J Ecol , vol.82 , pp. 747-758
    • Bellingham, P.J.1    Tanner, E.V.J.2    Healey, J.R.3
  • 14
    • 0025227190 scopus 로고
    • A root anchorage model for shal-lowly rooted Sitka spruce
    • Blackwell P.G., Rennolls K., Coutts M.P. A root anchorage model for shal-lowly rooted Sitka spruce. Forestry 1990, 63:73-91.
    • (1990) Forestry , vol.63 , pp. 73-91
    • Blackwell, P.G.1    Rennolls, K.2    Coutts, M.P.3
  • 15
    • 0024200126 scopus 로고
    • Localized ice storm damage in an Appalachian Plateau watershed
    • Boerner R.E.J., Runge S.D., Cho D., Kooser J.G. Localized ice storm damage in an Appalachian Plateau watershed. Am Midl Nat 1988, 119:199-208.
    • (1988) Am Midl Nat , vol.119 , pp. 199-208
    • Boerner, R.E.J.1    Runge, S.D.2    Cho, D.3    Kooser, J.G.4
  • 16
    • 0028163341 scopus 로고
    • Hurricane impacts to tropical and temperate forest landscapes
    • Boose E.R., Foster D.R., Fluet M. Hurricane impacts to tropical and temperate forest landscapes. Ecol Monogr 1994, 64:369-400.
    • (1994) Ecol Monogr , vol.64 , pp. 369-400
    • Boose, E.R.1    Foster, D.R.2    Fluet, M.3
  • 17
    • 0022248118 scopus 로고
    • Ice storm damage to a southern Wisconsin mesic forest
    • Bruederle L.P., Stearns F.W. Ice storm damage to a southern Wisconsin mesic forest. B Torrey Bot Club 1985, 112:167-175.
    • (1985) B Torrey Bot Club , vol.112 , pp. 167-175
    • Bruederle, L.P.1    Stearns, F.W.2
  • 18
    • 0033215853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the strength function of rays in living trees
    • Burgert I., Bernasconi A., Eckstein D. Evidence for the strength function of rays in living trees. Holz Roh-Werkstoff 1999, 57:397-399.
    • (1999) Holz Roh-Werkstoff , vol.57 , pp. 397-399
    • Burgert, I.1    Bernasconi, A.2    Eckstein, D.3
  • 20
    • 0021614195 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic windthrow in the presettlement forests of Wisconsin
    • Canham C.D., Loucks O.L. Catastrophic windthrow in the presettlement forests of Wisconsin. Ecology 1984, 65:803-809.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 803-809
    • Canham, C.D.1    Loucks, O.L.2
  • 21
    • 0034666680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling stem breakage caused by typhoons in plantation Cryptomeria japonica forests
    • Chiba Y. Modelling stem breakage caused by typhoons in plantation Cryptomeria japonica forests. Forest Ecol Manag 2000, 135:123-131.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.135 , pp. 123-131
    • Chiba, Y.1
  • 22
    • 0034142152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic windthrow in southern Appalachians: characteristics of pits and mounds and initial vegetation responses
    • Clinton B.D., Baker C.R. Catastrophic windthrow in southern Appalachians: characteristics of pits and mounds and initial vegetation responses. Forest Ecol Manag 2000, 126:51-60.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.126 , pp. 51-60
    • Clinton, B.D.1    Baker, C.R.2
  • 23
    • 0031460833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A gap-based approach for development of silvicultural systems to address ecosystem management
    • Coates K.D., Burton P.J. A gap-based approach for development of silvicultural systems to address ecosystem management. Forest Ecol Manag 1997, 99:337-354.
    • (1997) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.99 , pp. 337-354
    • Coates, K.D.1    Burton, P.J.2
  • 25
    • 0001738573 scopus 로고
    • Root architecture and tree stability
    • Coutts M.P. Root architecture and tree stability. Plant Soil 1983, 71:171-188.
    • (1983) Plant Soil , vol.71 , pp. 171-188
    • Coutts, M.P.1
  • 26
    • 0022845917 scopus 로고
    • Components of tree stability in Sitka spruce on peaty gley soil
    • Coutts M.P. Components of tree stability in Sitka spruce on peaty gley soil. Forestry 1986, 59:173-197.
    • (1986) Forestry , vol.59 , pp. 173-197
    • Coutts, M.P.1
  • 27
    • 0004733315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scaling of anchorage in the tap rooted tree Mallotus wrayi
    • Centre for Biomimetics, University of Reading, Reading, UK, G. Jeronimidis,, J.F. Vincent, (Eds.)
    • Crook M.J., Ennos A.R. Scaling of anchorage in the tap rooted tree Mallotus wrayi. Plant Biomechanics 1997: Conference Proceedings 1997, 31-36. Centre for Biomimetics, University of Reading, Reading, UK. G. Jeronimidis,, J.F. Vincent, (Eds.).
    • (1997) Plant Biomechanics 1997: Conference Proceedings , pp. 31-36
    • Crook, M.J.1    Ennos, A.R.2
  • 28
    • 0030696227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The function of buttress roots: a compar-ative study of the anchorage systems of buttressed (Aglaia and Nephelium ramboutan species) and non-buttressed (M
    • Crook M.J., Ennos A.R., Banks J.R. The function of buttress roots: a compar-ative study of the anchorage systems of buttressed (Aglaia and Nephelium ramboutan species) and non-buttressed (M. J Exp Bot 1997, 48:1703-1716.
    • (1997) J Exp Bot , vol.48 , pp. 1703-1716
    • Crook, M.J.1    Ennos, A.R.2    Banks, J.R.3
  • 29
    • 0038384456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind-firmness in Pinus pinaster Ait. stands in southwest France: influence of stand density, fertilisation and breeding in two experimental stands damaged
    • Cucchi V., Bert D. Wind-firmness in Pinus pinaster Ait. stands in southwest France: influence of stand density, fertilisation and breeding in two experimental stands damaged. Ann Forest Sci 2003, 60:209-226.
    • (2003) Ann Forest Sci , vol.60 , pp. 209-226
    • Cucchi, V.1    Bert, D.2
  • 30
    • 20544449477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modelling the windthrow risk for simulated stands of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.)
    • Cucchi V., Merediu C., Stokes A., de Coligny F., Suarez J., Gardiner B.A. Modelling the windthrow risk for simulated stands of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). Forest Ecol Manag 2005, 213:184-196.
    • (2005) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.213 , pp. 184-196
    • Cucchi, V.1    Merediu, C.2    Stokes, A.3    de, C.F.4    Suarez, J.5    Gardiner, B.A.6
  • 31
    • 0142090617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of epi-cormic sprouts in Sitka spruce following thinning and pruning in south-east Alaska
    • Deal R.L., Barbour R.J., McClellan M.H., Parry D.L. Development of epi-cormic sprouts in Sitka spruce following thinning and pruning in south-east Alaska. Forestry 2003, 76:401-412.
    • (2003) Forestry , vol.76 , pp. 401-412
    • Deal, R.L.1    Barbour, R.J.2    McClellan, M.H.3    Parry, D.L.4
  • 32
    • 84882552364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Les ouragans de Noël: premiers bilans
    • Doll D. Les ouragans de Noël: premiers bilans. La Forêt Privée 2000, 251:23-40.
    • (2000) La Forêt Privée , vol.251 , pp. 23-40
    • Doll, D.1
  • 33
    • 46149141131 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of roughness length and zero plane displacement for a foli-ated and non-foliated canopy
    • Dolman A.J. Estimates of roughness length and zero plane displacement for a foli-ated and non-foliated canopy. Agr Forest Meteorol 1986, 36:241-248.
    • (1986) Agr Forest Meteorol , vol.36 , pp. 241-248
    • Dolman, A.J.1
  • 34
    • 0021027761 scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic wind disturbance in an old growth hemlock-hardwood forest, Wisconsin
    • Dunn C.P., Guntenspergen G.R., Dorney J.R. Catastrophic wind disturbance in an old growth hemlock-hardwood forest, Wisconsin. Can J Bot 1982, 61:211-217.
    • (1982) Can J Bot , vol.61 , pp. 211-217
    • Dunn, C.P.1    Guntenspergen, G.R.2    Dorney, J.R.3
  • 35
    • 0030618628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind disturbance in remnant forest stands along the prairie-forest ecotone, Minnesota, USA
    • Dyer J.M., Baird P.R. Wind disturbance in remnant forest stands along the prairie-forest ecotone, Minnesota, USA. Plant Ecol 1997, 129:121-134.
    • (1997) Plant Ecol , vol.129 , pp. 121-134
    • Dyer, J.M.1    Baird, P.R.2
  • 37
    • 0030439365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest damage and recovery from cata-strophic wind
    • Everham III E.M., Brokaw N.V.L. Forest damage and recovery from cata-strophic wind. Bot Rev 1996, 62:113-185.
    • (1996) Bot Rev , vol.62 , pp. 113-185
    • Everham, E.M.1    Brokaw, N.V.L.2
  • 38
    • 0002842850 scopus 로고
    • Turbulent airflow in forest on flat and hilly terrain
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, M.P. Coutts,, J. Grace, (Eds.)
    • Finnigan J.J., Brunet Y. Turbulent airflow in forest on flat and hilly terrain. Wind and Trees. 1995, 3-40. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. M.P. Coutts,, J. Grace, (Eds.).
    • (1995) Wind and Trees. , pp. 3-40
    • Finnigan, J.J.1    Brunet, Y.2
  • 39
    • 0027091296 scopus 로고
    • Long-term vegetation development in Bavarian Mountain forest ecosys-tems following natural destruction
    • Fischer A. Long-term vegetation development in Bavarian Mountain forest ecosys-tems following natural destruction. Vegetatio 1992, 103:93-104.
    • (1992) Vegetatio , vol.103 , pp. 93-104
    • Fischer, A.1
  • 41
    • 0009651483 scopus 로고
    • Extreme Value Analysis of Wind Gusts in Alberta
    • Forestry Canada and Alberta Land and Forest Services, Edmonton, AB
    • Flesch T.K., Wilson J.D. Extreme Value Analysis of Wind Gusts in Alberta. Project report FO42-91/107-1993E 1993, Forestry Canada and Alberta Land and Forest Services, Edmonton, AB.
    • (1993) Project report FO42-91/107-1993E
    • Flesch, T.K.1    Wilson, J.D.2
  • 42
    • 0024196157 scopus 로고
    • Species and stand response to catastrophic wind in central New England
    • Foster D.R. Species and stand response to catastrophic wind in central New England. USA. J Ecol 1988, 76:135-152.
    • (1988) USA. J Ecol , vol.76 , pp. 135-152
    • Foster, D.R.1
  • 43
    • 0001379234 scopus 로고
    • Tree biomechanics: growth, cumulative prestresses and reorientations
    • Fournier M., Bailleres H., Chanson B. Tree biomechanics: growth, cumulative prestresses and reorientations. Biomimetics 1994, 2:229-252.
    • (1994) Biomimetics , vol.2 , pp. 229-252
    • Fournier, M.1    Bailleres, H.2    Chanson, B.3
  • 46
    • 0026005385 scopus 로고
    • Natural disturbance regimes in the hemlock-hardwood forests of the Upper Great Lakes region
    • Frelich L.E., Lorimer C.G. Natural disturbance regimes in the hemlock-hardwood forests of the Upper Great Lakes region. Ecol Monogr 1991, 61:145-164.
    • (1991) Ecol Monogr , vol.61 , pp. 145-164
    • Frelich, L.E.1    Lorimer, C.G.2
  • 47
    • 0003859656 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical Characteristics of Sitka Spruce
    • Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, Scotland
    • Gardiner B.A. Mechanical Characteristics of Sitka Spruce. Occasional Paper 24 1989, Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, Scotland.
    • (1989) Occasional Paper 24
    • Gardiner, B.A.1
  • 49
    • 0003046599 scopus 로고
    • The interactions of wind and tree movement in forest canopies
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, M.P. Coutts,, J. Grace, (Eds.)
    • Gardiner B.A. The interactions of wind and tree movement in forest canopies. Wind and Trees. 1995, 41-59. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. M.P. Coutts,, J. Grace, (Eds.).
    • (1995) Wind and Trees. , pp. 41-59
    • Gardiner, B.A.1
  • 50
    • 0034666636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of forests to reduce the risk of abiotic damage-a review with particular reference to the effects of strong winds
    • Gardiner B.A., Quine C.P. Management of forests to reduce the risk of abiotic damage-a review with particular reference to the effects of strong winds. Forest Ecol Manag 2000, 135:261-277.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.135 , pp. 261-277
    • Gardiner, B.A.1    Quine, C.P.2
  • 51
    • 28744435672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sta-bility of different silvicultural systems: a wind tunnel investigation
    • Gardiner B.A., Marshall B.J., Achim A., Belcher R.E., Wood C.J. The sta-bility of different silvicultural systems: a wind tunnel investigation. Forestry 2005, 78:471-484.
    • (2005) Forestry , vol.78 , pp. 471-484
    • Gardiner, B.A.1    Marshall, B.J.2    Achim, A.3    Belcher, R.E.4    Wood, C.J.5
  • 52
    • 0034600261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two models for predict-ing the critical wind speeds required to damage coniferous trees
    • Gardiner B.A., Peltola H., Kellomäki S. Comparison of two models for predict-ing the critical wind speeds required to damage coniferous trees. Ecol Model 2000, 129:1-23.
    • (2000) Ecol Model , vol.129 , pp. 1-23
    • Gardiner, B.A.1    Peltola, H.2    Kellomäki, S.3
  • 53
    • 0030872759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Field and wind-tunnel assessment of the implications of respacing and thinning on tree stability
    • Gardiner B.A., Stacey G.R., Belcher R.E., Wood C.J. Field and wind-tunnel assessment of the implications of respacing and thinning on tree stability. Forestry 1997, 70:233-252.
    • (1997) Forestry , vol.70 , pp. 233-252
    • Gardiner, B.A.1    Stacey, G.R.2    Belcher, R.E.3    Wood, C.J.4
  • 54
    • 0024233717 scopus 로고
    • Effects of the December 1983 tornado on forest vegetation of the Big Thicket, southeast Texas, USA
    • Glitzenstein J.S., Harcombe P.A. Effects of the December 1983 tornado on forest vegetation of the Big Thicket, southeast Texas, USA. Forest Ecol Manag 1988, 25:269-290.
    • (1988) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.25 , pp. 269-290
    • Glitzenstein, J.S.1    Harcombe, P.A.2
  • 56
    • 0024812409 scopus 로고
    • The 1987 Storm: Impact and Responses
    • H. M. Stationery Office, London
    • Grayson A.J. The 1987 Storm: Impact and Responses. Forestry Commission Bulletin 87 1989, H. M. Stationery Office, London.
    • (1989) Forestry Commission Bulletin 87
    • Grayson, A.J.1
  • 57
    • 0344685839 scopus 로고
    • Snow damage in plantation forests in southern New Zealand
    • Guild D.W. Snow damage in plantation forests in southern New Zealand. N Z J Forest 1986, 31:9-14.
    • (1986) N Z J Forest , vol.31 , pp. 9-14
    • Guild, D.W.1
  • 58
    • 0001818034 scopus 로고
    • Predicting windspeeds for forest areas in complex terrain
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, M.P. Coutts,, J. Grace, (Eds.)
    • Hannah P., Palutikof J.P., Quine C.P. Predicting windspeeds for forest areas in complex terrain. Wind and Trees 1995, 113-129. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. M.P. Coutts,, J. Grace, (Eds.).
    • (1995) Wind and Trees , pp. 113-129
    • Hannah, P.1    Palutikof, J.P.2    Quine, C.P.3
  • 59
    • 0023582482 scopus 로고
    • The influence of litter and humus accumulations and canopy openness on Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. seedlings gr
    • Harmon M.E. The influence of litter and humus accumulations and canopy openness on Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. and Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. seedlings gr. Can J Forest Res 1987, 17:1475-1479.
    • (1987) Can J Forest Res , vol.17 , pp. 1475-1479
    • Harmon, M.E.1
  • 60
    • 0024940340 scopus 로고
    • Retention of needles and seeds on logs in Picea sitchensis-Tsuga het-erophylla forests of coastal Oregon and Washington
    • Harmon M.E. Retention of needles and seeds on logs in Picea sitchensis-Tsuga het-erophylla forests of coastal Oregon and Washington. Can J Bot 1989, 67:1833-1837.
    • (1989) Can J Bot , vol.67 , pp. 1833-1837
    • Harmon, M.E.1
  • 61
    • 0024936196 scopus 로고
    • Tree seedlings on logs in Picea-Tsuga forests of Oregon and Washington
    • Harmon M.E., Franklin J.F. Tree seedlings on logs in Picea-Tsuga forests of Oregon and Washington. Ecology 1989, 70:48-59.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 48-59
    • Harmon, M.E.1    Franklin, J.F.2
  • 62
    • 0022855543 scopus 로고
    • The interaction of a tornado with rough terrain
    • Harrington J.B., Newark M.J. The interaction of a tornado with rough terrain. Weather 1986, 41:310-318.
    • (1986) Weather , vol.41 , pp. 310-318
    • Harrington, J.B.1    Newark, M.J.2
  • 63
    • 0035863044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tree regeneration responses to microsite charac-teristics following a severe tornado in the Georgia Piedmont, USA
    • Harrington T.B., Bluhm A.A. Tree regeneration responses to microsite charac-teristics following a severe tornado in the Georgia Piedmont, USA. Forest Ecol Manag 2001, 140:265-275.
    • (2001) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.140 , pp. 265-275
    • Harrington, T.B.1    Bluhm, A.A.2
  • 64
    • 0004106529 scopus 로고
    • The Forest Ecosystem of Southeast Alaska: 7. Forest Ecology and Timber Management
    • USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR
    • Harris A.S., Farr W.A. The Forest Ecosystem of Southeast Alaska: 7. Forest Ecology and Timber Management. General Technical Report PNW-25 1974, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
    • (1974) General Technical Report PNW-25
    • Harris, A.S.1    Farr, W.A.2
  • 65
    • 0003581740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hurricane Hugo: South Carolina Forest Land Research and Management Related to the Storm
    • USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC
    • Haymond J.L., Hook D.D., Harms W.R. Hurricane Hugo: South Carolina Forest Land Research and Management Related to the Storm. General Technical Report SRS-5 1996, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC.
    • (1996) General Technical Report SRS-5
    • Haymond, J.L.1    Hook, D.D.2    Harms, W.R.3
  • 66
    • 0028975861 scopus 로고
    • Modelling the effect of crown shedding and streamlining on the survival of loblolly pine exposed to acute wind
    • Hedden R.L., Fredericksen T.S., Williams S.A. Modelling the effect of crown shedding and streamlining on the survival of loblolly pine exposed to acute wind. Can J Forest Res 25 1995, 704-712.
    • (1995) Can J Forest Res 25 , pp. 704-712
    • Hedden, R.L.1    Fredericksen, T.S.2    Williams, S.A.3
  • 67
    • 84882457476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Holtam, B. W., Windblow of Scottish Forests in January 1968, Forestry Commission Bulletin 45., London, H. M. Stationery Office
    • Holtam, B. W., Windblow of Scottish Forests in January 1968, Forestry Commission Bulletin 45., London, H. M. Stationery Office.
  • 68
    • 33745719781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic modelling of a forest ecosystem
    • Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, Scotland, S. Bell, (Ed.)
    • Hope J.E. Dynamic modelling of a forest ecosystem. The Potential of Applied Landscape Ecology to Forest Design Planning 2003, 71-86. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, Scotland. S. Bell, (Ed.).
    • (2003) The Potential of Applied Landscape Ecology to Forest Design Planning , pp. 71-86
    • Hope, J.E.1
  • 69
    • 0345548010 scopus 로고
    • The contribution of meteorological science to wind hazard mitigation
    • The Royal Academy of Engineering, London
    • Hunt J.C.R. The contribution of meteorological science to wind hazard mitigation. Windstorm: Coming to Terms with Man's Worst Natural Hazard 1995, 9-17. The Royal Academy of Engineering, London.
    • (1995) Windstorm: Coming to Terms with Man's Worst Natural Hazard , pp. 9-17
    • Hunt, J.C.R.1
  • 70
    • 0001646182 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction on windfalls in a northern hardwood stand. J
    • Hutnik R.J. Reproduction on windfalls in a northern hardwood stand. J. Forestry 1952, 50:693-694.
    • (1952) Forestry , vol.50 , pp. 693-694
    • Hutnik, R.J.1
  • 71
    • 0031825867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large gap formation in a beech forest on Mt. Garyu in southwestern Japan by Typhoon 9119
    • Ida H., Nakagashi N. A large gap formation in a beech forest on Mt. Garyu in southwestern Japan by Typhoon 9119. J Sustain Manag 1998, 6:237-250.
    • (1998) J Sustain Manag , vol.6 , pp. 237-250
    • Ida, H.1    Nakagashi, N.2
  • 72
    • 0035056251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of epicormic shoot production in maintaining foliage in old Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) trees
    • Ishii H., Ford E.D. The role of epicormic shoot production in maintaining foliage in old Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) trees. Can J Bot 2001, 79:251-264.
    • (2001) Can J Bot , vol.79 , pp. 251-264
    • Ishii, H.1    Ford, E.D.2
  • 73
    • 0036780775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-related development of crown structure in coastal Douglas-fir trees
    • Ishii H., McDowell N. Age-related development of crown structure in coastal Douglas-fir trees. Forest Ecol Manag 2002, 169:257-270.
    • (2002) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.169 , pp. 257-270
    • Ishii, H.1    McDowell, N.2
  • 74
    • 0031744376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary succession following catastrophic windthrow in a boreal forest in Hokkaido, Japan: the timing of tree establishment
    • Ishizuka M., Toyooka H., Osawa A., Kushima H., Kanazawa Y., Sato A. Secondary succession following catastrophic windthrow in a boreal forest in Hokkaido, Japan: the timing of tree establishment. J Sustain Manag 1998, 6:367.
    • (1998) J Sustain Manag , vol.6 , pp. 367
    • Ishizuka, M.1    Toyooka, H.2    Osawa, A.3    Kushima, H.4    Kanazawa, Y.5    Sato, A.6
  • 75
    • 0034666591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterising windthrown gaps from fine spatial resolution remotely sensed data
    • Jackson R.G., Foody G.M., Quine C.P. Characterising windthrown gaps from fine spatial resolution remotely sensed data. Forest Ecol Manag 2000, 135:253-260.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.135 , pp. 253-260
    • Jackson, R.G.1    Foody, G.M.2    Quine, C.P.3
  • 76
    • 84882517478 scopus 로고
    • [Abiotic injuries in Danish forests in the period 1890-1984.]
    • Jakobsen B. [Abiotic injuries in Danish forests in the period 1890-1984.]. Forstlige Forsogsvaesen: Danmark 1986, 40:213-224.
    • (1986) Forstlige Forsogsvaesen: Danmark , vol.40 , pp. 213-224
    • Jakobsen, B.1
  • 77
    • 0022853901 scopus 로고
    • Wind damage as an ecological process in mountain beech forests of Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zeal
    • Jane G.T. Wind damage as an ecological process in mountain beech forests of Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zeal. J Ecol 1986, 9:25-39.
    • (1986) J Ecol , vol.9 , pp. 25-39
    • Jane, G.T.1
  • 79
    • 0027331288 scopus 로고
    • Uprooting in boreal spruce forests: long-term varia-tion in disturbance rate
    • Jonsson B.G., Dynesius M. Uprooting in boreal spruce forests: long-term varia-tion in disturbance rate. Can J Forest Res 1993, 23:2383-2388.
    • (1993) Can J Forest Res , vol.23 , pp. 2383-2388
    • Jonsson, B.G.1    Dynesius, M.2
  • 80
    • 0031459964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History of a Pinus strobus-dominated stand in northern New York
    • Kearsley J.B., Jackson S.T. History of a Pinus strobus-dominated stand in northern New York. J Veg Sci 1997, 8:425-436.
    • (1997) J Veg Sci , vol.8 , pp. 425-436
    • Kearsley, J.B.1    Jackson, S.T.2
  • 81
    • 0031900132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mathematical model to describe the dynamic response of a spruce tree to the wind within a forest
    • Kerzenmacher T., Gardiner B.A. A mathematical model to describe the dynamic response of a spruce tree to the wind within a forest. Trees 1998, 12:385-394.
    • (1998) Trees , vol.12 , pp. 385-394
    • Kerzenmacher, T.1    Gardiner, B.A.2
  • 82
    • 0034755915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abiotic controls on long-term windthrow disturbance and temperate rain forest dynamics in southeast Alaska
    • Kramer M.G., Hansen A.J., Taper M.L., Kissinger E.J. Abiotic controls on long-term windthrow disturbance and temperate rain forest dynamics in southeast Alaska. Ecology 2001, 82:2749-2768.
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 2749-2768
    • Kramer, M.G.1    Hansen, A.J.2    Taper, M.L.3    Kissinger, E.J.4
  • 83
    • 0036794153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influences of fire history and topography on the pattern of a severe wind blowdown in a Colorado subalpine forest
    • Kulakowski D.W., Veblen T.T. Influences of fire history and topography on the pattern of a severe wind blowdown in a Colorado subalpine forest. J Ecol 2002, 90:806-819.
    • (2002) J Ecol , vol.90 , pp. 806-819
    • Kulakowski, D.W.1    Veblen, T.T.2
  • 85
    • 0012881698 scopus 로고
    • Pathways of development in mixed-species stands
    • Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, M.J. Kelty,, B.C. Larson,, C.D. Oliver, (Eds.)
    • Larson B.C. Pathways of development in mixed-species stands. The Ecology and Silviculture of Mixed-Species Forests 1992, 3-10. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands. M.J. Kelty,, B.C. Larson,, C.D. Oliver, (Eds.).
    • (1992) The Ecology and Silviculture of Mixed-Species Forests , pp. 3-10
    • Larson, B.C.1
  • 86
    • 0034666585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency and characteristics of severe storms in the Urals and their influence on the development, structure and management of the boreal forests
    • Lässig R., Mocalov S.A. Frequency and characteristics of severe storms in the Urals and their influence on the development, structure and management of the boreal forests. Forest Ecol Manag 2000, 135:179-194.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.135 , pp. 179-194
    • Lässig, R.1    Mocalov, S.A.2
  • 87
    • 0009624104 scopus 로고
    • The Strength Properties of Timbers
    • H. M. Stationery Office, London
    • Lavers G.M. The Strength Properties of Timbers. Forest Products Research Bulletin 50 1969, H. M. Stationery Office, London. Second Edition.
    • (1969) Forest Products Research Bulletin 50
    • Lavers, G.M.1
  • 89
    • 84882460940 scopus 로고
    • Spruce Regeneration on Wet Forest Sites
    • University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
    • Lees J.C. Spruce Regeneration on Wet Forest Sites. PhD dissertation 1969, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
    • (1969) PhD dissertation
    • Lees, J.C.1
  • 90
    • 84882490230 scopus 로고
    • [Tornados in Quebec: research made from the study of fallen wood areas.] Les tornades au Québec: recherche a partir de Chablis
    • Lehmann A., Laflamme J. [Tornados in Quebec: research made from the study of fallen wood areas.] Les tornades au Québec: recherche a partir de Chablis. Rev G Montr 1975, 29:357-366.
    • (1975) Rev G Montr , vol.29 , pp. 357-366
    • Lehmann, A.1    Laflamme, J.2
  • 92
    • 0030781477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tornado and fire effects on tree species composition in a savanna in the Big Thicket National Preserve, southeast Texas, USA
    • Liu C., Glitzenstein J.S., Harcombe P.A., Knox R.G. Tornado and fire effects on tree species composition in a savanna in the Big Thicket National Preserve, southeast Texas, USA. Forest Ecol Manag 1997, 91:279-289.
    • (1997) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.91 , pp. 279-289
    • Liu, C.1    Glitzenstein, J.S.2    Harcombe, P.A.3    Knox, R.G.4
  • 93
    • 84986761466 scopus 로고
    • Gap structure, disturbance and regeneration in a primeval Picea abies forest
    • Liu Q., Hytteborn H. Gap structure, disturbance and regeneration in a primeval Picea abies forest. J Veg Sci 1991, 2:391-402.
    • (1991) J Veg Sci , vol.2 , pp. 391-402
    • Liu, Q.1    Hytteborn, H.2
  • 94
    • 0030024292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem diameter growth of Scots pine trees after increased mechanical load in the crown during dormancy and (or) growth
    • Lundqvist L., Valinger E. Stem diameter growth of Scots pine trees after increased mechanical load in the crown during dormancy and (or) growth. Ann Bot 1996, 77:59-62.
    • (1996) Ann Bot , vol.77 , pp. 59-62
    • Lundqvist, L.1    Valinger, E.2
  • 95
    • 84978131003 scopus 로고
    • Tornadoes in the midland belt of Russia
    • Lyakhov M.Y. Tornadoes in the midland belt of Russia. Sov Geogr 1987, 1986:562-570.
    • (1987) Sov Geogr , vol.1986 , pp. 562-570
    • Lyakhov, M.Y.1
  • 96
    • 0029501804 scopus 로고
    • Silvicultural possibilities for increasing structural diversity in British spruce forests: the case of Kielder forest
    • Mason W.L., Quine C.P. Silvicultural possibilities for increasing structural diversity in British spruce forests: the case of Kielder forest. Forest Ecol Manag 1995, 79:13-28.
    • (1995) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.79 , pp. 13-28
    • Mason, W.L.1    Quine, C.P.2
  • 99
    • 0000524978 scopus 로고
    • Some drag coefficients for British forest tree derived from wind tunnel studies
    • Mayhead G.J. Some drag coefficients for British forest tree derived from wind tunnel studies. Agr Meteorol 1973, 12:123-130.
    • (1973) Agr Meteorol , vol.12 , pp. 123-130
    • Mayhead, G.J.1
  • 100
    • 0003483789 scopus 로고
    • Natural regeneration of Sitka spruce in the Forest of Ae
    • McNeill J.D., Thompson D.A. Natural regeneration of Sitka spruce in the Forest of Ae. Scot Forest 1982, 36:269-282.
    • (1982) Scot Forest , vol.36 , pp. 269-282
    • McNeill, J.D.1    Thompson, D.A.2
  • 101
    • 0028180963 scopus 로고
    • A study of the relationship between mechanical charac-teristics and coastal vegetation among several broadleaf trees in Miura Peninsula in Japan
    • Meguro S., Miyawaki A. A study of the relationship between mechanical charac-teristics and coastal vegetation among several broadleaf trees in Miura Peninsula in Japan. Vegetatio 1994, 112:101-111.
    • (1994) Vegetatio , vol.112 , pp. 101-111
    • Meguro, S.1    Miyawaki, A.2
  • 102
    • 0032815288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workshop on functional aspects of regenera-tion of the boreal forest in the context of sustainable forest management: preamble
    • Messier C., Zasada J., Greene D. Workshop on functional aspects of regenera-tion of the boreal forest in the context of sustainable forest management: preamble. Can J Forest Res 1999, 29:791-795.
    • (1999) Can J Forest Res , vol.29 , pp. 791-795
    • Messier, C.1    Zasada, J.2    Greene, D.3
  • 103
    • 2342543851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Résistance comparée de l'épinette blanche et du sapin baumier au renversement
    • Meunier S., Ruel J.-C., Achim A. Résistance comparée de l'épinette blanche et du sapin baumier au renversement. Can J Forest Res 2002, 32:642-652.
    • (2002) Can J Forest Res , vol.32 , pp. 642-652
    • Meunier, S.1    Ruel, J.-C.2    Achim, A.3
  • 104
    • 84861617804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind-induced damage to Polish forests and the methods of mitigating its effect
    • University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. B. Ruck,, C. Kottmeier,, C. Mattheck,, C.P. Quine,, G. Wilhelm, (Eds.)
    • Mikulowski M., Gil W. Wind-induced damage to Polish forests and the methods of mitigating its effect. Wind Effects on Trees: Proceedings of the International Conference, University of Karlsruhe, Germany, September 16-18, 1803 2003, 349-356. University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. B. Ruck,, C. Kottmeier,, C. Mattheck,, C.P. Quine,, G. Wilhelm, (Eds.).
    • (2003) Wind Effects on Trees: Proceedings of the International Conference, University of Karlsruhe, Germany, September 16-18, 1803 , pp. 349-356
    • Mikulowski, M.1    Gil, W.2
  • 105
    • 0023501699 scopus 로고
    • The assessment of wind exposure for forestry in upland Britain
    • Miller K.F., Quine C.P., Hunt J. The assessment of wind exposure for forestry in upland Britain. Forestry 1987, 60:179-192.
    • (1987) Forestry , vol.60 , pp. 179-192
    • Miller, K.F.1    Quine, C.P.2    Hunt, J.3
  • 106
    • 0034666584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stem growth responses in Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce following thin-ning: implications for assessing wind-firmness
    • Mitchell S.J. Stem growth responses in Douglas-fir and Sitka spruce following thin-ning: implications for assessing wind-firmness. Forest Ecol Manag 2000, 135:105-114.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.135 , pp. 105-114
    • Mitchell, S.J.1
  • 107
    • 0034666659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in maximum resistive bending moments of Pinus radiata trees grown on a range of soil types
    • Moore J.R. Differences in maximum resistive bending moments of Pinus radiata trees grown on a range of soil types. Forest Ecol Manag 135:63-71. 2000.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol Manag 135:63-71.
    • Moore, J.R.1
  • 108
    • 20044373488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical Behavior of Coniferous Trees Subjected to Wind Loading
    • Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
    • Moore J.R. Mechanical Behavior of Coniferous Trees Subjected to Wind Loading. Ph.D. dissertation 2002, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
    • (2002) Ph.D. dissertation
    • Moore, J.R.1
  • 109
    • 1642328447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural sway frequencies and damping ratios of trees: concepts, review and synthesis of previous studies
    • Moore J.R., Maguire D.A. Natural sway frequencies and damping ratios of trees: concepts, review and synthesis of previous studies. Trees-Struct Funct 2004, 18:195-203.
    • (2004) Trees-Struct Funct , vol.18 , pp. 195-203
    • Moore, J.R.1    Maguire, D.A.2
  • 110
    • 21444452799 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural sway frequencies and damping ratios of trees: influence of crown structure
    • Moore J.R., Maguire D.A. Natural sway frequencies and damping ratios of trees: influence of crown structure. Trees-Struct Funct 2005, 19:363-373.
    • (2005) Trees-Struct Funct , vol.19 , pp. 363-373
    • Moore, J.R.1    Maguire, D.A.2
  • 112
    • 0027977536 scopus 로고
    • Shape of tree stems-a re-examination of the uni-form stress hypothesis
    • Morgan J., Cannell M.G.R. Shape of tree stems-a re-examination of the uni-form stress hypothesis. Tree Physiol 1994, 14:49-62.
    • (1994) Tree Physiol , vol.14 , pp. 49-62
    • Morgan, J.1    Cannell, M.G.R.2
  • 113
    • 0036568998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms controlling turbulence development across a forest edge
    • Morse A.P., Gardiner B.A., Marshall B.J. Mechanisms controlling turbulence development across a forest edge. Bound Lay Meteorol 2002, 103:227-251.
    • (2002) Bound Lay Meteorol , vol.103 , pp. 227-251
    • Morse, A.P.1    Gardiner, B.A.2    Marshall, B.J.3
  • 115
    • 0032550303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hurricane-fire interactions in coastal forests of the south: a review and hypothesis
    • Myers R.K., van Lear D.H. Hurricane-fire interactions in coastal forests of the south: a review and hypothesis. Forest Ecol Manag 1998, 103:265-276.
    • (1998) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.103 , pp. 265-276
    • Myers, R.K.1    van, L.D.H.2
  • 116
    • 0002205171 scopus 로고
    • Composition, dynamics and disturbance regime of tem-perate deciduous forests in monsoon Asia
    • Nakashizuka T., Iida S. Composition, dynamics and disturbance regime of tem-perate deciduous forests in monsoon Asia. Vegetatio 1995, 121:23-30.
    • (1995) Vegetatio , vol.121 , pp. 23-30
    • Nakashizuka, T.1    Iida, S.2
  • 117
    • 0029502618 scopus 로고
    • Sprouting after uprooting of canopy trees in the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil
    • Negrelle R.R.B. Sprouting after uprooting of canopy trees in the Atlantic rain forest of Brazil. Biotropica 1995, 27:448-454.
    • (1995) Biotropica , vol.27 , pp. 448-454
    • Negrelle, R.R.B.1
  • 118
    • 0030301458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive growth of tree root systems in response to wind action and site conditions
    • Nicoll B.C., Ray D. Adaptive growth of tree root systems in response to wind action and site conditions. Tree Physiol 1996, 16:891-898.
    • (1996) Tree Physiol , vol.16 , pp. 891-898
    • Nicoll, B.C.1    Ray, D.2
  • 119
    • 33644526956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does steep terrain influence tree stability? A field investigation
    • Nicoll B.C., Achim A., Mochan S., Gardiner B.A. Does steep terrain influence tree stability? A field investigation. Can J Forest Res 2005, 35:2360-2367.
    • (2005) Can J Forest Res , vol.35 , pp. 2360-2367
    • Nicoll, B.C.1    Achim, A.2    Mochan, S.3    Gardiner, B.A.4
  • 120
    • 33748896781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anchorage of coniferous trees in relation to species, soil type and rooting depth
    • Nicoll B.C., Gardiner B.A., Rayner B., Peace A.J. Anchorage of coniferous trees in relation to species, soil type and rooting depth. Can J Forest Res 2006, 36:1871-1883.
    • (2006) Can J Forest Res , vol.36 , pp. 1871-1883
    • Nicoll, B.C.1    Gardiner, B.A.2    Rayner, B.3    Peace, A.J.4
  • 121
    • 1842691085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Effects of Wind Disturbance on Temperate Rain Forest Structure and Dynamics of Southeast Alaska
    • USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR
    • Nowacki G.J., Kramer M.G. The Effects of Wind Disturbance on Temperate Rain Forest Structure and Dynamics of Southeast Alaska. General Technical Report PNW- GTR-421 1998, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
    • (1998) General Technical Report PNW- GTR-421
    • Nowacki, G.J.1    Kramer, M.G.2
  • 122
    • 0031475067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting snow damage of trees with particular reference to European conditions
    • Nykänen M.-L., Peltola H., Quine C.P., Kellomäki S., Broadgate M. Factors affecting snow damage of trees with particular reference to European conditions. Silva Fenn 1997, 31:192-213.
    • (1997) Silva Fenn , vol.31 , pp. 192-213
    • Nykänen, M.-L.1    Peltola, H.2    Quine, C.P.3    Kellomäki, S.4    Broadgate, M.5
  • 123
    • 0029661408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of Japanese beech (Fagus japonica Maxim.) sprouts to canopy gaps
    • Ohkubo T., Tanimoto T., Peters R. Response of Japanese beech (Fagus japonica Maxim.) sprouts to canopy gaps. Vegetatio 1996, 124:1-8.
    • (1996) Vegetatio , vol.124 , pp. 1-8
    • Ohkubo, T.1    Tanimoto, T.2    Peters, R.3
  • 124
    • 0001079649 scopus 로고
    • Wind measurements in a pine forest during a destructive gale
    • Oliver H.R., Mayhead G.J. Wind measurements in a pine forest during a destructive gale. Forestry 1974, 47:185-195.
    • (1974) Forestry , vol.47 , pp. 185-195
    • Oliver, H.R.1    Mayhead, G.J.2
  • 125
    • 0029511568 scopus 로고
    • Dendroecological and ecophysiological analysis of gap environments in mixed-oak understories of northern Virginia
    • Orwig D.A., Abrams M.D. Dendroecological and ecophysiological analysis of gap environments in mixed-oak understories of northern Virginia. Funct Ecol 1995, 9:799-806.
    • (1995) Funct Ecol , vol.9 , pp. 799-806
    • Orwig, D.A.1    Abrams, M.D.2
  • 128
    • 0034666537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanical stability of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch: an analysis of tree-pulling experiments in Finland
    • Peltola H., Kellomäki S., Hassinen A., Granander M. Mechanical stability of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch: an analysis of tree-pulling experiments in Finland. Forest Ecol Manag 2000, 135:143-153.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.135 , pp. 143-153
    • Peltola, H.1    Kellomäki, S.2    Hassinen, A.3    Granander, M.4
  • 129
    • 0032809350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mechanistic model for assessing the risk of wind and snow damage to single trees and stands of Scots pine, Norway spruce, and birch
    • Peltola H., Kellomäki S., Väisänen H., Ikonen V.-P. A mechanistic model for assessing the risk of wind and snow damage to single trees and stands of Scots pine, Norway spruce, and birch. Can J Forest Res 1999, 29:647-661.
    • (1999) Can J Forest Res , vol.29 , pp. 647-661
    • Peltola, H.1    Kellomäki, S.2    Väisänen, H.3    Ikonen, V.-P.4
  • 131
    • 11544296558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of two Japanese Fagus forests: the relation between stem growth and local wind climates
    • Peters R. Dynamics of two Japanese Fagus forests: the relation between stem growth and local wind climates. J Sustain Manag 1998, 6:267-280.
    • (1998) J Sustain Manag , vol.6 , pp. 267-280
    • Peters, R.1
  • 132
    • 0034666625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Damage and recovery of tree species after two different tornadoes in the same old growth forest: a comparison of infrequent wind disturbances
    • Peterson C.J. Damage and recovery of tree species after two different tornadoes in the same old growth forest: a comparison of infrequent wind disturbances. Forest Ecol Manag 2000, 135:237-252.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.135 , pp. 237-252
    • Peterson, C.J.1
  • 133
    • 0026293208 scopus 로고
    • Treefall and resprouting following catastrophic windthrow in an old-growth hemlock-hardwoods forest
    • Peterson C.J., Pickett S.T.A. Treefall and resprouting following catastrophic windthrow in an old-growth hemlock-hardwoods forest. Forest Ecol Manag 1991, 42:205-217.
    • (1991) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.42 , pp. 205-217
    • Peterson, C.J.1    Pickett, S.T.A.2
  • 134
    • 0028974613 scopus 로고
    • Forest reorganization: a case study in an old-growth forest catastrophic blowdown
    • Peterson C.J., Pickett S.T.A. Forest reorganization: a case study in an old-growth forest catastrophic blowdown. Ecology 1995, 76:763-774.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 763-774
    • Peterson, C.J.1    Pickett, S.T.A.2
  • 135
    • 0022214436 scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing stem breakage of conifers in high winds
    • Petty J.A., Swain C. Factors influencing stem breakage of conifers in high winds. Forestry 1985, 58:75-84.
    • (1985) Forestry , vol.58 , pp. 75-84
    • Petty, J.A.1    Swain, C.2
  • 136
    • 0001037361 scopus 로고
    • Stability of coniferous tree stems in relation to damage by snow
    • Petty J.A., Worrell R. Stability of coniferous tree stems in relation to damage by snow. Forestry 1981, 54:115-128.
    • (1981) Forestry , vol.54 , pp. 115-128
    • Petty, J.A.1    Worrell, R.2
  • 137
    • 0030706155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storms drive successional dynamics in natu-ral forests: a case study in Fontainebleau forest (France)
    • Pontailler J.-Y., Faille A., Lemée G. Storms drive successional dynamics in natu-ral forests: a case study in Fontainebleau forest (France). Forest Ecol Manag 1997, 98:1-15.
    • (1997) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.98 , pp. 1-15
    • Pontailler, J.-Y.1    Faille, A.2    Lemée, G.3
  • 138
    • 0026278060 scopus 로고
    • Recent storm damage to trees and woodlands in southern Britain
    • H. M. Stationery Office, London, S.J. Hodge, (Ed.) Research for Practical Arboriculture
    • Quine C.P. Recent storm damage to trees and woodlands in southern Britain. Forestry Commission Bulletin 93 1991, 83-94. H. M. Stationery Office, London. S.J. Hodge, (Ed.).
    • (1991) Forestry Commission Bulletin 93 , pp. 83-94
    • Quine, C.P.1
  • 139
    • 0002667877 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the risk of wind damage to forests: practice and pitfalls
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, M.P.,. Coutts,, J. Grace, (Eds.)
    • Quine C.P. Assessing the risk of wind damage to forests: practice and pitfalls. Wind and Trees. 1995, 379-403. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. M.P.,. Coutts,, J. Grace, (Eds.).
    • (1995) Wind and Trees. , pp. 379-403
    • Quine, C.P.1
  • 140
    • 3242659935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Role of Wind in the Ecology and Naturalisation of Sitka Spruce in Upland Britain
    • University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
    • Quine C.P. The Role of Wind in the Ecology and Naturalisation of Sitka Spruce in Upland Britain. PhD dissertation 2001, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.
    • (2001) PhD dissertation
    • Quine, C.P.1
  • 141
    • 33745954476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind-driven gap formation and expansion in spruce forests of upland Britain
    • University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, B. Ruck,, C. Kottmeier,, C. Mattheck,, C.P. Quine,, G. Wilhelm, (Eds.)
    • Quine C.P. Wind-driven gap formation and expansion in spruce forests of upland Britain. Wind Effects on Trees: Proceedings of the International Conference, University of Karlsruhe, Germany, September 16-18, 1803 2003, 101-108. University of Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. B. Ruck,, C. Kottmeier,, C. Mattheck,, C.P. Quine,, G. Wilhelm, (Eds.).
    • (2003) Wind Effects on Trees: Proceedings of the International Conference, University of Karlsruhe, Germany, September 16-18, 1803 , pp. 101-108
    • Quine, C.P.1
  • 142
    • 33745691504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind as a forest disturbance agent-and its implications for forest land- scape patterns at Glen Affric
    • Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, Scotland, S. Bell, (Ed.)
    • Quine C.P. Wind as a forest disturbance agent-and its implications for forest land- scape patterns at Glen Affric. The Potential of Applied Landscape Ecology to Forest Design Planning 2003, 55-62. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh, Scotland. S. Bell, (Ed.).
    • (2003) The Potential of Applied Landscape Ecology to Forest Design Planning , pp. 55-62
    • Quine, C.P.1
  • 143
    • 3242738623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of epicormic sprouts on Sitka spruce stems in response to windthrown gap formation
    • Quine C.P. Development of epicormic sprouts on Sitka spruce stems in response to windthrown gap formation. Forestry 2004, 77:225-233.
    • (2004) Forestry , vol.77 , pp. 225-233
    • Quine, C.P.1
  • 144
    • 0028160209 scopus 로고
    • Using the relationship between rate of tatter and topographic variables to predict site windiness in upland Britain
    • Quine C.P., White I.M.S. Using the relationship between rate of tatter and topographic variables to predict site windiness in upland Britain. Forestry 1994, 67:245-256.
    • (1994) Forestry , vol.67 , pp. 245-256
    • Quine, C.P.1    White, I.M.S.2
  • 145
    • 0032759674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should the wind disturbance patterns observed in natural forests be mimicked in planted forests in the British uplands?
    • Quine C.P., Humphrey J.W., Ferris R. Should the wind disturbance patterns observed in natural forests be mimicked in planted forests in the British uplands?. Forestry 1999, 72:337-358.
    • (1999) Forestry , vol.72 , pp. 337-358
    • Quine, C.P.1    Humphrey, J.W.2    Ferris, R.3
  • 146
    • 0036094949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An approach to predicting the potential forest composition and disturbance regime for a highly modified landscape: a pilot study of Strathdon in the Scottish
    • Quine C.P., Humphrey J.W., Purdy K., Ray D. An approach to predicting the potential forest composition and disturbance regime for a highly modified landscape: a pilot study of Strathdon in the Scottish. Silva Fenn 2002, 36:233-247.
    • (2002) Silva Fenn , vol.36 , pp. 233-247
    • Quine, C.P.1    Humphrey, J.W.2    Purdy, K.3    Ray, D.4
  • 147
    • 0027008822 scopus 로고
    • Drag and drag partitioning on rough surfaces
    • Raupach M.R. Drag and drag partitioning on rough surfaces. Bound Lay Meteorol 1992, 60:375-395.
    • (1992) Bound Lay Meteorol , vol.60 , pp. 375-395
    • Raupach, M.R.1
  • 148
    • 0031838277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of soil water-table depth on root-plate develop-ment and stability of Sitka spruce
    • Ray D., Nicoll B.C. The effect of soil water-table depth on root-plate develop-ment and stability of Sitka spruce. Forestry 1998, 71:169-182.
    • (1998) Forestry , vol.71 , pp. 169-182
    • Ray, D.1    Nicoll, B.C.2
  • 149
    • 0027832631 scopus 로고
    • Structure and treefall gap dynamics of old-growth Nothofagus forests on Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
    • Rebertus A.J., Veblen T.T. Structure and treefall gap dynamics of old-growth Nothofagus forests on Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. J Veg Sci 1993, 4:641-653.
    • (1993) J Veg Sci , vol.4 , pp. 641-653
    • Rebertus, A.J.1    Veblen, T.T.2
  • 150
    • 0027144802 scopus 로고
    • Partial wave formation in old-growth Nothofagus forests on Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
    • Rebertus A.J., Veblen T.T. Partial wave formation in old-growth Nothofagus forests on Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. B Torrey Bot Club 1993, 120:461-470.
    • (1993) B Torrey Bot Club , vol.120 , pp. 461-470
    • Rebertus, A.J.1    Veblen, T.T.2
  • 151
    • 0030616828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blowdown history and landscape patterns in the Andes of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina
    • Rebertus A.J., Kitzberger T., Veblen T.T., Roovers L.M. Blowdown history and landscape patterns in the Andes of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Ecology 1997, 78:678-692.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 678-692
    • Rebertus, A.J.1    Kitzberger, T.2    Veblen, T.T.3    Roovers, L.M.4
  • 152
    • 0024196787 scopus 로고
    • Root movement and root damage of red spruce and balsam fir on subalpine sites in the White Mountains, New Hampshire
    • Rizzo D.M., Harrington T.C. Root movement and root damage of red spruce and balsam fir on subalpine sites in the White Mountains, New Hampshire. Can J Forest Res 1988, 18:991-1001.
    • (1988) Can J Forest Res , vol.18 , pp. 991-1001
    • Rizzo, D.M.1    Harrington, T.C.2
  • 153
    • 0009283462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The consistency of long-term climate datasets: two UK examples of the need for caution
    • Robinson M. The consistency of long-term climate datasets: two UK examples of the need for caution. Weather 1999, 54:2-9.
    • (1999) Weather , vol.54 , pp. 2-9
    • Robinson, M.1
  • 154
    • 3543034256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand structure governs the crown colli-sions of lodgepole pine
    • Rudnicki M., Lieffers V.J., Silins U. Stand structure governs the crown colli-sions of lodgepole pine. Can J Forest Res 2003, 33:1238-1244.
    • (2003) Can J Forest Res , vol.33 , pp. 1238-1244
    • Rudnicki, M.1    Lieffers, V.J.2    Silins, U.3
  • 155
    • 2942754155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind tunnel measurements of crown streamlining and drag relationships for three conifer species. Can J Forest Res 34,
    • Rudnicki M., Mitchell S.J., Novak M.D. Wind tunnel measurements of crown streamlining and drag relationships for three conifer species. Can J Forest Res 34,. 666-676. 2004.
    • (2004) 666-676.
    • Rudnicki, M.1    Mitchell, S.J.2    Novak, M.D.3
  • 156
    • 0033034074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyse du chablis du 7 novembre 1994 dans les régions de Charlevoix et de la Gaspésie, Québec, Canada
    • Ruel J.-C., Benoit R. Analyse du chablis du 7 novembre 1994 dans les régions de Charlevoix et de la Gaspésie, Québec, Canada. Forest Chron 1999, 75:293-301.
    • (1999) Forest Chron , vol.75 , pp. 293-301
    • Ruel, J.-C.1    Benoit, R.2
  • 157
    • 1642367207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in root morphology after precom-mercial thinning in balsam fir stands
    • Ruel J.-C., Larouche C., Achim A. Changes in root morphology after precom-mercial thinning in balsam fir stands. Can J Forest Res 2003, 33:2452-2459.
    • (2003) Can J Forest Res , vol.33 , pp. 2452-2459
    • Ruel, J.-C.1    Larouche, C.2    Achim, A.3
  • 158
    • 0031826278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of topography on wind behaviour in a com-plex terrain
    • Ruel J.-C., Pin D., Cooper K. Effect of topography on wind behaviour in a com-plex terrain. Forestry 1998, 71:261-265.
    • (1998) Forestry , vol.71 , pp. 261-265
    • Ruel, J.-C.1    Pin, D.2    Cooper, K.3
  • 159
    • 0030745036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The estimation of wind exposure for windthrow hazard rating: comparison between Strongblow, MC2, Topex and a wind tunnel study
    • Ruel J.-C., Pin D., Spacek L., Cooper K., Benoit R. The estimation of wind exposure for windthrow hazard rating: comparison between Strongblow, MC2, Topex and a wind tunnel study. Forestry 1997, 70:253-266.
    • (1997) Forestry , vol.70 , pp. 253-266
    • Ruel, J.-C.1    Pin, D.2    Spacek, L.3    Cooper, K.4    Benoit, R.5
  • 160
    • 84882499879 scopus 로고
    • Deterioration of Blowdown Timber on the Olympic Peninsula from the Lincoln Day Storm
    • State of Washington, Olympia, WA
    • Russell K. Deterioration of Blowdown Timber on the Olympic Peninsula from the Lincoln Day Storm. Department of Natural Resources Note 36 1982, State of Washington, Olympia, WA.
    • (1982) Department of Natural Resources Note 36
    • Russell, K.1
  • 161
    • 3543081583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vivian's legacy in Switzerland-impact of windthrow on forest dynamics
    • Schönenberger W., Fischer A., Innes J.L. Vivian's legacy in Switzerland-impact of windthrow on forest dynamics. Forest Snow Landscape Res 2003, 77:1-224.
    • (2003) Forest Snow Landscape Res , vol.77 , pp. 1-224
    • Schönenberger, W.1    Fischer, A.2    Innes, J.L.3
  • 162
    • 0000488614 scopus 로고
    • Tropical cyclones: determinants of pattern and structure in New Zealand indigenous forests
    • Shaw W.B. Tropical cyclones: determinants of pattern and structure in New Zealand indigenous forests. Pac Sci 1983, 37:405-414.
    • (1983) Pac Sci , vol.37 , pp. 405-414
    • Shaw, W.B.1
  • 163
    • 12644290151 scopus 로고
    • Thinning and salvage strategies in plan-tations prone to storm damage: case study of radiata pine plantations in Owens Valley, Victoria. New Zeal
    • Sheehan P.G., Lavery P.B., Walsh B.M. Thinning and salvage strategies in plan-tations prone to storm damage: case study of radiata pine plantations in Owens Valley, Victoria. New Zeal. J Forest Sci 1982, 12:269-280.
    • (1982) J Forest Sci , vol.12 , pp. 269-280
    • Sheehan, P.G.1    Lavery, P.B.2    Walsh, B.M.3
  • 164
    • 0004756622 scopus 로고
    • Leaf emergence and flow-through effects on mean windspeed profiles and microscale pressure fluctuations in a deciduous for-est
    • Sigmon J.T., Knoerr K.R., Shaughnessy E.J. Leaf emergence and flow-through effects on mean windspeed profiles and microscale pressure fluctuations in a deciduous for-est. Agr Forest Meteorol. 1984, 31:329-337.
    • (1984) Agr Forest Meteorol. , vol.31 , pp. 329-337
    • Sigmon, J.T.1    Knoerr, K.R.2    Shaughnessy, E.J.3
  • 165
    • 0001706070 scopus 로고
    • Mechanical stability of black spruce in the clay belt region of northern Ontario
    • Smith V.G., Watts M., James D.F. Mechanical stability of black spruce in the clay belt region of northern Ontario. Can J Forest Res 1987, 17:1080-1089.
    • (1987) Can J Forest Res , vol.17 , pp. 1080-1089
    • Smith, V.G.1    Watts, M.2    James, D.F.3
  • 166
    • 28744457537 scopus 로고
    • Tree wind stability and forest management practices
    • Ministry of Forestry, Rotorua, New Zealand, A. Somerville,, S. Wakelin, (Eds.) Workshop on Wind Damage in New Zealand Exotic Forests: Proceedings
    • Somerville A. Tree wind stability and forest management practices. Forest Research Institute Bulletin 146 1989, 38-58. Ministry of Forestry, Rotorua, New Zealand. A. Somerville,, S. Wakelin, (Eds.).
    • (1989) Forest Research Institute Bulletin 146 , pp. 38-58
    • Somerville, A.1
  • 167
    • 0034666542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basic biomechanics of self-supporting plants: wind loads and gravitational loads on a Norway spruce tree
    • Spatz H.-C., Bruechert F. Basic biomechanics of self-supporting plants: wind loads and gravitational loads on a Norway spruce tree. Forest Ecol Manag 2000, 135:33-44.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.135 , pp. 33-44
    • Spatz, H.-C.1    Bruechert, F.2
  • 170
    • 0004890701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of three methods for pre-dicting wind speeds in complex forested terrain
    • Suárez J.C., Gardiner B.A., Quine C.P. A comparison of three methods for pre-dicting wind speeds in complex forested terrain. Meteorol Appl 1999, 6:1-14.
    • (1999) Meteorol Appl , vol.6 , pp. 1-14
    • Suárez, J.C.1    Gardiner, B.A.2    Quine, C.P.3
  • 171
    • 0028574929 scopus 로고
    • Landscape structure and forest dynamics in subcontinental Russian European taiga
    • Syrjanen K., Kalliola R., Puolasmaa A., Mattson J. Landscape structure and forest dynamics in subcontinental Russian European taiga. Ann Zool Fenn 1994, 31:19-34.
    • (1994) Ann Zool Fenn , vol.31 , pp. 19-34
    • Syrjanen, K.1    Kalliola, R.2    Puolasmaa, A.3    Mattson, J.4
  • 172
    • 0001428849 scopus 로고
    • Hurricane effects on forest ecosystems in the Caribbean
    • Tanner E.V.J., Kapos V., Healey J.R. Hurricane effects on forest ecosystems in the Caribbean. Biotropica 1991, 23:513-521.
    • (1991) Biotropica , vol.23 , pp. 513-521
    • Tanner, E.V.J.1    Kapos, V.2    Healey, J.R.3
  • 173
    • 0025225519 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance and persistence of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) in coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest, North America
    • Taylor A.H. Disturbance and persistence of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) in coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest, North America. J Biogeogr 1990, 17:47-58.
    • (1990) J Biogeogr , vol.17 , pp. 47-58
    • Taylor, A.H.1
  • 174
    • 0000722086 scopus 로고
    • Wind-induced physiological and developmental responses in trees
    • Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, M.P. Coutts,, J. Grace, (Eds.)
    • Telewski F.W. Wind-induced physiological and developmental responses in trees. Wind and Trees 1995, 237-263. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. M.P. Coutts,, J. Grace, (Eds.).
    • (1995) Wind and Trees , pp. 237-263
    • Telewski, F.W.1
  • 175
    • 84970213691 scopus 로고
    • Momentum absorption by vegetation
    • Thom A.S. Momentum absorption by vegetation. Q J R Meteor Soc 1971, 97:414-428.
    • (1971) Q J R Meteor Soc , vol.97 , pp. 414-428
    • Thom, A.S.1
  • 176
    • 0004328824 scopus 로고
    • Published for the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Science, Research, and Development, Brussels, Belgium by Risø National Lab, Roskilde, Denmark
    • Troen I., Petersen E.L. European Wind Atlas 1989, Published for the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Science, Research, and Development, Brussels, Belgium by Risø National Lab, Roskilde, Denmark.
    • (1989) European Wind Atlas
    • Troen, I.1    Petersen, E.L.2
  • 177
    • 0034666667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of windthrow on forests at different spatial scales: a review
    • Ulanova N.G. The effects of windthrow on forests at different spatial scales: a review. Forest Ecol Manag 2000, 135:155-167.
    • (2000) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.135 , pp. 155-167
    • Ulanova, N.G.1
  • 178
    • 0024190988 scopus 로고
    • Initial effects of Tropical Cyclone "Winifred" on forests in north Queensland
    • Unwin G.L., Appelgate G.B., Stocker G.C., Nicholson D.I. Initial effects of Tropical Cyclone "Winifred" on forests in north Queensland. P Ecol Soc Aust 1988, 15:283-296.
    • (1988) P Ecol Soc Aust , vol.15 , pp. 283-296
    • Unwin, G.L.1    Appelgate, G.B.2    Stocker, G.C.3    Nicholson, D.I.4
  • 179
    • 0028095780 scopus 로고
    • Release in radial growth in the trunk and structural roots of white spruce as measured by dendrochronology
    • Urban S.T., Lieffers V.J., Macdonald S.E. Release in radial growth in the trunk and structural roots of white spruce as measured by dendrochronology. Can J Forest Res 1994, 24:1550-1556.
    • (1994) Can J Forest Res , vol.24 , pp. 1550-1556
    • Urban, S.T.1    Lieffers, V.J.2    Macdonald, S.E.3
  • 180
    • 0011798419 scopus 로고
    • Effects of wind sway on stem form and crown development of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
    • Valinger E. Effects of wind sway on stem form and crown development of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Aust Forest 1992, 55:15-22.
    • (1992) Aust Forest , vol.55 , pp. 15-22
    • Valinger, E.1
  • 181
    • 24644435466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind tun-nel measurements of crown streamlining and drag relationships for several hardwood species
    • Vollsinger S., Mitchell S.J., Byrne K.E., Novak M.D., Rudnicki M. Wind tun-nel measurements of crown streamlining and drag relationships for several hardwood species. Can. J. Forest Res. 2005, 35:1238-1249.
    • (2005) Can. J. Forest Res. , vol.35 , pp. 1238-1249
    • Vollsinger, S.1    Mitchell, S.J.2    Byrne, K.E.3    Novak, M.D.4    Rudnicki, M.5
  • 182
    • 0035399510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spread of Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) attacks following heavy windthrow in Denmark, analysed using GIS
    • Wichmann L., Ravn H.P. The spread of Ips typographus (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) attacks following heavy windthrow in Denmark, analysed using GIS. Forest Ecol Manag 2001, 148:31-39.
    • (2001) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.148 , pp. 31-39
    • Wichmann, L.1    Ravn, H.P.2
  • 183
    • 0001815626 scopus 로고
    • Crown stratification by species in even-aged mixed stands of Douglas fir/western hemlock
    • Wierman C.A., Oliver C.D. Crown stratification by species in even-aged mixed stands of Douglas fir/western hemlock. Can J Forest Res 1979, 9:1-9.
    • (1979) Can J Forest Res , vol.9 , pp. 1-9
    • Wierman, C.A.1    Oliver, C.D.2
  • 184
    • 0842327989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storm damage and long-term mortality in a semi-natural, temperate deciduous forest
    • Wolf A., Møller P.F., Bradshaw R.H.W., Bigler J. Storm damage and long-term mortality in a semi-natural, temperate deciduous forest. Forest Ecol Manag 2004, 188:197-210.
    • (2004) Forest Ecol Manag , vol.188 , pp. 197-210
    • Wolf, A.1    Møller, P.F.2    Bradshaw, R.H.W.3    Bigler, J.4
  • 185
    • 0345116688 scopus 로고
    • Risk analysis: tropical and temperate climates contrasted
    • The Royal Academy of Engineering, London
    • Wyatt T.A. Risk analysis: tropical and temperate climates contrasted. Windstorm: Coming to Terms with Man's Worst Natural Hazard 1995, 27-33. The Royal Academy of Engineering, London.
    • (1995) Windstorm: Coming to Terms with Man's Worst Natural Hazard , pp. 27-33
    • Wyatt, T.A.1
  • 186
    • 0040577829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of wind on the mechanical properties of wood in Scottish beech trees
    • Zipse A., Mattheck C., Gräbe D., Gardiner B.A. The effect of wind on the mechanical properties of wood in Scottish beech trees. Arbor J 1998, 22:247-257.
    • (1998) Arbor J , vol.22 , pp. 247-257
    • Zipse, A.1    Mattheck, C.2    Gräbe, D.3    Gardiner, B.A.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.