Coliform sources and mechanisms for regrowth in household drinking water in Limpopo, South Africa

Journal of Environmental Engineering (United States)

Volumn 139, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 1152-1161

  Mellor, Jonathan E ^a   Smith, James A ^a   Samie, Amidou ^b   Dillingham, Rebecca A ^c  

^a University of Virginia   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VENDA   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Africa; Bacteria; Carbon; Coliform; Developing countries; Drinking water; Organic carbon; Public health; Water quality

Indexed keywords

AFRICA; ASSIMILABLE ORGANIC CARBON; COLIFORM; CONTAMINATION SOURCES; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; MAXIMUM SPECIFIC GROWTH RATES; SOURCE WATER QUALITIES; TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA;

BACTERIA; BIOFILMS; CARBON; CONTAINERS; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; ORGANIC CARBON; POTABLE WATER; PUBLIC HEALTH; WATER QUALITY;

COLIFORM BACTERIA;

BIOFILM; DRINKING WATER; FECAL COLIFORM; GROWTH RATE; POLLUTANT SOURCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; REGROWTH; RURAL POPULATION; WATER QUALITY; WATER STORAGE; WATER TREATMENT;

LIMPOPO; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 84882412672     PISSN: 07339372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000722     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Aiello, A., Coulborn, R., Perez, V., and, Larson, E. (2008). " Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: A meta-analysis." Am. J. Public Health AJHEAA 0090-0036, 98 (8), 1372-1381. 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124610
2. American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Environment Federation (WEF). (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, E. W. Rice, R. B. Baird, A. D. Eaton, and, L. S. Clesceri., eds., American Water Works Association, Denver.
3. Bradshaw, D., et al. (2005). " Provincial mortality in South Africa, 2000-priority-setting for now and benchmark for the future." S. Afr. Med. J. SAMJAF, 95 (7), 496-503.
4. Checkley, W., et al. (2008). " Multi-country analysis of the effects of diarrhoea on childhood stunting." Int. J. Epidemiol. IJEPBF 0300-5771, 37 (4), 816-830.
5. Clasen, T., Schmidt, W., Rabie, T., Roberts, I., and, Cairncross, S. (2007). " Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea: Systematic review and meta-analysis." Br. Med. J. BMJOAE 0007-1447, 334 (7597), 782-785. 10.1136/bmj.39118.489931.BE
6. Department of Water Affairs (DWA). (2012). " Blue drop report 2012." DWA, Pretoria, South Africa.
7. EPA. (1989). " Drinking water, national primary drinking water regulations, total coliforms (including fecal coliforms and E. coli); Final rule." Fed. Regist., 54 (124), 27544-27568. FEREAC 0097-6326
8. Escobar, I., Randall, A., and, Taylor, J. (2001). " Bacterial growth in distribution systems: Effect of assimilable organic carbon and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon." Environ. Sci. Technol. ESTHAG 0013-936X, 35 (17), 3442-3447. 10.1021/es0106669
9. Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L., and, Colford, J. (2005). " Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Lancet Infect. Dis. 1473-3099, 5 (1), 42-52. 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01253-8
10. Hach. (2009). Hach DR/890 colorimeter procedures manual, Loveland, CO.
11. Hammes, F., and, Egli, T. (2005). " New method for assimilable organic carbon determination using flow-cytometric enumeration and a natural microbial consortium as inoculum." Environ. Sci. Technol. ESTHAG 0013-936X, 39 (9), 3289-3294. 10.1021/es048277c
12. Harshfield, E., Jemec, A., Makhado, O., and, Ramarumo, E. (2009). " Water purification in South Africa: Reflections on curriculum development tools and best practices for implementing student-led sustainable development projects in rural communities." Int. J. Serv. Learn. Eng., 4 (1), 1-14.
13. Heil, E., et al. (2010). " Student-led, community driven improvement of the drinking supply in a rural village in South Africa." Int. J. Serv. Learn. Eng., 5 (1), 94-110.
14. Jagals, P., Jagals, C., and, Bokako, T. (2003). " The effect of container-biofilm on the microbiological quality of water used from plastic household containers." J. Water Health JWHOBR 1477-8920, 1 (3), 101-108.
15. Jensen, P., Ensink, J., Jayasinghe, G., Van Der Hoek, W., Cairncross, S., and, Dalsgaard, A. (2002). " Domestic transmission routes of pathogens: the problem of in-house contamination of drinking water during storage in developing countries." Trop. Med. Int. Health TMIHFL 1360-2276, 7 (7), 604-609. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00901.x
16. Kallman, E., Oyanedel-Craver, V., and, Smith, J. (2011). " Ceramic filters impregnated with silver nanoparticles for point-of-use water treatment in rural Guatemala." J. Environ. Eng. JOEEDU 0733-9372, 137 (6), 407-415. 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000330
17. Lang, D. (2011). " The Mal-Ed project: Deciphering the relationships among normal gut flora, enteric infection and malnutrition and their association with immune response to vaccines ".
18. LeChevallier, M. (1990). " Coliform regrowth in drinking water. A review." Am. Water Works Assoc., 82 (11), 74-86.
19. LeChevallier, M., Welch, N., and, Smith, D. (1996). " Full-scale studies of factors related to coliform regrowth in drinking water." Appl. Environ. Microbiol. AEMIDF 0099-2240, 62 (7), 2201-2211.
20. Lehohla, P. (2006). " Migration and urbanisation in South Africa." Statistics South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
21. Lehohla, P. (2011). " Gross domestic product statistical release P0441." Statistics South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
22. Logger Pro [Computer software]. Vernier, Beaverton, OR.
23. Lorntz, B., et al. (2006). " Early childhood diarrhea predicts impaired school performance." Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 0891-3668, 25 (6), 513-520. 10.1097/01.inf.0000219524.64448.90
24. Maier, R., Pepper, I., and, Gerba, C. (2009). Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 397, Academic Press, Burlington, MA.
25. Maraj, S., Rodda, N., Jackson, S., Buckley, C., and, Macleod, N. (2009). " Microbial deterioration of stored water for users supplied by stand-pipes and ground-tanks in a peri-urban community." Water SA WASADV 0378-4738, 32 (5), 693-699. 10.4314/wsa.v32i5.47855
26. Mellor, J. E., Smith, J. A., Learmonth, G. P., Netshandama, V. O., and, Dillingham, R. A. (2012 a). " Modeling the complexities of water, hygiene, and health in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Environ. Sci. Technol. ESTHAG 0013-936X, 46 (24), 13512-13520. 10.1021/es3038966
27. Mellor, J. E., Watkins, D., and, Mihelcic, J. (2012 b). " Rural water usage in East Africa: Does collection effort really impact basic access ?" Waterlines 0262-8104, 31 (3), 215-225. 10.3362/1756-3488.2012.022
28. Momba, M., and, Kaleni, P. (2002). " Regrowth and survival of indicator microorganisms on the surfaces of household containers used for the storage of drinking water in rural communities of South Africa." Water Res. WATRAG 0043-1354, 36 (12), 3023-3028. 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00011-8
29. Niehaus, M., et al. (2002). " Early childhood diarrhea is associated with diminished cognitive function 4 to 7 years later in children in a northeast Brazilian shantytown." Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. AJTHAB 0002-9637, 66 (5), 590.
30. Pickering, A., Boehm, A., Mwanjali, M., and, Davis, J. (2010 a). " Efficacy of waterless hand hygiene compared with handwashing with soap: A field study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. AJTHAB 0002-9637, 82 (2), 270-278. 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0220
31. Pickering, A. J., et al. (2010 b). " Hands, water, and health: Fecal contamination in tanzanian communities with improved, non-networked water supplies." Environ. Sci. Technol. ESTHAG 0013-936X, 44 (9), 3267-3272. 10.1021/es903524m
32. Roberts, L., Chartier, Y., Chartier, O., Malenga, G., Toole, M., and, Rodka, H. (2001). " Keeping clean water clean in a Malawi refugee camp: A randomized intervention trial." Bull. W. H. O. BWHOA6 0366-4996, 79 (4), 280-287.
33. Schmidt, W., and, Cairncross, S. (2009). " Household water treatment in poor populations: Is there enough evidence for scaling up now ?" Environ. Sci. Technol. ESTHAG 0013-936X, 43 (4), 986-992. 10.1021/es802232w
34. Sello, E. (2010). " District and province profiles." South Africa National Burden of Disease Study, http://www.healthlink.org.za/uploads/ files/dhb0708-secB-lp.pdf (Jun. 15, 2013).
35. Sobsey, M., Handzel, T., and, Venczel, L. (2003). " Chlorination and safe storage of household drinking water in developing countries to reduce waterborne disease." Water Sci. Technol. WSTED4 0273-1223, 47 (3), 221-228.
36. Thompson, J. (2001). Drawers of water II: 30 years of change in domestic water use & environmental health in east Africa. Summary, Vol. 3, Int. Institute for Environment and Development, London.
37. Trevett, A., Carter, R., and, Tyrrel, S. (2005). " Mechanisms leading to post-supply water quality deterioration in rural Honduran communities." Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 1438-4639, 208 (3), 153-161. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.01.024
38. van der Kooij, D. (2002). " Assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in treated water: Determination and significance." Encyclopedia of environmental microbiology, Wiley, New York.
39. van der Kooij, D., et al. (1992). " Assimilable organic carbon as an indicator of bacterial regrowth." J. Am. Water Works Assoc. JAWWA5 0003-150X, 84 (2), 57-65.
40. van der Kooij, D., and, Hijnen, W. (1985). " Measuring the concentration of easily assimilable organic carbon in water treatment as a tool for limiting regrowth of bacteria in distribution systems." Proc., American Water Works Association Technology Conf., American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
41. Vital, M. (2010). " Growth of pathogenic bacteria in freshwater and their competition with the autochthonous bacterial flora." Ph.D. thesis, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.
42. Vital, M., Füchslin, H., Hammes, F., and, Egli, T. (2007). " Growth of Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa Eltor in freshwater." Microbiology MIBLAO 0026-2617, 153 (7), 1993-2001. 10.1099/mic.0.2006/005173-0
43. Vital, M., Hammes, F., and, Egli, T. (2008). " Escherichia coli O157 can grow in natural freshwater at low carbon concentrations." Environ. Microbiol. ENMIFM 1462-2912, 10 (9), 2387-2396. 10.1111/emi.2008.10.issue-9
44. Vital, M., Stucki, D., Egli, T., and, Hammes, F. (2010). " Evaluating the growth potential of pathogenic bacteria in water." Appl. Environ. Microbiol. AEMIDF 0099-2240, 76 (19), 6477-6484. 10.1128/AEM.00794-10
45. Wingender, J., and, Flemming, H. (2011). " Biofilms in drinking water and their role as reservoir for pathogens." Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 1438-4639, 214 (6), 417-423. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.05.009
46. World Health Organization (WHO). (2006). " Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target: The urban and rural challenge of the decade." Geneva, Switzerland.
47. World Health Organization (WHO), and UNICEF. (2012). " Progress on drinking water and sanitation 2012 update." New York.
48. Wright, J., Gundry, S., and, Conroy, R. (2004). " Household drinking water in developing countries: A systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use." Trop. Med. Int. Health 1360-2276, 9 (1), 106-117. 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01160.x