Genetic improvement of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). 1. Germplasm, traits and future prospects

Crop and Pasture Science

Volumn 64, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 312-346

  Nichols, P G H ^a,b   Foster, K J ^a,b   Piano, E ^c   Pecetti, L ^c   Kaur, P ^b   Ghamkhar, K ^b,d   Collins, W J ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^c ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DELLA NUTRIZIONE   (Italy)

^d LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

annual pasture legumes; cultivars; genetic resources; plant breeding; traits.

Indexed keywords

COMMERCIALIZATION; CULTIVAR; FARMING SYSTEM; GENETIC VARIATION; GERMPLASM; GROWTH RATE; HEALTH CARE; MUTAGENICITY; NITROGEN FIXATION; NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY; PATHOGEN; PRODUCTIVITY; SEASONAL VARIATION; SUBTERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT;

AUSTRALIA; MEDITERRANEAN SEA; WEST ASIA; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 84882361920     PISSN: 18360947     EISSN: 18365795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/CP13118     Document Type: Review

References (371)

1. Croker KP, Lightfoot RJ, Johnson TJ, Adams NR, Carrick MJ (1989) The effects of selection for resistance to clover infertility on the reproductive performances of merino ewes grazed on oestrogenic pastures. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, 165-176.
2. Abberton MT, MarshallAH(2005) Progress in breeding perennial clovers for temperate agriculture. The Journal of Agricultural Science 143, 117-135. doi:10.1017/S0021859605005101
3. Adams AB (1924) Subterranean clover. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 1, 514-518.
4. Adams AB (1937) Western Australian strains of Trifolium subterraneum. In 'Report of the Fourth International Grassland Congress'. Aberystwyth, Great Britain. pp. 260-263.
5. Adams NR (1995) Detection of the effects of phytoestrogens on sheep and cattle. Journal of Animal Science 73, 1509-1515.
6. Adams NR, Sanders MR, Ritar AJ (1988) Oestrogenic damage and reduced fertility in ewe flocks in south Western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 39, 71-77. doi:10.1071/AR9880071
7. Aguiar C, Rodrigues M, Fernández-Nuñez ME, Domingos T, Pires J (2012) The effect of soil microtopographic gradients on dry matter yields and species richness in two Mediterranean pastures. In 'New Approaches for Grassland Research in a Context of Climatic and Socio-Economic Changes. Proceedings of the 14th Meeting of the FAO-CIHEAM Subnetwork on Mediterranean Pastures and Fodder Crops'. Samsun, Turkey. Options Méditerrané ennes Series A No. 102. (Eds Z Acar, A López-Francos, C Porqueddu) pp. 295-298. (CIHEAM: Paris)
8. Aitken Y (1939) The problem of hard seeds in subterranean clover. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 51, 187-213.
9. Aitken Y (1974) 'Flowering time, climate and genotype.' (Melbourne University Press: Melbourne)
10. Aitken Y, Drake FR (1941) Studies on the varieties of subterranean clover. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 53, 342-393.
11. AllenPG(1987) Insect pests of pasture in perspective. In 'Temperate pastures: their production, use and management'. (Eds JL Wheeler, CJ Pearson, GE Robards) pp. 211-225. (Australian Wool Corporation/CSIRO Australia: Melbourne)
12. Angus JF, Peoples MB (2012) Nitrogen from Australian dryland pastures. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 746-758. doi:10.1071/CP12161
13. Anon. (2013) OECD List of Varieties eligible for seed certification. Subterranean clover and similar species. Available at: www.oecd.org/tad/ standardsforseedstractorsforestfruitandvegetables/ Subterraneancloverlistofvarietiesseeds2013.pdf
14. Archer KA, Wolfe EC, Cullis BR (1987) Flowering time of cultivars of subterranean clover in New South Wales. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 791-797. doi:10.1071/EA9870791
15. Audas JW (1921) The true clovers naturalised in Victoria. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Victoria 19, 650-660.
16. Auricht GC, Prosperi JM, Snowball R, Hughes SJ (1999) The characterisation and preliminary evaluation of Medicago and Trifolium germplasm. In 'Genetic resources of Mediterranean pasture and forage legumes'. (Eds SJ Bennett, PS Cocks) pp. 141-149. (Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
17. Banik BK, Durmic Z, Erskine W, Ghamkhar K, Ryan M, Kaur P, Nichols P (2012) Variability in the rumen methanogenic potential among F2-derived F3 lines of a bi-parental cross between varieties of subterranean clover. In 'Proceedings of the 15th AAAP Animal Science Congress'. 26-30 November 2012, Bangkok, Thailand. (Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies)
18. Banik BK, Durmic Z, Erskine W, Nichols P, Ghamkhar K, Vercoe P (2013) Variability of in vitro ruminal fermentation and methanogenic potential in the pasture legume biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.). Crop & Pasture Science 64, 409-416.
19. Barbetti MJ (1989) Fungal diseases of pasture legumes in Western Australia. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 4133, South Perth, W. Aust.
20. Barbetti MJ (1995) Breakdown in resistance of subterranean clover to clover scorch disease (Kabatiella caulivora). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, 645-653. doi:10.1071/AR9950645
21. Barbetti MJ (2005) Cylindrocarpon didymum-A root rot pathogen of subterranean clover in the lower south west of Western Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology 34, 111-114. doi:10.1071/AP04088
22. Barbetti MJ, MacNish GC (1978) Root rot of subterranean clover in irrigated areas of south-west Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 18, 426-433. doi:10.1071/EA9780426
23. Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (1986) Fungal foliar diseases of subterranean clover. Review of Plant Pathology 65, 513-521.
24. Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K, Wong DH (1986) Root rot of subterranean clover. Review of Plant Pathology 65, 287-295.
25. Barbetti MJ, Gillespie DJ, Collins WJ (1991) Effect of Kabatiella caulivora isolates and host growth stage on symptom expression and resistance in Trifolium subterraneum. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, 63-69. doi:10.1071/EA9910063
26. Barbetti MJ, Si P, Nichols PGH (2005) Genetic basis for and inheritance of resistance to Race 1 and Race 2 of Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum ssp. subterraneum and ssp. yanninicum. Euphytica 144, 237-246. doi:10.1007/s10681-005-6035-9
27. Barley KP, England PJ (1970) Mechanics of burr burial by subterranean clover. In 'Proceedings of the XI International Grassland Congress'. Surfers Paradise, Qld. pp. 103-107. (University of Queensland Press: Brisbane)
28. Bayliss K, Kuo J, Sivasithamparam K, Barbetti MJ, Lagudah ES (2002) Differences in symptom development in subterranean clover infected with Kabatiella caulivora Race1 and Race 2 are related to host resistance. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 305-310. doi:10.1071/AR01093
29. Beale PE, Thurling N (1979) Genotypic variation in resistance to Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum subspecies yanninicum. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 30, 651-658. doi:10.1071/AR9790651
30. Beale PE, Thurling N (1980a) Genetic control of resistance to Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum subspecies yanninicum. I. Diallel analysis of variation in disease development parameters. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 31, 927-933. doi:10.1071/AR9800927
31. Beale PE, Thurling N (1980b) Genetic control of resistance to Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneumsubspecies yanninicum. II. Variation in segregating populations. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 31, 935-942. doi:10.1071/AR9800935
32. Beck AB (1964) The oestrogenic isoflavones of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 15, 223-230. doi:10.1071/AR9640223
33. Beck AB, GardinerMR(1965) Clover disease of sheep in Western Australia. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 3345, South Perth, W. Aust.
34. Bell EA (1981) The physiological role of secondary products. In 'The biochemistry of plants, Volume 7: Secondary plant products'. pp. 1-19. (Academic Press: New York)
35. Bell LW, MooreAW(2012) Integrated crop-livestock systems in Australian agriculture: Trends, drivers and implications. Agricultural Systems 111, 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2012.04.003
36. BennettsHW,Underwood EJ, ShierFL(1946)Aspecific breeding problem of sheep on subterranean clover pastures in Western Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal 22, 2-12. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1946.tb15473.x
37. Berlandier FA, Edwards OE, Nichols PGH, BlakeA(1999). Aphid resistance in annual pasture legumes. In 'Proceedings of the 7th Australasian Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology'. Perth, W. Aust. (Ed. JN Matthiessen) pp. 299-303. (CSIRO Entomology: Perth)
38. Besier RB, Love SCJ (2003) Anthelmintic resistance in sheep nematodes in Australia: The need for new approaches. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 1383-1391. doi:10.1071/EA02229
39. Bewley JD, Black M (1994) 'Seeds: physiology of development and germination.' (Plenum Press: London)
40. BollandMDA(1987) Persistence of seed and a laboratory assessment of seed softening of five subterranean clover cultivars. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 53, 102-105.
41. Bolland MDA, Collins WJ (1986) Effect of burr burial on seed production of Trifolium subterraneum subsp. brachycalycinum and other annual legumes. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, 59-64. doi:10.1071/EA9860059
42. Bolland MDA, Collins WJ (1987) Persistence of seed produced from single seed crops of subterranean clover on sandy soils near Esperance, Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, 81-85. doi:10.1071/EA9870081
43. Bonython AL, Ballard RA, Charman N, Nichols PGH, CraigAD(2011) New strains of rhizobia that nodulate regenerating messina (Melilotus siculus) plants in saline soils. Crop & Pasture Science 62, 427-436. doi:10.1071/CP10402
44. Braden AWH, Hart NK, Lamberton JA (1967) The oestrogenic activity and metabolism of certain isoflavones in sheep. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 18, 335-348. doi:10.1071/AR9670355
45. Brennan RF, Grimm M (1992) Effect of aphids and mites on herbage and seed production of subterranean clover (cv. Daliak) in response to superphosphate and potash. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 39-47. doi:10.1071/EA9920039
46. Broderick GA, AlbrechtKA(1997) Ruminal in vitro degradation of protein in tannin-free and tannin-containing forage legume species. Crop Science 37, 1884-1891. doi:10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183X003700060037x
47. Bullard GK, Roughley RJ, Pulsford DJ (2005) The legume inoculant industry and quality control in Australia: 1953-2003. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, 127-140.
48. Carnahan HL, Hill HD, Hanson AA, Brown KG (1955) Inheritance and frequencies of leaf markings in white clover. The Journal of Heredity 46, 109-114.
49. CaslerMD,VogelKP(1999) Accomplishments and impact from breeding for increased forage nutritive value. Crop Science 39, 12-20. doi:10.2135/ cropsci1999.0011183X003900010003x
50. Chandrashekar M, Halloran GM (1991) Leaf scorch (Kabatiella caulivora (Kirch.) Kirk.) of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.): Influence of host cultivar, growth stage and pathogen isolates on the disease severity. Euphytica 61, 181-186. doi:10.1007/BF00039656
51. Chapman R, Asseng S (2001) An analysis of the frequency and timing of false break events in the Mediterranean region of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, 367-376. doi:10.1071/AR99156
52. Chatel DL, FrancisCM(1974) Susceptibility of subterranean clover to clover scorch (Kabatiella caulivora). Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 40, 80-82.
53. Chatel DL, Francis CM (1975) Sources of variation in the resistance of subterranean clover to clover scorch (Kabatiella caulivora) in the field. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 15, 541-544. doi:10.1071/EA9750541
54. Clark SG, McDonald RM, Street HC (1991) Long-term persistence of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) cultivars in southwestern Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, 625-629. doi:10.1071/EA9910625
55. Cocks PS (1992) Evolution in sown populations of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in South Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 1583-1595. doi:10.1071/AR9921583
56. Cocks PS, Bennett SJ (1999) Introduction: Role of pasture and forage legumes in Mediterranean farming systems. In 'Genetic resources of Mediterranean pasture and forage legumes'. (Eds SJ Bennett, PS Cocks) pp. 9-19. (Kluwer Academic: The Netherlands)
57. Cocks PS, Gintzburger G (1993) Long-term sustainability of livestockproducing farming systems in contrasting regions with Mediterraneantype climates. In 'Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress'. Palmerston North, New Zealand. Vol. 1. (Eds MJ Baker, JR Crush, LR Humphries) pp. 247-251. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Palmerston North, New Zealand)
58. Cocks PS, Mathison MJ, Crawford EJ (1980) From wild plants to pasture cultivars: annual medics and subterranean clovers in southern Australia. In 'Advances in legume science'. (Eds RJ Summerfield, AH Bunting) (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries: London)
59. Cocks PS, Craig AD, Kenyon RV (1982) Evolution of subterranean clover in South Australia. II. Change in genetic composition of a mixed population after 19 years grazing on a commercial farm. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 33, 679-695. doi:10.1071/AR9820679
60. Colebrook WF, Black JL, Purser DB, Collins WJ, RossiterRC (1990) Factors affecting diet selection by sheep. V. Observed and predicted ranking for six cultivars of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, 957-967. doi:10.1071/AR9900957
61. Collins WJ, Cox RI (1984) Oestrogenic activity in forage legumes. In 'Forage legumes for energy-efficient animal production. Proceedings of a Trilateral Workshop'. Palmerston North, New Zealand. (Eds RF Barnes, PR Ball, RW Brougham, GC Marten, DJ Minson) pp. 268-276. (USDA-ARS: Springfield, VA)
62. Collins WJ, Gladstones JS (1984) Breeding to improve subterranean clover in Australia. In 'Forage legumes for energy-efficient animal production. Proceedings of a Trilateral Workshop'. Palmerston North, New Zealand. (Eds RF Barnes, PR Ball, RW Brougham, GC Marten, DJ Minson) pp. 308-316. (USDA-ARS: Springfield, VA)
63. Collins WJ, Quinlivan BJ (1980) The effects of a continued water supply during and beyond seed development on seed production and losses in subterranean clover swards. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 31, 287-295. doi:10.1071/AR9800287
64. Collins WJ, Francis CM, Quinlivan BJ (1976) The interrelation of burr burial, seed yield and dormancy in strains of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 27, 787-792. doi:10.1071/AR9760787
65. Collins WJ, Rossiter RC, Haynes Y, Brown AHD, Marshall DR (1984) Identification of subterranean clover cultivars and their genetic relationships by isozyme analysis. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 35, 399-411. doi:10.1071/AR9840399
66. Cox RI, Braden AW (1974) The metabolism and physiological effects of phyto-oestrogens in livestock. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 10, 122-129.
67. Crofts F (1997) Australian pasture production: the last 50 years. In 'Pasture management and production'. (Eds JV Lovett,JMScott) pp. 1-16. (Inkata Press: Melbourne)
68. Davern CI, Peak JW, Morley FHW (1957) The inheritance of flowering time in Trifolium subterraneum L. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 8, 121-134. doi:10.1071/AR9570121
69. Davies LH (1986) Limitations to livestock production associated with phytoestrogens and bloat. In 'Temperate pastures: their production, use and management'. (Eds JL Wheeler, CJ Pearson, GE Robards) pp. 446-456. (Australian Wool Corporation/CSIRO Australia: Melbourne)
70. Davies LH, Bennett D (1962) Studies on the oestrogenic potency of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in south-western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 13, 1030-1040. doi:10.1071/AR9621030
71. Davies M, Holland M (2008) Seed certification rules. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, W. Aust.
72. Davies LH, Rossiter RC, Maller R (1970) The effects of different cultivars of subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) on sheep reproduction in the south-west of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 21, 359-369. doi:10.1071/AR9700359
73. Dear BS, SandralGA(1997) Subterranean clover inNSW-identification and use. New South Wales Agriculture, Agfact P2.5.16
74. Sydney. Dear BS, Nichols PGH, Clark SG, deKoning CT, Orr RJ (1996) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover-(d). Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum (Katz. et. Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Riverina. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, 519-520. doi:10.1071/EA9960519
75. Dear BS, Sandral GA, Spencer D, Khan MRI, Higgins TJV (2003) The tolerance of three transgenic subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) lines with the bxn gene to herbicides containing bromoxynil. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, 203-210. doi:10.1071/AR02134
76. Devitt AC, Quinlivan BJ, FrancisCM(1978) The flowering of annual legume pasture species and cultivars in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 18, 75-80. doi:10.1071/EA9780075
77. Donald CM (1951) Competition among pasture plants. I. Intra-specific competition among annual pasture plants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 2, 355-376. doi:10.1071/AR9510355
78. Donald CM, Neal-Smith CH (1937) Strain variation in subterranean clover. Journal of the Council for Scientific Industrial Research Australia 10, 277-290.
79. Doyle PT, Grimm M, Thompson AN (1993). Grazing for pasture and sheep management in the annual pasture zone. In 'Pasture management technology for the 21st Century.' (Eds DR Kemp, DL Michalk) pp. 71-90. (CSIRO Australia: Melbourne)
80. Drake FR (1940) Bacchus Marsh subterranean clover. Journal of the Victorian Department of Agriculture 38, 108-128.
81. Drew LA, Ballard RA (2010) Improving N2 fixation from the plant down: compatibility of Trifolium subterraneum L. cultivars with soil rhizobia can influence symbiotic performance. Plant and Soil 327, 261-277. doi:10.1007/s11104-009-0052-8
82. Drew LA, Charman N, Dingemanse R, Hall E, Ballard RA (2011) Symbiotic performance of Mediterranean Trifolium spp. with naturalised soil rhizobia. Crop & Pasture Science 62, 903-913. doi:10.1071/CP11047
83. Dunlop AC (1986) Preference ranking of some temperate pasture species by sheep in pens. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 16, 191-194.
84. Dunlop AC, Thorn CW (1984) Animal production from grass free pastures. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 15, 673.
85. Durmic Z, Hutton PG, Revell DK, Emms J, Hughes SJ, Vercoe PE (2010) In vitro fermentative traits of Australian woody perennial plant species that may be considered as potential sources of feed for grazing ruminants. Animal Feed Science and Technology 160, 98-109. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.07.006
86. Eckard RJ, Grainger C, de KleinCAM(2010) Options from the abatement for methane and nitrous oxide from ruminant production: A review. Livestock Science 130, 47-56. doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.02.010
87. Ehrman T, Cocks PS (1996) Reproductive patterns in annual legume species on an aridity gradient. Vegetation 122, 47-59. doi:10.1007/BF00052815
88. Evans LT (1959) Flower initiation in Trifolium subterraneum L. I. Analysis of the partial processes involved. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 10, 1-16. doi:10.1071/AR9590001
89. Evans PM, Hall EJ (1995) Seed softening patterns from single seed crops of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in a cool temperate environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, 1117-1121. doi:10.1071/EA9951117
90. Evans PM, Smith FA (1999) Patterns of seed softening in subterranean clover in a cool, temperate environment. Agronomy Journal 91, 122-127. doi:10.2134/agronj1999.00021962009100010019x
91. Evans PM, Lawn RJ, Watkinson AR (1992a) Use of linear models to predict the date of flowering in cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 1547-1558. doi:10.1071/AR9921547
92. Evans PM, Willson KJ, Hall EJ (1992b) Influence of genotype, seed size, and seedling density on the winter herbage production of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) lines and cultivars. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 35, 143-149. doi:10.1080/00288233.1992. 10417711
93. EwingMA(1999)Newpasture species. In 'Proceedings of the 11th Australian Plant Breeding Conference'. Glenelg, S. Aust. (Eds P Langridge, A Barr, G Auricht, G Collins, A Granger, D Handford, J Paull) pp. 86-90. (CRC for Molecular Plant Breeding, University of Adelaide: Adelaide, S. Aust.)
94. Falistocco E, Piccrilli M, Falcinelli M (1987) Cytotaxonomy of Trifolium subterraneum L. Caryologia 40, 123-130.
95. Farinha N, Brito A, Goulão L, Paulo Carneiro J (1999) Avaliacão de linhas avancadas de Trifolium subterraneum L. em seleccão nas condicões de Elvas. Pastagens e Forragens 20, 145-152.
96. Ferris DG, Jones RAC (1996) Natural resistance to bean yellow mosaic potyvirus in subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, 605-624. doi:10.1071/AR9960605
97. FitzGerald RD, Wolfe EC, Laby RH, Hall DG (1980) Beef production from lucerne and subterranean clover pastures. 2. Bloat occurrence and effect of anti-bloat capsules. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 20, 688-694. doi:10.1071/EA9800688
98. Flett SP (1994) Studies on Phytophthora clandestina, the cause of taproot rot in subterranean clover 1. Evidence for physiological specialisation in Phytophthora clandestina. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, 1125-1129. doi:10.1071/EA9941125
99. Frame J, Laidlaw AS (2005) Prospects for temperate forage legumes. In 'Grasslands: Developments, opportunities, perspectives'. (Eds SG Reynolds, J Frame) pp. 1-28. (FAO: Rome)
100. Francis CM (1968) 'Oestrogen free' subterranean clovers-their development and prospects. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 9, 2-4.
101. Francis CM (1973) The influence of isoflavone glycosides on the taste of subterranean clover leaves. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 24, 1235-1240. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740241012
102. Francis CM (1976a) Trikkala. A new safe clover for wet areas. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 17, 2-4.
103. FrancisCM(1976b) Nungarin-earliest subterranean clover cultivar. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 17, 4.
104. Francis CM, Devitt AC (1969) The effect of waterlogging on the growth and isoflavone concentration of Trifolium subterraneum L. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 819-825. doi:10.1071/AR9690819
105. Francis CM, Gillespie DJ (1981) Ecology and distribution of subterranean clover and Medicago species in Sardinia. Australian Plant Introduction Review 13, 15-24.
106. Francis CM, Gladstones JS (1974) Relationships among rate and duration of flowering and seed yield components in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 25, 435-442. doi:10.1071/AR9740435
107. Francis CM, Gladstones JS (1983) Exploitation of genetic resources through breeding Trifolium subterraneum L. (sensu lato). In 'Genetic resources of forage plants'. (Eds JG McIvor, RA Bray) pp. 251-260. (CSIRO: Australia)
108. Francis CM, Hume ID (1971) The relationship between lignification and flavonoid production in subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24, 1-5.
109. Francis CM, Millington AJ (1965a) Varietal variation in the isoflavone content of subterranean clover: its estimation by a microtechnique. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 16, 557-564. doi:10.1071/AR9650557
110. Francis CM, Millington AJ (1965b) Isoflavone mutations in subterranean clover. I. Their production, characteristics and inheritance. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 16, 565-573. doi:10.1071/AR9650565
111. Francis CM, Katznelson JS, Collins WJ (1975) Report on legume seed collection tour of Turkey. Australian Plant Introduction Review 10, 1-10.
112. Frankel OH, Williams JD (1958) A record of natural crossing in subterranean clover. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 24, 162-163.
113. Freer M, Jones DB (1984) Feeding value of subterranean clover, lucerne, phalaris and Wimmera ryegrass for lambs. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 24, 156-164. doi:10.1071/EA9840156
114. Garnaut R (2008) 'The Garnaut Climate Change Review.' (Cambridge University Press: Melbourne)
115. Ghamkhar K, Isobe S, Nichols PGH, Faithfull T, Ryan MH, Snowball R, Sato S, Appels R (2012) The first genetic maps for subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and comparative genomics with T. pratense L. and Medicago truncatula Gaertn. to identify new molecular markers for breeding. Molecular Breeding 30, 213-226. doi:10.1007/s11032-011-9612-8
116. Gibson AH (1962) Physical environment and symbiotic nitrogen fixation. I. The effect of root temperature on recently nodulated Trifolium subterranean L. plants. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 16, 28-42.
117. Gillespie DJ (1983) Developing clovers for disease and insect resistance. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 24, 14-15.
118. Gillespie DJ (1991) Identification of resistance to redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor in pasture legumes. Plant Protection Quarterly 6, 170-171.
119. Gillespie. DJ (1993) Redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor) resistance in annual pasture legumes. In 'Pests of pastures: weed, invertebrate and disease pests of Australian sheep pastures'. pp. 211-213. (CSIRO: Melbourne)
120. Givens DI, Deaville ER (1999) The current and future role of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy in animal nutrition. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, 1131-1145. doi:10.1071/AR98014
121. Gladstones JS (1966) Naturalised subterranean clover in Western Australia: The strains, their distribution, characteristics and possible origins. Australian Journal of Botany 14, 329-354. doi:10.1071/BT9660329
122. Gladstones JS (1967) Naturalised subterranean clover strains in Western Australia: A preliminary agronomic examination. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 18, 713-731. doi:10.1071/AR9670713
123. Gladstones JS (1983) Proposed structure of the National Subterranean Clover Improvement Program. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, South Perth, W. Aust.
124. Gladstones JS (1985) Revised testing procedures for subterranean clover and criteria for selection in the segregating generations. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, South Perth, W. Aust.
125. Gladstones JS (1987) Measurement of high-temperature seed dormancy in subterranean clover. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 53, 99-101.
126. Gladstones JS, CollinsWJ(1983) Subterranean clover as a naturalised plant in Australia. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 49, 191-202.
127. Gladstones JS, Collins WJ (1984) Naturalised subterranean clover strains of Western Australia. Technical Bulletin No. 64, Western Australian Department of Agriculture, South Perth, W. Aust.
128. Gonzáles López F (1994) Variedades Españolas de trébol subterráneo (Spanish varieties of subterranean clover). Junta de Extremadura, Consejería de Agricultura y Comercio, Mérida, Spain.
129. Gourley CJP, Weaver DM (2012) Nutrient surpluses in Australian grazing systems: management practices, policy approaches, and difficult choices to improve water quality. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 805-818. doi:10.1071/CP12154
130. Greenhalgh FC, Lucas SE (1984) Effect of soil pasteurisation on damping-off and root rot of subterranean clover caused by Fusarum avanaceum and Pythium spp. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 16, 87-88. doi:10.1016/0038- 0717(84)90133-0
131. Greenhalgh FC, Taylor PA (1985) Phytophthora clandestina, cause of severe tap root rot of subterranean clover in Victoria, Australia. Plant Disease 69, 1002-1004. doi:10.1094/PD-69-1002
132. Harrison JE (1936) Tallarook subterranean clover. Journal of the Victorian Department of Agriculture 34, 135-136.
133. Harrison JE (1964) Subterranean clover: outline of its early history in Victoria and South Australia. In 'Proceedings of the Victorian Grassland Society'. May 1964, pp. 1-5.
134. Hartley EJ, Gemell LG, Deaker R (2012) Some factors that contribute to poor survival of rhizobia on preinoculated legume seed. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 858-865. doi:10.1071/CP12132
135. Henzell T (2007) 'Australian agriculture: its history and challenges'. (CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne)
136. Hill R (1936) Subterranean clover, its history in South Australia. Journal of the Department of Agriculture South Australia 40, 322-330.
137. Hill MJ, Donald GE (1998) 'Australian Temperate Pastures Database.' (National Pasture Improvement Coordinating Committee/CSIRO Division of Animal Production) Published on CD.
138. Holland M (2012) Establishing a seed scheme for mixed varieties of subterranean clover. Final Report to the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation on Project PRJ 000478, Canberra.
139. Hotton G (1985) Enfield-A new subterranean clover cultivar. Department of Agriculture Victoria, Agnote No. 3391, Melbourne.
140. Hotton GB, Curnow BC, Kellock AW (1982) The development of a scorchresistant subclover (Trifolium subterraneum) to Kabatiella caulivora. In 'Proceedings of the 2nd Australian Agronomy Conference'. Wagga Wagga, NSW. (Australian Society of Agronomy)
141. Howie JH (2012) Boron tolerance in annual medics (Medicago spp.). Crop&Pasture Science 63, 886-892. doi:10.1071/CP12143
142. Howieson JG, Malden J, Yates RJ, O'Hara GW (2000a) Techniques for the selection and development of elite inoculants strains in southern Australia. Symbiosis 28, 33-48.
143. Howieson JG, O'Hara GW, Carr SJ (2000b) Changing roles for legumes in Mediterranean agriculture: developments from an Australian perspective. Field Crops Research 65, 107-122. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00081-7
144. Howieson JG, Yates RJ, Foster KJ, Real D, Besier RB (2008) Prospects for the future use of legumes. In 'Nitrogen-fixing leguminous symbioses'. (Eds MJ Dilworth, EK James, JI Sprent, WE Newton) pp. 363-393. (Springer)
145. Humphries AW, Peck DM, Robinson SS, Rowe T, Oldach K (2012) A new biotype of bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji) found in southeastern Australia overcomes resistance in a broad range of pasture legumes. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 893-901. doi:10.1071/CP12137
146. Hutton EM, Peak JW (1954) Studies of intervarietal hybridisation in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 5, 271-278. doi:10.1071/AR9540271
147. International HapMap ConsortiumFrazer KA, Ballinger DG, Cox DR, Hinds DA, Stuve LL, Gibbs RA, Belmont JW, Boudreau A, Hardenbol P, Leal SM et al. (2007) A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature 449, 851-862. doi:10.1038/nature06258
148. Jahufer MZZ, Ford JL, Widdup KH, Harris C, Cousins G, Ayers JF, Lane LA, Hoffman RW, Ballizany WL, Mercer CF, Crush JR, Williams WM, Woodfield DR, Barrett BA (2012) Improving white clover for Australasia. Crop&Pasture Science 63, 739-745. doi:10.1071/CP12142
149. Jain SK (1977) Inheritance and population genetics of four marker traits in rose clover. The Journal of Heredity 68, 44-52.
150. Jiang Y, Ridsdill-Smith TJ (1996) Examination of the involvement of mechanical strength in antixenotic resistance of subterranean clover cotyledons to the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Acarina: Penthaleidae).
151. Jiang Y, Ghisalberti EL, Ridsdill-Smith TJ (1996) Correlation of 1-octen-3-one with antixenotic resistance in subterranean clover cotyledons to redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Acarina: Penthaleidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 22, 369-382. doi:10.1007/BF02055105
152. Johnstone GR, Barbetti MJ (1987) Impact of fungal and virus diseases in pastures. In 'Temperate pastures, their production, use and management'. (Eds JL Wheeler, CJ Pearson, GE Robards) pp. 235-248. (Australian Wool Corporation/CSIRO Australia: Melbourne)
153. Johnstone GR, McLean GD (1987) Virus diseases of subterranean clover. Annals of Applied Biology 110, 421-440. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1987. tb03274.x
154. Jones RAC (1988) Seed-borne virus diseases in annual pasture legumes. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 29, 58-61.
155. Jones RAC (1991) Losses in productivity of subterranean clover swards caused bysowing cucumber mosaic virus-infected seed. Annals of Applied Biology 119, 273-288. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb04866.x
156. Jones RAC (2012) Virus diseases of annual pasture legumes: incidences, losses, epidemiology, and management. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 399-418. doi:10.1071/CP12117
157. Jones RAC, McKirdy SJ (1990) Seed-borne cucumber mosaic virus infection of subterranean clover in Western Australia. Annals of Applied Biology 116, 73-86. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1990.tb06587.x
158. Jones MB, Lawler PW, Ruckman JE (1970a) Differences in annual clover responses to phosphorus and sulphur. Agronomy Journal 62, 439-442. doi:10.2134/agronj1970.00021962006200040002x
159. Jones WT, Lyttleton JW, Clarke RTJ (1970b) Bloat in cattle. XXXIII. The soluble proteins of legume forages in New Zealand, and their relationship to bloat. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 13, 149-156. doi:10.1080/00288233.1970.10421204
160. Katznelson J (1974) Biological flora of Israel. The subterranean clovers of Trifolium subsect. Calycomorphum Katzn. Trifolium subterraneum L. (sensu latu). Israel Journal of Botany 23, 69-108.
161. Katznelson J, Morley FHW (1965a) Speciation processes in Trifolium subterraneum L. Israel Journal of Botany 14, 15-35.
162. Katznelson J, Morley FHW (1965b) A taxonomic revison of sect. Calycomorphum of the genus Trifolium. I. The geocarpic species. Israel Journal of Botany 14, 112-134.
163. Kaur P, Appels R, Banik B, Durmic Z, Ghamkhar K, Isobe S, Nichols P, Erskine W (2012) Methanogenic potential in the rumen and quantitative trait locus analysis of subterranean clover. In 'Proceedings of the Molecular Breeding of Forage & Turf Meeting'. Salt Lake City, USA. (MBFT/USDA-ARS)
164. Kaur P, Erskine W, Appels R, Durmic Z, Nichols P, Isobe S (2013) Comparative genomics in pasture species-A powerful new approach to assist in methane mitigation strategies for Australian livestock industries. In 'Proceedings of Plant and Animal Genome XXI Conference'. San-Diego, CA. PAG: www.intlpag.org
165. Kenny PT (1984) The growth of weaner sheep on clover or grass pastures during summer in western Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 24, 144-149. doi:10.1071/EA9840144
166. Khan MRI, Tabe LM, Heath LC, Spencer D, Higgins TJV (1994) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Plant Physiology 105, 81-88.
167. Kharkwal MC, Roy D (2004) A century of advances in plant breeding methodologies. In 'Plant breeding-Mendelian to molecular approaches'. (Eds HK Jain, MC Kharkwal) pp. 17-48. (Kluwer Academic: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
168. Kingwell R, Pannell D (2005) Economic trends and drivers affecting the wheatbelt of Western Australia to 2030. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 553-561. doi:10.1071/AR04196
169. Kingwell RS, Schilizzi SGM (1994) Dryland pasture improvement given climatic risk. Agricultural Systems 45, 175-190. doi:10.1016/0308-521X (94)90177-H
170. Kollmorgen JF (1974) The pathogenicity of Fusarium avanaceum to wheat and legumes and its association with crop rotations. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 14, 572-576. doi:10.1071/EA9740572
171. Li H, Nichols PGH,HanS, Foster KJ, Sivasithamparam K, BarbettiMJ(2009) Resistance to race 2 and cross-resistance to race 1 of Kabatiella caulivora in Trifolium subterraneum and T. purpureum. Australasian Plant Pathology 38, 284-287. doi:10.1071/AP09004
172. Lodge GM, Harden S (2007) Evaluation of annual pasture legumes in northern New South Wales. 1. Trifolium subterraneum cultivars and lines. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 551-562. doi:10.1071/EA05293
173. Loftus Hills K (1942) Dormancy and hardseededness in T. subterraneum. 1. The effect of time of harvest and of certain seed storage conditions. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 15, 275-284.
174. Loftus HillsK (1944a) Dormancy and hardseededness in T. subterraneum. 2. The progress of after-harvest ripening. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 17, 186-190.
175. Loftus HillsK (1944b) Dormancy and hardseededness in T. subterraneum. 4. Variation between varieties. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 17, 242-250.
176. Loi A, Howieson JG, Nutt BJ, Carr SJ (2005) A second generation of annual pasture legumes and their potential for inclusion in Mediterranean-type farming systems. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, 289-299. doi:10.1071/EA03134
177. Loi A, Nutt BJ, Howieson JG, Yates RJ, Norman HC (2012) Preliminary assessment of bladder clover (Trifolium spumosum L.) as an annual legume for ley farming systems in southern Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 582-591. doi:10.1071/CP11337
178. Lynch JP (2007) Roots of the second green revolution. Australian Journal of Botany 55, 493-512. doi:10.1071/BT06118
179. Lynch JP, Brown KM (2008) Root strategies for phosphorus acquisition. In 'The ecophysiology of plant-phosphorus interactions'. (Eds PJ White, JP Hammond), pp. 83-116. (Springer Science and Business Media: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
180. Makkar HPS, Vercoe PE (2007) 'Measurement of methane production from ruminants.' (Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands)
181. Marley CL, Cook R, Keatinge R, Barrett J, Lampkin NH (2003) The effect of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and chicory (Cichorium intybus) on parasite intensities and performance of lambs naturally infected with helminth parasites. Veterinary Parasitology 112, 147-155. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(02) 00412-0
182. Marshall T (1974) Effect of legume species on ewe fertility in south Western Australia. III. Esperance. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 10, 138.
183. Marshall DR, Broué P (1973) Outcrossing rates in Australian populations of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 24, 863-867. doi:10.1071/AR9730863
184. Mason W, Allan C (2011) Feedbase R&D plan. Report prepared for Meat & Livestock Australia.
185. Masson P (1998) Le trèfle souterrain (Trifolium subterraneum L.): Présentation et caractéristiques des populations Francaises. Available at: http://smbcn.free.fr/articles/articles-pdf/trefle-souterrain.pdf
186. Masson P, Rochon JJ, Delorme R, Goby JP (1985) Some observations about frost resistance of different cultivars of Trifolium subterraneum during the 1985 cold winter in southern France. In 'Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the FAO-CIHEAM sub-network on Mediterranean pastures and fodder crops'. Elvas, Portugal. (CIHEAM: Paris)
187. MassonP, CollinsWJ,Gladstones JS, MesteM,AlquierG(1997) Distribution et caractéristiques des écotypes Francais de trèfle souterrain. Fourrages 149, 103-120.
188. McDonald GK (1989) The contribution of nitrogen fertiliser to the nitrogen nutrition of rainfed wheat crops in Australia: A review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, 455-481. doi:10.1071/EA9890455
189. McGee DC, Kellock AW (1974) Fusarium avanaceum-A seed-borne pathogen of subterranean clover roots. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 25, 549-557. doi:10.1071/AR9740549
190. McGuireWS(1985) Subterranean clover. In 'Clover science and technology'. Agronomy Monograph No. 25. (Ed. NL Taylor) pp. 515-534. (American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America and Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI)
191. McKeown NR (1962) The effects of the Dwalganup and Geraldton strains of subterranean clover on lactation in wether sheep. Australian Journal of Science May457-458.
192. McKirdy SJ, Jones RAC (1994) Infection of alternative hosts associated with growing annual medics (Medicago spp.) by alfalfa mosaic virus and its persistence between growing seasons. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, 1413-1426. doi:10.1071/AR9941413
193. McLaughlin MR, Fairbrother TE (1994) Susceptibility to clover yellow vein potyvirus in the United States germplasm collection of subterranean clover. Plant Disease 78, 665-667. doi:10.1094/PD-78-0665
194. McMahon LR, McAllister TA, Berg BP, Majak W, Acharya SN, Popp JD, Coulman BE, Wang Y, Cheng K-J (2000)Areview of the effects of forage condensed tannins on ruminal fermentation and bloat in grazing cattle. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, 469-485. doi:10.4141/P99-050
195. Millington AJ (1956) Subterranean clover strain breeding for the wheatbelt of Western Australia. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 22, 111-119.
196. Millington AJ (1960) The Geraldton strain of subterranean clover. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 1, 137-144.
197. Millington AJ, Francis CM, McKeownNR (1964) Wether bioassay of annual pasture legumes. II. The oestrogenic activity of nine strains of Trifolium subterraneum L. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 15, 527-536. doi:10.1071/AR9640527
198. MiPAF (2001) 'Le risorse genetiche vegetali presso gli IRSA. Vol. II-Erbacee.' (Ministero delle Politiche Agricole e Forestali: Rome)
199. Mitchell GJ (1992) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Gosse. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 545-546. doi:10.1071/EA9920545
200. Morley FHW (1958) The inheritance and ecological significance of seed dormancy in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 11, 261-274.
201. Morley FHW (1961) Subterranean clover. Advances in Agronomy 13, 57-123. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60957-8
202. Morley FHW, Francis CM (1968) Varietal and environmental variations in isoflavone concentrations in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 19, 15-26. doi:10.1071/AR9680015
203. Morley FHW, Katznelson J (1965) Colonization in Australia by Trifolium subterraneum L. In 'The genetics of colonizing species'. pp. 269-282 (Academic Press: New York)
204. Morley FHW, Peak JW (1961) Subterranean clover genetics and breeding at Canberra. In 'Conference of Cereal and Pasture Plant Breeders'. Canberra, ACT. pp. 30-1-30-3. (CSIRO: Melbourne)
205. Morley FHW, Brock RD, Davern CI (1956) Subspeciation in Trifolium subterraneum. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 9, 1-17
206. Mulholland JG, Nandra KS, Scott GB, Jones AW, Coombes NE (1996) Nutritive value of subterranean clover in a temperate environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, 803-814. doi:10.1071/EA9960803
207. Nair RM, Craig AD, Auricht GC, Edwards OR, Robinson SS, Otterspoor MJ, Jones JA (2003) Evaluating pasture legumes for resistance to aphids. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, 1345-1349. doi:10.1071/EA03187
208. Neil HG, Lightfoot RJ, Fels HE (1974) Effect of legume species on ewe fertility in south Western Australia. I. Badgingarra. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 10, 136.
209. Nicholas DA (1972) Different pasture plants have different grazing values. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 13, 123-124.
210. Nicholas DA, Gillespie DJ (1981) Procedure for selecting subterranean clover cultivars in South Western Australia. In 'Proceedings of the XIV International Grassland Congress'. Lexington, USA. (Eds JA Smith, VW Hays) pp. 135-137. (Westview Press: Boulder, CO)
211. Nichols PGH (1993) An agro-ecological approach to breeding subterranean clover. In 'Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress'. Palmerston North, New Zealand. Vol. 1. (Eds MJ Baker, JR Crush, LR Humphries) pp. 453-454. (New Zealand Grassland Association: Palmerston North, New Zealand)
212. Nichols PGH (1998) Persistence of late maturing subterranean clover cultivars in Western Australia. In 'Agronomy-Growing a rreener future. Proceedings of the 9th Australian Agronomy Conference'. Wagga Wagga, NSW. (Eds DL Michalk, JE Pratley) pp. 221-222. (Australian Agronomy Society: Wagga Wagga, NSW) Available at: www.regional.org.au/au/asa/1998/1/004nichols.htm
213. Nichols PGH (2010a) Bindoon-A midseason subterranean clover with RLEM resistance. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Farmnote No. 420, South Perth, W. Aust.
214. Nichols PGH (2010b) Rosabrook-A subterranean clover with RLEM resistance for high rainfall pastures. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Farmnote No. 454, South Perth, W. Aust.
215. Nichols PGH (2011) Narrikup-A vigorous high rainfall RLEM resistant subterranean clover. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Farmnote No 481, South Perth, W. Aust.
216. Nichols PGH (2013) Development of R & D pre-breeding plans for annual legumes. Report prepared for Meat & Livestock Australia, Canberra.
217. Nichols PGH, Francis CM (1993) Sardinian subterranean clovers-their importance to Australia. In 'Proceedings of the 10th Australian Plant Breeding Conference'. Gold Coast, Qld. Vol. 2. (Eds BC Imrie, JB Hacker) pp. 19-20. (University of Queensland: Brisbane)
218. Nichols PGH, Nicholas DA (1992) Three new late-midseason subterranean clovers for high rainfall pastures. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 33, 81-86.
219. Nichols PGH, Collins WJ, Gillespie DJ, Barbetti MJ (1994) Developing improved varieties of subterranean clover. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 35, 60-65.
220. Nichols PGH, Nicholas DA, Dear BS, Clark SG, Reed KFM, de Koning CT, Bellotti W, Lloyd DL (1995) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. 1. Clover-(d). Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katz. et. Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. York. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, 821-822. doi:10.1071/EA9950821
221. Nichols PGH, Collins WJ, Barbetti MJ (1996) Registered cultivars of subterranean clover-their characteristics, origin and identification. Agriculture Western Australia, Bulletin No. 4327, South Perth, W. Aust.
222. Nichols PGH, Barbetti MJ, Evans PM, Craig AD, Sandral GA, Dear BS, Si P, You MP (2006a) Napier subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. yanninicum). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 1109-1112. doi:10.1071/EA05084
223. Nichols PGH, Barbetti MJ, Sandral GA, Dear BS, de Koning CT, Lloyd DL, Evans PM, Craig AD, Si P, You MP (2006b) Urana subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, 1105-1107. doi:10.1071/EA05083
224. Nichols PGH, Barbetti MJ, Sandral GA, Dear BS, de Koning CT, Lloyd DL, Evans PM, Craig AD, Si P, You MP (2007a) Coolamon subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 223-225. doi:10.1071/EA05282
225. Nichols PGH, Loi A, Nutt BJ, Evans PM, Craig AD, Pengelly BC, Dear BS, Lloyd DL, Revell CK, Nair RM, Ewing MA, Howieson JG, Auricht GA, Howie JH, Sandral GA, Carr SJ, de Koning CT, Hackney BF, Crocker GJ, Snowball R, Hughes SJ, Hall EJ, Foster KJ, SkinnerPW,Barbetti MJ,You MP (2007b) New annual and short-lived perennial pasture legumes for Australian agriculture-15 years of revolution. Field Crops Research 104, 10-23. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2007.03.016
226. Nichols PGH, Sandral GA, Dear BS, de Koning CT, Lloyd DL, Evans PM, Craig AD, Barbetti MJ, Si P, You MP (2007c) Izmir subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary and Heller). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, 226-229. doi:10.1071/EA05283
227. Nichols PGH, Craig AD, Rogers ME, Albertsen TO, Miller S, McClements DR, Hughes SJ, D'Antuono MF, Dear BS (2008a) Production and persistence of annual legumes at five saline sites in southern Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 518-535. doi:10.1071/EA07167
228. NicholsPGH,YouMP,BarbettiMJ(2008b) Resistance to race 1 of Kabatiella caulivora in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cultivars and breeding lines. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, 561-566. doi:10.1071/AR07262
229. Nichols PGH, Cocks PS, Francis CM (2009a) Evolution over 16 years in a bulk-hybrid population of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) at two contrasting sites in south-western Australia. Euphytica 169, 31-48. doi:10.1007/s10681-009-9906-7
230. Nichols PGH, Dear BS, Hackney BF, Craig AD, Evans PM, de Koning CT, Foster KJ, Barbetti MJ, You MP, Micic S (2009b) New subterranean clovers with reduced cotyledon susceptibility to redlegged earth mites. In 'Proceedings of the 14th Australasian Plant Breeding Conference and 11th Society for the Advancement of Plant Breeding in Asia and Oceania (SABRAO) Congress'. Cairns, Qld. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics Vol. 41 Special Supplement August 2009.
231. Nichols PGH, Malik AI, Stockdale M, Colmer TD (2009d) Salt tolerance and avoidance mechanisms at germination of annual pasture legumes and their importance for adaptation to saline environments. Plant and Soil 315, 241-255. doi:10.1007/s11104-008-9747-5
232. Nichols P, Cocks P, Francis C (2009e) Using bulk-hybrids for breeding adapted genotypes of subterranean clover. In 'Proceedings of the XVIIIth Meeting of the EUCARPIA Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses Section: Sustainable use of genetic diversity in forage crops and turf breeding'. La Rochelle, France, 11-14 May 2009. (EUCARPIA: Wageningen, The Netherelands)
233. Nichols PGH, Revell CK, Humphries AW, Howie JH, Hall EJ, Sandral GA, GhamkharK, HarrisCA(2012) Temperate pasture legumes in Australia-their history, current use and future prospects. Crop&Pasture Science 63, 691-725. doi:10.1071/CP12194
234. Niezen JH, Waghorn TS, Charleston WAG (1995) Growth and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in lambs grazing either lucerne (Medicago sativa) or sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) which contains condensed tannins. The Journal of Agricultural Science 125, 281-289. doi:10.1017/S0021859600084422
235. Niezen JH, Robertson HA, Waghorn GC, Charleston WAG (1998a) Production, faecal egg counts and worm burdens of ewe lambs which grazed six contrasting forages. Veterinary Parasitology 80, 15-27. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00202-7
236. Niezen JH, Waghorn GC, Charleston WAG (1998b) Establishment and fecundity of Oestertagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in lambs fed lotus (Lotus pedunculatus) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Veterinary Parasitology 78, 13-21. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00121-6
237. Niezen JH, CharlestonWAG,RobertsonHA, Shelton D, Waghorn GC, Green R (2002) The effect of feeding sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) or lucerne (Medicagosativa) onlamb parasite burdens and development of immunity to gastrointestinal parasites. Veterinary Parasitology 105, 229-245. doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00014-6
238. Norman HC, Cocks PS, Smith FP, Nutt BJ (1998) Reproductive strategies in Mediterranean annual clovers: germination and hardseededness. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, 973-982. doi:10.1071/A97105
239. Norman HC, Cocks PS, Galwey NW (2002) Hardseededness in annual clovers: variation between populations from wet and dry environments. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, 821-829. doi:10.1071/AR01115
240. Norman HC, Smith FP, Nichols PGH, Si P, Galwey NW (2006) Variation in seed softening patterns and impact of seed production environment on hardseededness in early maturing genotypes of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, 65-74. doi:10.1071/AR05116
241. O'Rourke TA, Ryan MH, Li H, Ma X, Sivasithamparam K, Fatehi J, Barbetti MJ (2010) Taxonomic and pathogenic characteristics of a new species of Aphanomyces trifolii causing root rot of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in Western Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 61, 708-720. doi:10.1071/CP10040
242. OldachKH,PeckDM,CheongJ, WilliamsKH,NairRM(2008) Identification of a chemically-induced point mutation mediating herbicide tolerance in annual medics (Medicago spp.). Annals of Botany 101, 997-1005. doi:10.1093/aob/mcn028
243. Olea L, San Miguel-Ayanz A (2006) The Spanish dehesa. A traditional Mediterranean silvopastoral system linking production and nature conservation. In 'Proceedings of the 21st General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation'. Badajoz (Spain). Available at: www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/ agphome/images/iclsd/documents/wk1-c5-radomski.pdf
244. Olea L, López-Bellido RJ, Poblaciones MJ (2005) Europe types of silvopastoral systems in the Mediterranean area: dehesa. In 'Silvopastoralism and sustainable land management'. (Eds MR Mosquera,ARigueiro, J McAdam) (CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK)
245. Oram RN (1990a) 'Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars.' 3rd edn (CSIRO: Canberra)
246. OramRN(1990b) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes, Clover. (d) Trifolium subterraneum var. brachycalycinum (Katz. et Morley) Zohary et Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Nuba. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, 441. doi:10.1071/EA9900441
247. OramRN(1992a) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Denmark. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 539-540. doi:10.1071/EA9920539
248. OramRN(1992b) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes.Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Goulburn. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 541-542. doi:10.1071/EA9920541
249. OramRN(1992c) Register of Australian herbage plant cultivars. B. Legumes. Clover. d. Trifolium subterraneum L. var. subterraneum (Katzn. et Morley) Zohary and Heller (subterranean clover) cv. Leura. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 543-544. doi:10.1071/EA9920543
250. PBR Database (2013) Plant Breeders Rights database. IP Australia, Commonwealth Government of Australia. Available at: www.ipaustralia.gov.au/get- the-right-ip/plant-breeders-rights
251. Peak JW, Morley FHW, Grylls NR (1963) Resistance to subterranean clover stunt virus. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 14, 639-645. doi:10.1071/AR9630639
252. Pecetti L, Piano E (1994) Observations on the rapidity of seed and burr growth in subterranean clover. Journal of Genetics & Breeding 48, 225-228.
253. Pecetti L, Piano E (1995) L'interramento delle strutture riproduttive in trifoglio sotteraneo (Trifolium subterraneum L.; T. brachycalycinum Katzn. et. Morley). II Effetto dell'assenza di interramento sulla produzione di seme e sulle sue componenti. Rivista di Agronomia 29, 589-595.
254. Pecetti L, Piano E (2002) Variation of morphological and adaptive traits in subterranean clover populations from Sardinia (Italy). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 49, 189-197. doi:10.1023/A:1014795116603
255. Pecetti L, Piano E, Riccioni L, Carroni AM, Porta-Puglia A (2002) Response of Italian elite subterranean clover genotypes to Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium oxysporum under artificial conditions. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, 557-563. doi:10.1071/EA01118
256. Pecetti L, Ghiglieno I, Romani M, De Rosa L, Piano E, Valenti L, Conoscente M, Carletti F (2010) Self-reseeding legumes as cover crops for north-Italian vineyards. In 'Cultivation methods in a changing climate (Anbauverfahren im Klimawandel). International Intervitis Interfructa (IVIF) Congress'. Stuttgart, 23-28 March 2010. pp. 84-89. (German Winegrowers' Association: Bonn) Available at: http://shop.dwv-online. de/index.php?cat=c5- documentations.html
257. PeckDM,Habili N, Nair RM, Randles JW, de Koning CT, AurichtGC(2012) Bean leafroll virus is widespread in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) seed crops and can be persistently transmitted by bluegreen aphis (Acythosiphon kondoi Shinli). Crop & Pasture Science 63, 902-908. doi:10.1071/CP12121
258. Peoples MB, Baldock JA (2001) Nitrogen dynamics of pastures: nitrogen fixation inputs, the impact of legumes on soil nitrogen fertility, and the contributions of fixed nitrogen to Australian farming systems. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 327-346. doi:10.1071/EA99139
259. Peoples MB, Brockwell J, Hunt JR, Swan AD, Watson L, Hayes RC, Li GD, HackneyB, Nuttall JG, Davies SL, Fillery IRP(2012) Factors affecting the potential contributions of N2 fixation by legumes in Australian pasture systems. Crop & Pasture Science 63, 759-786. doi:10.1071/CP12123
260. Piano E (1984) Preliminary observations on the structure and variability of Sardinian populations of subterranean clover. Genetica Agraria 38, 75-90.
261. Piano E (1987) Main objectives of subterranean clover improvement in Sardinia. In 'Proceedings of the Meeting of the EEC-Agrimed Working Group on Annual Self-reseeding Legumes'. Cagliari, Italy. (Ed. E Piano) pp. 25-39. (Commission of the European Communities: Luxembourg)
262. Piano E, Pecetti L (1996) Selecting subterranean clover varieties for Mediterranean environments in Italy. In 'Grassland and land use systems. Proceedings of the 16th EGF Meeting'. Gorizia, Italy. (Eds G Parente, J Frame, S Orsi) pp. 283-286. (European Grasslands Federation: Zurich)
263. Piano E, Pecetti L (2010) Minor legume species. In 'Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol. 5. Fodder crops and amenity grasses'. (Eds B Boller, UK Posselt, F Veronesi) pp. 477-500. (Springer: New York)
264. Piano E, Spanu F (1987) La selezione per il basso contenuto in estrogeni in trifoglio sotterraneo (Trifolium subterraneum L. sensu lato). Risultati della caratterizzazione di una collezione di linee pure isolate da popolazioni naturali. Annali dell'Istituto Sperimentale per le Colture Foraggere 8, 109-130.
265. Piano E, Talamucci P (1996) Annual self-reseeding legumes in Mediterranean areas. In 'Grassland and Land Use Systems. Proceedings of the 16th EGF Meeting'. Gorizia, Italy. (Eds G Parente, J Frame, S Orsi) pp. 895-909. (European Grasslands Federation: Zurich)
266. Piano E, Sardara M, Pusceddu S (1982) Observations on the distribution and ecology of subterranean clover and other annual legumes in Sardinia. Rivista di Agronomia 16, 273-283.
267. Piano E, Pusceddu S, Spanu F (1991) Observations on the distribution and ecology of annual medics and subterranean clovers in Sicily (Italy). In 'Proceedings 4th International Rangelands Congress'. Montpellier, France. pp. 405-409. (L'Association Francaise de Pastoralisme)
268. Piano E, Spanu F, Pecetti L (1993) Observations on the structure and variability of populations of subterranean clover from Sicily, Italy. Euphytica 68, 43-51. doi:10.1007/BF00024153
269. Piano E, Pecetti L, Carroni AM (1996) Climatic adaptation in subterranean clover populations. Euphytica 92, 39-44. doi:10.1007/BF00022826
270. Piano E, Pecetti L, Carroni AM (1997) Campeda, Limbara, Losa e Antas: le prime varietà italiane ditrifoglio sotterraneo. Sementi Elette 3-4, 31-36.
271. Piluzza G, Pecetti L, Bullitta S, Piano E (2005) Discrimination among subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. complex) genotypes using RAPD markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52, 193-199. doi:10.1007/s10722- 003-4449-6
272. Porqueddu C, Ledda L, Roggero PP (2000) Role of forage legumes and constraints for forage legume seed production in Mediterranean Europe. Options Méditerranéennes 45, 453-460.
273. Pristine Forage Technologies (2013) Pod holding (ph) medics. Pristine Forage Technologies. Available at: www.pristineforage.com.au/index.htm
274. Puckridge DW, French RJ (1983) The annual legume pasture in cereal-ley farming systems of southern Australia: A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 9, 229-267. doi:10.1016/0167-8809(83)90100-7
275. Quinlivan BJ (1957) Strains of subterranean clover in WA. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 6, 343-355.
276. Quinlivan BJ (1961) The effect of constant and fluctuating temperatures on the permeability of the hard seeds of some legume species. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 12, 1009-1022. doi:10.1071/AR9611009
277. Quinlivan BJ (1962) The certified strains of subterranean clover in WA. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 3, 113-125.
278. Quinlivan BJ (1965) The influence of the growing season length and the following dry season on the hardseededness of subterranean clover in different environments. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 16, 277-291. doi:10.1071/AR9650277
279. Quinlivan BJ (1968) New strains of subterranean clover. Prospects and problems for the seed producer. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia 9, 157-159.
280. Quinlivan BJ (1971a) The ecological significance of seed impermeability in the annual legume pastures of WA. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 11, South Perth, W. Aust.
281. Quinlivan BJ (1971b) Embryo dormancy in subterranean clover seeds. II. Its value relative to impermeability in field germination regulation. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 22, 607-614. doi:10.1071/AR9710607
282. Quinlivan BJ (1971c) Seed coat impermeability in legumes. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 37, 283-295.
283. Quinlivan BJ, Francis CM (1971) The effect of burr burial on the seed of some early maturing subterranean clover cultivars. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 11, 35-38. doi:10.1071/EA9710035
284. Quinlivan BJ, FrancisCM(1977) Registered cultivars of subterranean clover in Western Australia-their origin, potential use and identification. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No, 4012, South Perth, W. Aust.
285. Quinlivan BJ, Millington AJ (1962) The effect of a mediterranean summer environment on the permeability of hard seeds of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 13, 377-387. doi:10.1071/AR9620377
286. Rafiqul M, Khan I, Ceriotti A, Tabe L, Aryan A, McNabb W, Moore A, Craig S, Spencer D, Higgins TJV (1996) Accumulation of a sulphur-rich seed albumin from sunflower in the leaves of transgenic subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Transgenic Research 5, 179-185. doi:10.1007/BF01969707
287. ReedKFM,SnaydonRW,AxelsenA(1972) The performance of young sheep grazing pastures sown to combinations of lucerne or subterranean clover with ryegrass or phalaris. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 12, 240-246. doi:10.1071/EA9720240
288. Reed KFM, Mathison MJ, Crawford EJ (1989) The adaptation, regeneration, and persistence of annual legumes in temperate pasture. In 'Persistence of forage legumes.' (Eds GC Marten, AG Matches, RF Barnes, RW Brougham, RJ Clements, GW Sheath) pp. 69-90. (American Society of Agronomy: Madison, WI)
289. Reeves TG, Ewing MA (1993) Is ley farming in mediterranean zones just a passing phase? In 'Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress'. Rockhampton, Australia. pp. 2169-2177. (International Grasslands Congress)
290. Revell CK, Revell DK (2007) Meeting 'duty of care' obligations when developing new pasture species. Field Crops Research 104, 95-102. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2007.03.017
291. Revell CK, Ewing MA, Nutt BJ (2012) Breeding and farming system opportunities for pasture legumes facing increasing climate variability in the south-west of Western Australia. Crop & Pasture Science 64, 840-847.
292. Ridsdill-Smith TJ (1995) Responses and feeding damage of redlegged earth mite (Acarina: Penthaleidae) to seedlings of resistant and susceptible subterranean clover varieties. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, 1091-1099. doi:10.1071/AR9951091
293. Ridsdill-Smith TJ (1997) Biology and control of Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acarina: Penthaleidae): A review. Experimental & Applied Acarology 21, 193-223. doi:10.1023/A:1018490703897
294. Ridsdill-Smith TJ, Nichols PGH (1998) Development of pasture legumes resistant to redlegged earth mite. In 'Pest management-Future challenges. Proceedings of the 6th Australian Applied Entomology Research Conference'. Vol. 2. (Eds MP Zalucki, RAI Drew, GG White) pp. 382-389. (Horticultural Research & Development Corporation: Brisbane, Qld)
295. Rossiter RC (1959) The influence of maturity grading on total yield and
296. RossiterRC(1966) The success or failure of strains of Trifolium subterraneum L. in a mediterranean environment. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 17, 425-446. doi:10.1071/AR9660425
297. Rossiter RC (1969) Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). VI. Effects of defoliation including grazing. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20, 25-35. doi:10.1071/AR9690025
298. Rossiter RC (1970) Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). VIII. Phosphate supply in relation to temperature and to leaf development. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 21, 593-600. doi:10.1071/AR9700593
299. Rossiter RC (1972) Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). X. Isoflavone formation and carbohydrate metabolism. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 23, 419-426. doi:10.1071/AR9720419
300. Rossiter RC (1974) The relative success of strains of Trifolium subterraneum L. in binary mixtures under field conditions. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 25, 757-766. doi:10.1071/AR9740757
301. Rossiter RC (1977) What determines the success of subterranean clover strains in south-western Australia? In 'Exotic species in Australia-their establishment and success'. (Ed. D Anderson) pp. 76-88. (Ecological Society of Australia: Adelaide)
302. Rossiter RC (1978) The ecology of subterranean clover-based pastures. In 'Plant relations in pastures'. pp. 325-339. (CSIRO Australia: Melbourne)
303. Rossiter RC, Beck AB (1966) Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum). II. Effects of phosphate supply. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 17, 447-456. doi:10.1071/AR9660447
304. Rossiter RC, Beck AB (1967) Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.). V. Ontogenetic changes. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 18, 561-573. doi:10.1071/AR9670561
305. Rossiter RC, Marshall T (1974) Effect of legume species on ewe fertility in south Western Australia. II. Bakers Hill. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 10, 137.
306. Rossiter RC, Collins WJ, Haynes Y (1985) Genetic variability in Seaton Park subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, 43-50. doi:10.1071/AR9850043
307. Rossiter RC, Taylor GB, Klein L (1994) Environmental effects, in particular of rainfall, on the digestibility of dry mature subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, 25-32. doi:10.1071/EA9940025
308. Ru YJ, Fortune JA (1996) Potential variation in sheep production from different cultivars of subterranean clover. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Animal Production 21, 317-319.
309. Ru YJ, Fortune JA (2000) Effect of grazing intensity and cultivar on morphology, phenology, and nutritive value of subterranean clover II. Nutritive value during the growing season. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, 1047-1055. doi:10.1071/AR99092
310. Ru YJ, Fortune JA (2001) Seed yield and nutritive value of dry, mature subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, 169-175. doi:10.1071/EA00190
311. Russi L, Cocks PS, Roberts EH (1992a) Coat thickness and hard-seededness in some Medicago and Trifolium species. Seed Science Research 2, 243-249. doi:10.1017/S0960258500001434
312. Russi L, Cocks PS, Roberts EH (1992b) Seed bank dynamics in Mediterranean grassland. Journal of Applied Ecology 29, 763-771. doi:10.2307/2404486
313. Salisbury PA, Halloran GM (1983) Inheritance of rate of breakdown of seed coat impermeability in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum). Euphytica 32, 807-819. doi:10.1007/BF00042162
314. Salisbury PA, Aitken Y, Halloran GM (1987) Genetic control of flowering time and its component processes in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Euphytica 36, 887-902. doi:10.1007/BF00051874
315. Schoo H, Rains DW (1971) Formononetin levels in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) as affected by phosphorus and sulphur nutrition. Crop Science 11, 716-717. doi:10.2135/cropsci1971.00111 83X001100050034x
316. Shutt DA, Braden AWH (1968) The significance of equol in relation to the oestrogenic responses in sheep ingesting clover with a high formononetin content. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 19, 545-553. doi:10.1071/AR9680545
317. Simpson RJ, Oberson A, Culvenor RA, Ryan MH, Veneklaas EJ, Lambers H, Lynch JP, Ryan PR, Delhaize E, Smith FA, Smith SE, Harvey PR, Richardson AE (2011a) Strategies and agronomic interventions to improve P-use efficiency of temperate farming systems. Plant and Soil 349, 89-120. doi:10.1007/s11104-011- 0880-1
318. Simpson RJ, Richardson AE, Riley IT, McKay AC, McKay SF, Ballard RA, Ophel-Keller K, Hartley D,O'rourke TA, Sivasithamparam K, Li H, Ryan MH, Barbetti MJ (2011b) Damage to roots of Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover), failure of seedlings to establish and the presence of root pathogens during autumn-winter. Grass and Forage Science 66, 585-605. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2494.2011.00822.x
319. Slater PD, Lewington D, Pratley JE (1996) An investigation into the effects of redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) and lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis (Linnaeus)) on the performance of subterranean clover in annual pasture in southern New South Wales. Plant Protection Quarterly 11, 6-8.
320. Slattery HD (1981) Physiological and genetic control of seed coat impermeability in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, Australia.
321. Smetham ML (2003) A review of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.): its ecology, and use as a pasture legume in Australasia. Advances in Agronomy 79, 303-350. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(02)79006-8
322. Smith GR, Randel RD, Bradshaw C (1986) Influence of harvest date, cultivar and sample storage method on concentration of isoflavones in subterranean clover. Crop Science 26, 1013-1016. doi:10.2135/cropsci1986. 0011183X002600050035x
323. Smith FP, Cocks PS, EwingMA(1996) Short-term patterns of seed softening in Trifolium subterraneum, T. glomeratum and Medicago polymorpha. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, 775-785. doi:10.1071/AR9960775
324. Snowball R, Shehadeh A, Ghamkhar K, Wintle B, Gajda K, Foster K (2006) Contribution of Mediterranean germplasm to pasture plant improvement in Western Australia. In 'Workshop International sur Diversité des Fabacées Fourragéres et de leurs Symbiotes: Applications Biotechnologiques, Agronomiques et Environnementales'. Alger, Algeria, 19-22 February 2006. (Ed. A Abdelguerfi) (Institut National Agronomique: Paris)
325. Soliva CR, Zeleke AB, Clement C, Hess HD, Fievez V, Kreuzer M (2008) In vitro screening of various tropical foliages, seeds, fruits and medicinal plants for low methane and high ammonia generating potentials in the rumen. Animal Feed Science and Technology 147, 53-71. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.009
326. Spanu F, Tava A, Pecetti L, Piano E (1993) Variability of oestrogenic isoflavone content in a collection of subterranean clover from Sicily. Journal of Genetics & Breeding 47, 27-34.
327. Sulas L (2005) The future role of forage legumes in Mediterranean climate areas. In Grasslands: Developments, opportunities, perspectives. (Eds SG Reynolds, J Frame) pp. 29-54 (FAO: Rome)
328. Symon DE (1961) The early production by A.W. Howard of subterranean clover seed. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 85. Available at: www.sardi.sa.gov.au/employment/awhoward/early-production-by-a-w-howard
329. Tan BH (1985) Genetic control of flowering time in subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 36, 275-284. doi:10.1071/AR9850275
330. Tan BH, Collins WJ (1987) Multi-allelic nature of the locus controlling leaf marking in subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 38, 547-558. doi:10.1071/AR9870547
331. Tava A, Pecetti L, Bertoli A, Piano E (2006) Oestrogenic isoflavone content in natural strains of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) from Sardinia. Natural Product Communications 1, 557-562.
332. Taylor GB (1970) The germinability of soft seed of a number of strains of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 10, 293-297. doi:10.1071/EA9700293
333. Taylor GB (1976) The inhibitory effect of light on seed development in subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 27, 207-216. doi:10.1071/AR9760207
334. Taylor GB (1981) Effect of constant temperature treatments followed by fluctuating temperatures on the softening of hard seeds of Trifolium subterraneum L. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 8, 547-558. doi:10.1071/PP9810547
335. Taylor GB (1984) Effect of burial on the softening of hard seeds of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 35, 201-210. doi:10.1071/AR9840201
336. Taylor GB (2005) Hardseededness in Mediterranean annual legumes in Australia: A review. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 645-661. doi:10.1071/AR04284
337. Taylor GB, Ewing MA (1988) Effect of depth of burial on the longevity of hard seeds of subterranean clover and annual medics. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, 77-81. doi:10.1071/EA9880077
338. Taylor GB, Ewing MA (1992) Long-term patterns of seed softening in some annual pasture legumes in a low rainfall environment. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, 331-337. doi:10.1071/EA9920331
339. Taylor GB, Rossiter RC, Palmer MJ (1984) Long term patterns of seed softening and seedling establishment from single seed crops of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 24, 200-212. doi:10.1071/EA9840200
340. Taylor PA, Barbetti MJ, Wong DH (1985a) Occurrence of Phytophthora clandestina in Western Australia. Plant Protection Quarterly 1, 57-58.
341. Taylor PA, Pascoe IG, Greenhalgh (1985b) Phytophthora clandestina sp. Nov. in roots of subterranean clover. Mycotaxon 22, 77-85.
342. Taylor GB, Maller RA, Rossiter RC (1991) A model describing the influence of hardseededness on the persistence of an annual forage legume, in a ley farming system, in a mediterranean-type environment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 37, 275-301. doi:10.1016/0167-8809(91) 90157-S
343. Tennant D (1965) The differential rate of seed development in Dwalganup and Geraldton varieties of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 5, 46-48. doi:10.1071/EA9650046
344. Thomas DT, Milton JTB, Revell CK, Ewing MA, Dynes RA, Murray K, Lindsay DR (2010) Preference of sheep among annual legumes is more closely related to plant nutritive characteristics as plants mature. Animal Production Science 50, 114-123. doi:10.1071/AN09082
345. Trumble HC, Donald CM (1938) The relation of phosphate to the development of seeded pasture on a podsolised sand. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin No. 116.
346. Ulyatt MJ (1973). The feeding value of herbage. In 'Chemistry and biochemistry of herbage. Vol. 3'. (Eds GW Butler, RW Bailey) (Academic Press: London)
347. UminaPA(2007) Pyrethroid resistance discovered in a major agricultural pest in southern Australian: the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Acari: Penthaleidae). Pest Management Science 63, 1185-1190. doi:10.1002/ps.1439
348. Underwood EJ, Gladstones JS (1979) Subterranean clover and other legumes. In 'Agriculture in Western Australia 1829-1979'. (Ed. GH Burvill) pp. 139-156. (University of Western Australia Press: Perth)
349. Walker AJK, Neal-SmithCA(1959) The history, characteristics and potential of Clare subterranean clover. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 25, 18-22.
350. Wallace MMH, Mahon JA (1963) The effect of insecticide treatment on the yield and botanical composition of sown pastures in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 3, 39-50. doi:10.1071/EA9630039
351. Wallace MMH, Mahon JA (1971) The distribution of Halotydeus destructor and Penthaleus major (Acari: Eupodidae) in Australia in relation to climate and land use. Australian Journal of Zoology 19, 65-76. doi:10.1071/ZO9710065
352. Wallace A, Lancaster RA, Hill NL (1998) Application of non-selective herbicides during flowering of pasture legumes can reduce seed yield and alter seed characteristics. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, 583-594. doi:10.1071/EA98048
353. Wang SF, Ghisalberti EL, Ridsdill-Smith TJ (1998a) Bioactive isoflavonols and other components from Trifolium subterraneum. Journal of Natural Products 61, 508-510. doi:10.1021/np970503r
354. Wang SF, Ridsdill-Smith TJ, Ghisalberti EL (1998b) Role of isoflavonoids in resistance of subterranean clover trifoliates to the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor. Journal of Chemical Ecology 24, 2089-2100. doi:10.1023/A:1020789710706
355. WangSF, Ridsdill-Smith TJ, GhisalbertiEL(1999) Levels of isoflavonoids as indicators of resistance of subterranean clover to redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor. Journal of Chemical Ecology 25, 795-803. doi:10.1023/A:1020840616583
356. Watterson I, Whetton P, Moise A, Timbal B, Power S, Arblaster J, McInnesK (2007) Regional climate projections. In 'Climate Change in Australia: Technical Report 2007'. pp. 49-107. (CSIRO, Australian Bureau of Meteorology: Clayton, Vic.) Available at: www.climatechangein australia.gov.au/technical-report.php
357. Weaver DM, Wong MTF (2011) Scope to improve phosphorus (P) management and balance efficiency of crop and pasture soils with contrasting P status and buffering indices. Plant and Soil 349, 37-54. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-0996-3
358. Wolfe EC (2009) Country pasture/forage resource profiles: Australia. Available at: www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Australia/australia.htm
359. Wong DH, Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (1984) Effects of soil temperature and moisture pathogenicity of fungi associated with root rot of subterranean clover. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 35, 675-684. doi:10.1071/AR9840675
360. Wong DH, Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (1985) Fungi associated with root rots of subterranean clover in Western Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, 574-579. doi:10.1071/EA9850574
361. Wroth JM, Jones RAC (1992a) Subterranean clover mottle virus infection of subterranean clover: widespread occurrence in pastures and effects on productivity. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, 1597-1608. doi:10.1071/AR9921597
362. Wroth JM, Jones RAC (1992b) Subterranean clover mottle sobemovirus: its host range, resistance in subterranean clover and transmission through seeds and by grazing animals. Annals of Applied Biology 121, 329-343. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1992.tb03446.x
363. Xu Y, Li Z-K, ThomsonMJ(2012) Molecular breeding in plants: moving into the mainstream. Molecular Breeding 29, 831-832. doi:10.1007/s11032-012-9717-8
364. Yates JJ (1957) Seed-setting in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) I. The importance of the microenvironment. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 8, 433-443. doi:10.1071/AR9570433
365. Yates JJ (1958) Seed-setting in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) II. Strain-environment interactions in single plants. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 9, 745-766. doi:10.1071/AR9580754
366. You MP, Barbetti MJ, Nichols PGH (2005a) New sources of resistance in Trifolium subterraneum L. to root rot caused by two races of Phytophthora clandestina Taylor, Pascoe and Greenhalgh. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 271-277. doi:10.1071/AR04293
367. You MP, Barbetti MJ, Nichols PGH (2005b) New Trifolium subterraneum genotypes identified with resistance to race 2 of Kabatiella caulivora and cross-resistance to fungal root rot pathogens. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 56, 1111-1114. doi:10.1071/AR05103
368. You MP, Barbetti MJ, Nichols PGH (2005c) New sources of resistance identified in Trifolium subterraneum breeding lines and cultivars to root rot caused by Fusarium avenaceum and Pythium irregulare and their relationship to seedling survival. Australasian Plant Pathology 34, 237-244. doi:10.1071/AP04092
369. You MP, Barbetti MJ, Sivasithamparam K (2005d) Characterization of Phytophthora clandestina races on Trifolium subterraneum in Western Australia. European Journal of Plant Pathology 113, 267-274. doi:10.1007/s10658-005-1226-8
370. Zhang X, Evans PM (2004) Grain yield production in relation to plant growth of wheat and canola following clover pastures in southern Victoria. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, 1003-1012. doi:10.1071/EA03064
371. Zohary M, Heller D (1984) 'The genus Trifolium.' (Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities: Jerusalem)