Investigation of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Postmenopausal Women

Hysteroscopy: Office Evaluation and Management of the Uterine Cavity

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 115-130

  Bradley, Linda D ^a,b,c  

^a Hysteroscopic Services   (United States)

^b Fibroids and Hysteroscopic Services   (United States)

^c LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882482847     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-032304101-0.50017-5     Document Type: Chapter

References (50)

1. Eitan R, Saenz CC, Venkatraman ES, et al. Pilot study prospectively evaluating the use of the measurement of preoperative sonographic endometrial thickness in postmenopausal patients with endometrial cancer. Menopause 2005, 12:27-30.
2. Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 2005, 55:10-30.
3. Ozalp S, Tanir HM, Gurer H Gynecologic problems among elderly women in comparison with women aged between 45-64 years. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2006, 27(2):179-181.
4. Marchetti M, Vasile C Chiarelli S: Endometrial cancer: Asymptomatic endometrial findings. Characteristics of postmenopausal endometrial cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2005, 26(5):479-484.
5. Feldman S, Cook EF, Harlow BL, Berkowitz RS Predicting endometrial cancer among older women who present with abnormal vaginal bleeding. Gynecol Oncol 1995, 56:376-381.
6. Gredmark T, Kvint S, Havel G, et al. Histopathological findings in women with postmenopausal bleeding. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995, 102:133-136.
7. Astrup K, Olivarius Nde F Frequency of spontaneously occurring postmenopausal bleeding in the general population. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2004, 83:203-207.
8. Richenberg J, Cooperberg P Ultrasound of the uterus. Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2000, 814-846. Saunders, Philadelphia. 4th ed. P.W. Callen (Ed.).
9. Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 2005, 55(1):31-44.
10. Medverd JR, Dubinsky TJ Cost analysis model: US versus endometrial biopsy in evaluation of peri- and postmenopausal abnormal vaginal bleeding. Radiol 2002, 222(3):619-627.
11. Karlsson B, Granberg S, Wikland M, et al. Transvaginal ultrasongraphy of the endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding-A Nordic multicenter study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995, 172:1488-1494.
12. Berliere M, Radikov G, Galant C, et al. Identification of women at high risk of developing endometrial cancer on tamoxifen. Eur J Cancer 2000, 36(Suppl 4):S35-S36.
13. Davidson KG, Dubinsky TJ Ultrasonographic evaluation of the endometrium in post-menopausal vaginal bleeding. Radiol Clin N Am 2003, 41:769-780.
14. Okaro E, Bourne T Sporadic abnormal vaginal bleeding (intermenstrual, postcoital and postmenopausal bleeding). Curr Obstet Gynecol 2002, 12:334-340.
15. Goldstein SR, Nachtigall M, Snyder JR, Nachtigall L Endometrial assessment by vaginal ultrasonography before endometrial sampling in patients with postmenopausal bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990, 163:119-123.
16. Gull B, Karlsson B, Milsom I, Granberg S Can ultrasound replace dilation and curettage? A longitudinal evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding and transvaginal sonographic measurement of the endometrium as predictors of endometrial cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003, 188:401-408.
17. Epstein E, Ramirez A, Skoog L, et al. Transvaginal sonography, saline contrast sonohysterography and hysteroscopy for the investigation of women with postmenopausal bleeding and endometrium greater than5 mm. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001, 18:157-162.
18. Twu NF, Chen SS Five-year follow-up of patients with recurrent postmenopausal bleeding. Zhonghua Yi Xue ZaZhi (Taipei) 2000, 63:628-633.
19. Jaaback KS, Hirschowitz L Primary fallopian tube carcinoma-the experience of a UK cancer centre and a review of the literature. J Obstet Gynaecol 2005, 25(7):694-702.
20. Epstein E, Ramirez A, Skoog L, et al. Dilation and curettage fails to detect most focal lesions in the uterine cavity in women with postmenopausal bleeding. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2001, 80:1131-1136.
21. Moodley M, Roberts C Clinical pathway for the evaluation of postmenopausal bleeding with an emphasis on endometrial cancer detection. J Obstet Gynaecol 2004, 24(7):736-741.
22. Clark TJ, Barton PM, Coomarasamy A, et al. Investigating postmenopausal bleeding for endometrial cancer: Cost-effectiveness of initial diagnostic strategies. BJOG 2006, 113:502-510.
23. Shushan A, Revel A, Rojansky N How often are endometrial polyps malignant?. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2004, 58:212-215.
24. Savelli L, De Iaco P, Santini D, et al. Histopathologic features and risk factors for benignity, hyperplasia, and cancer in endometrial polyps. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003, 188:927-931.
25. Smith-Bindman R, Kerlikowske K, Feldstein VA, et al. Endovaginal ultrasound to exclude endometrial cancer and other endometrial abnormalities. JAMA 1998, 280:1510-1517.
26. Tsuda H, Kawabata M, Yamamotot K, et al. Prospective study to compare endometrial cytology and transvaginal ultrasonography for identification of endometrial malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 1997, 65:383-386.
27. Fleischer A, Wheeler JE, Lindsay I, et al. An assessment of the value of ultrasonographic screening for endometrial disease in postmenopausal women without symptoms. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001, 184:740-744.
28. Gull B, Carlsson SA, Karlsson B, et al. Transvaginal ultrasonography of the endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding: Is it always necessary to perform an endometrial biopsy?. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000, 182:509-515.
29. Epstein E, Valentin L Rebleeding and endometrial growth in women with postmenopausal bleeding and endometrial thickness <5 mm managed by dilatation and curettage or ultrasound follow-up: A randomized controlled study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2001, 18:499-504.
30. De Jong P, Doel F, Falconer A Outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopy. BJOG 1990, 97:299-303.
31. Vilos GA, Edris F, Al-Mubarak A, et al. Hysteroscopic surgery does not adversely affect the long-term prognosis of women with endometrial adenocarcinoma. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2007, 14:205-210.
32. Takeshima N, Nishida H, Tabata T, et al. Positive peritoneal cytology in endometrial cancer: Enhancement of other prognostic indicators. Gynecol Oncol 2001, 82:470-473.
33. Widrich T, Bradley LD, Mitchinson A, Collins R Comparison of saline infusion sonography with office hysteroscopy for the evaluation of the endometrium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996, 174:1327-1334.
34. Shushan A, Protopapas A, Hart R Diagnostic and therapeutic advantages of hysteroscopic surgery in management of intrauterine lesions in postmenopausal women. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2001, 8:87-91.
35. Marchetti M, Litta P, Lanza P, et al. The role of hysteroscopy in early diagnosis of endometrial cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 2002, 23(2):151-153.
36. Fay TN, Khanem N, Hosking D Out-patient hysteroscopy in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Climacteric 1999, 2(4):263-267.
37. Kurman RJ, Zaino RJ, Norris HJ Endometrial carcinoma. Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract 1994, 439-486. Springer-Verlag, New York. 4th ed. R.J. Kurman (Ed.).
38. Trimble CL, Kauderer J, Zaino R, et al. Concurrent endometrial carcinoma women with a biopsy diagnosis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 2006, 106:812-819.
39. Garuti G, Sambruni I, Colonnelli M, Luerti M Accuracy of hysteroscopy in predicting histopathology of endometrium in 1500 women. J AmAssoc Gynecol Laparosc 2001, 8:207-213.
40. Sugimoto O Hysteroscopic diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma. A report of fifty-three cases examined at the women's clinic of Hyoto University Hospital. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975, 121:105-113.
41. Guruti G, Mirra M, Luerti M Hysteroscopic view in atypical endometrial hyperplasias: A correlation with pathologic findings on hysterectomy specimens. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005, 12:247-253.
42. Loffer FD Hysteroscopy with selective endometrial sampling compared with D&C for abnormal uterine bleeding: The value of a negative hysteroscopic view. Obstet Gynecol 1989, 73:16-20.
43. Lo KWK, Cheung TH, Yim SF Preoperative hysteroscopic assessment of cervical invasion by endometrial carcinoma: A retrospective study. Gynecol Oncol 2001, 82:279-282.
44. Baldauf JJ, Dreyfus M, Ritter J, et al. Risk of cervical stenosis after large loop excision or laser conization. Obstet Gynecol 1996, 88:933-938.
45. Thomas JA, Leyland N, Durand N, et al. The use of oral misoprostol as a cervical ripening agent in operative hysteroscopy: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002, 186:876-879.
46. Weiderpass E, Adami HO, Baron JA, et al. Risk of endometrial cancer following estrogen replacement with and without progestins. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999, 1131-1137.
47. Newman C, Finan M Hysterectomy in women with cervical stenosis. J Repro Med 2003, 48:672-676.
48. Ettinger B, Li DK, Klein R Unexpected vaginal bleeding and associated gynecologic care in postmenopausal women using hormone replacement therapy: Comparison of cyclic versus continuous combined schedules. Fertil Steril 1998, 69:865-869.
49. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002, 288:321-333.
50. Abdel-Fattah M, Barrington JW, Youssef M, Mac Dermott JP Prevalence of bladder tumors in women referred with postmenopausal bleeding. Gynecol Oncology 2004, 94(1):167-169.