메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 45, Issue 5-6, 2013, Pages 455-464

Fatty acids as determinants of in-vivo lipid peroxidation: The EFFGE study in Eastern Finnish hypertensive and non-hypertensive subjects

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Degenerative disease; F2 isoprostanes; Free radicals; Hypertension; Lipid peroxidation in vivo; Metabolic diseases; Oxidative stress; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

AMINO TERMINAL PRO BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; APOLIPOPROTEIN A1; ARACHIDONIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; ISOPROSTANE DERIVATIVE; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; TRANS FATTY ACID;

EID: 84882305979     PISSN: 07853890     EISSN: 13652060     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2013.809915     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (5)

References (49)
  • 4
    • 0027411170 scopus 로고
    • Oxidation of lowdensity lipoproteins: Intraindividual variability and the eff ect of dietary linoleate supplementation
    • Abbey M, Belling GB, Noakes M, Hirata F, Nestel PJ. Oxidation of lowdensity lipoproteins: Intraindividual variability and the eff ect of dietary linoleate supplementation . Am J Clin Nutr. 1993; 57: 391- 8
    • (1993) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.57 , pp. 391-398
    • Abbey, M.1    Belling, G.B.2    Noakes, M.3    Hirata, F.4    Nestel, P.J.5
  • 5
    • 0027402693 scopus 로고
    • Eff ects of oleate-rich and linoleate-rich diets on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modifi cation in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects
    • Reaven P, Parthasarathy S, Grasse BJ, Miller E, Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Eff ects of oleate-rich and linoleate-rich diets on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modifi cation in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Clin Invest. 1993; 91: 668- 76
    • (1993) J Clin Invest , vol.91 , pp. 668-676
    • Reaven, P.1    Parthasarathy, S.2    Grasse, B.J.3    Miller, E.4    Steinberg, D.5    Witztum, J.L.6
  • 6
    • 77950651061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Mozaff arian D, Micha R, Wallace S. Eff ects on coronary heart disease of increasing polyunsaturated fat in place of saturated fat: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials . PLoS Med. 2010; 7 : E1000252
    • (2010) PLoS Med , Issue.7
    • Mozaffarian, D.1    Micha, R.2    Wallace, S.3
  • 7
    • 79961054708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: Eff ects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events
    • Mozaff arian D, Wu JH. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: Eff ects on risk factors, molecular pathways, and clinical events . J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011; 58: 2047- 67
    • (2011) J Am Coll Cardiol , Issue.58 , pp. 2047-2067
    • Mozaffarian, D.1    Wu, J.H.2
  • 8
    • 61949464059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease: A science advisory from the american heart association nutrition subcommittee of the council on nutrition physical activity and metabolism; council on cardiovascular nursing; and council on epidemiology and prevention
    • Harris WS, Mozaff arian D, Rimm E, Kris-Etherton P, Rudel LL, Appel LJ, et al . Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease: A science advisory from the American Heart Association Nutrition Subcommittee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention . Circulation. 2009; 119: 902- 7
    • (2009) Circulation , vol.119 , pp. 902-907
    • Harris, W.S.1    Mozaff Arian, D.2    Rimm, E.3    Kris-Etherton, P.4    Rudel, L.L.5    Appel, L.J.6
  • 9
    • 79953225157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in the prevention of cardiovascular disease where does the evidence stand in 2010?
    • Astrup A, Dyerberg J, Elwood P, Hermansen K, Hu FB, Jakobsen MU, et al . The role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Where does the evidence stand in 2010? Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 93: 684- 8
    • (2011) Am J Clin Nutr , Issue.93 , pp. 684-688
    • Astrup, A.1    Dyerberg, J.2    Elwood, P.3    Hermansen, K.4    Hu, F.B.5    Jakobsen, M.U.6
  • 10
    • 78650012956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-6 fatty acidspecifi c and mixed polyunsaturate dietary interventions have diff erent eff ects on CHD risk: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
    • Ramsden CE, Hibbeln JR, Majchrzak SF, Davis JM. n-6 fatty acidspecifi c and mixed polyunsaturate dietary interventions have diff erent eff ects on CHD risk: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr. 2010 ; 104 : 1586-600
    • (2010) Br J Nutr , vol.104 , pp. 1586-1600
    • Ramsden, C.E.1    Hibbeln, J.R.2    Majchrzak, S.F.3    Davis, J.M.4
  • 11
    • 54049129639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prostanoid and isoprostanoid pathways in atherogenesis
    • P ratico D . P rostanoid and isoprostanoid pathways in atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis. 2008; 201: 8- 16
    • (2008) Atherosclerosis , vol.201 , pp. 8-16
    • Pratico, D.1
  • 12
    • 33845205542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo and in vitro lipid peroxidation of arachidonate esters: The eff ect of fish oil omega-3 lipids on product distribution
    • Davis TA, Gao L, Yin H, Morrow JD, Porter NA. In vivo and in vitro lipid peroxidation of arachidonate esters: The eff ect of fish oil omega-3 lipids on product distribution. J Am Chem Soc. 2006; 128: 14897- 904
    • (2006) J Am Chem Soc , vol.128 , pp. 14897-14904
    • Davis, T.A.1    Gao, L.2    Yin H.-Morrow, J.D.3    Porter, N.A.4
  • 13
    • 77956378464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA decrease plasma F(2)-isoprostanes: Results from two placebo-controlled interventions
    • Mas E, Woodman RJ, Burke V, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Durand T, et al. The omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA decrease plasma F(2)-isoprostanes: Results from two placebo-controlled interventions . Free Radic Res. 2010 ; 44 : 983-90
    • (2010) Free Radic Res , vol.44 , pp. 983-90
    • Mas, E.1    Woodman, R.J.2    Burke, V.3    Puddey, I.B.4    Beilin, L.J.5    Durand, T.6
  • 14
    • 33644874681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent advances in the biochemistry and clinical relevance of the isoprostane pathway
    • Musiek ES, Yin H, Milne GL, Morrow JD. Recent advances in the biochemistry and clinical relevance of the isoprostane pathway. Lipids. 2005 ; 40 : 987-94
    • (2005) Lipids , vol.40 , pp. 987
    • Musiek, E.S.1    Yin, H.2    Milne, G.L.3    Morrow, J.D.4
  • 15
    • 84867576603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutathione promotes prostaglandin H synthase (cyclooxygenase)- dependent formation of malondialdehyde and 15(S)-8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha
    • Tsikas D, Suchy MT, Niemann J, Tossios P, Schneider Y, Rothmann S, et al . Glutathione promotes prostaglandin H synthase (cyclooxygenase)- dependent formation of malondialdehyde and 15(S)-8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha . FEBS Lett. 2012 ; 586 : 3723-30
    • (2012) FEBS Lett , vol.586 , pp. 3723-3730
    • Tsikas, D.1    Suchy, M.T.2    Niemann, J.3    Tossios, P.4    Schneider, Y.5    Rothmann, S.6
  • 16
    • 77953313356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using isoprostanes as biomarkers of oxidative stress: Some rarely considered issues
    • Halliwell B, Lee CY. Using isoprostanes as biomarkers of oxidative stress: Some rarely considered issues . Antioxid Redox Signal. 2010 ; 13 : 145-56
    • (2010) Antioxid Redox Signal , vol.13 , pp. 145-56
    • Halliwell, B.1    Lee, C.Y.2
  • 17
    • 0029898072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of 8-epiprostaglandin F2alpha by human monocytes. Discriminate production by reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2
    • Pratico D, FitzGerald GA. Generation of 8-epiprostaglandin F2alpha by human monocytes. Discriminate production by reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 . J Biol Chem . 1996 ; 271 : 8919-24
    • (1996) J Biol Chem , vol.271 , pp. 8919
    • Pratico, D.1    FitzGerald, G.A.2
  • 19
    • 67449123456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HDL, lipid peroxidation, and atherosclerosis
    • Shao B, Heinecke JW. HDL, lipid peroxidation, and atherosclerosis. J Lipid Res. 2009 ; 50 : 599-601
    • (2009) J Lipid Res , vol.50 , pp. 599
    • Shao, B.1    Heinecke, J.W.2
  • 20
    • 77953358443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A signifi cant proportion of F2-isoprostanes in human urine are excreted as glucuronide conjugates
    • Yan Z, Mas E, Mori TA, Croft KD, Barden AE. A signifi cant proportion of F2-isoprostanes in human urine are excreted as glucuronide conjugates. Anal Biochem. 2010; 403: 126- 8
    • (2010) Anal Biochem , Issue.403 , pp. 126-128
    • Yan, Z.1    Mas, E.2    Mori, T.A.3    Croft, K.D.4    Barden, A.E.5
  • 23
    • 0036591604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing plasma fatty acids elevates F2-isoprostanes in humans: Implications for the cardiovascular risk factor cluster
    • Stojiljkovic MP, Lopes HF, Zhang D, Morrow JD, Goodfriend TL, Egan BM . Increasing plasma fatty acids elevates F2-isoprostanes in humans: Implications for the cardiovascular risk factor cluster. J Hypertens. 2002; 20: 1215- 21
    • (2002) J Hypertens , vol.20 , pp. 1215-1221
    • Stojiljkovic, M.P.1    Lopes, H.F.2    Zhang, D.3    Morrow, J.D.4    Goodfriend, T.L.5    Egan, B.M.6
  • 25
    • 13144259660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mass spectrometric quantifi cation of F2-isoprostanes in biological fl uids and tissues as measure of oxidant stress
    • Morrow JD, Roberts LJ. Mass spectrometric quantifi cation of F2-isoprostanes in biological fl uids and tissues as measure of oxidant stress. Methods Enzymol. 1999; 300: 3- 12
    • (1999) Methods Enzymol , vol.300 , pp. 3-12
    • Morrow, J.D.1    Roberts, L.J.2
  • 26
    • 0030513702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization and determinants of an electronegatively charged low-density lipoprotein in human plasma
    • Nyyss ö nen K, Kaikkonen J, Salonen JT. Characterization and determinants of an electronegatively charged low-density lipoprotein in human plasma. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1996; 56: 681- 9
    • (1996) Scand J Clin Lab Invest , vol.56 , pp. 681-689
    • Nyyssönen, K.1    Kaikkonen, J.2    Salonen, J.T.3
  • 27
    • 72049133257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Public Health Institute Nutrition Unit Fineli Release 7. Helsinki Available at accessed 4 February 2013
    • N ational Public Health Institute, Nutrition Unit. Fineli. Finnish food composition database. Release 7. Helsinki 2007 . Available at : Http:// www.fi neli.fi (accessed 4 February 2013).
    • (2007) Finnish Food Composition Database
  • 28
    • 0023766080 scopus 로고
    • Reproducibility and validity of dietary assessment instruments II A qualitative food frequency questionnaire
    • Pietinen P, Hartman AM, Haapa E, Rasanen L, Haapakoski J, Palmgren J, et al . Reproducibility and validity of dietary assessment instruments. II. A qualitative food frequency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol. 1988 ; 128 : 667-76
    • (1988) Am J Epidemiol , vol.128 , pp. 667
    • Pietinen, P.1    Hartman, A.M.2    Haapa, E.3    Rasanen, L.4    Haapakoski, J.5    Palmgren, J.6
  • 29
    • 0023872494 scopus 로고
    • Concurrent liquid-chromatographic assay of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin in plasma, with tocopherol acetate as internal standard
    • Th urnham DI, Smith E, Flora PS. Concurrent liquid-chromatographic assay of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin in plasma, with tocopherol acetate as internal standard . Clin Chem. 1988; 34: 377- 81
    • (1988) Clin Chem , vol.34 , pp. 377-381
    • Thurnham, D.I.1    Smith, E.2    Flora, P.S.3
  • 30
    • 4344675182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular heterogeneity has a major impact on the measurement of circulating N-terminal fragments of A- and B-type natriuretic peptides
    • Ala-Kopsala M, Magga J, Peuhkurinen K, Leip ä l ä J, Ruskoaho H, Lepp ä luoto J, et al . Molecular heterogeneity has a major impact on the measurement of circulating N-terminal fragments of A- and B-type natriuretic peptides. Clin Chem. 2004; 50: 1576- 88
    • (2004) Clin Chem , vol.50 , pp. 1576-1588
    • Ala-Kopsala, M.1    Magga, J.2    Peuhkurinen, K.3    Leipälä, J.4    Ruskoaho, H.5    Leppäluoto, J.6
  • 31
    • 84873688136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: Evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis
    • Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Leelarthaepin B, Majchrzak-Hong SF, Faurot KR, Suchindran CM, et al. Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: Evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013; 346 : E8707
    • (2013) BMJ , vol.346
    • Ramsden, C.E.1    Zamora, D.2    Leelarthaepin, B.3    Majchrzak-Hong, S.F.4    Faurot, K.R.5    Suchindran, C.M.6
  • 32
    • 84873615780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • O ld study sheds new light on the fatty acids and cardiovascular health debate
    • Calder P C. O ld study sheds new light on the fatty acids and cardiovascular health debate . BMJ. 2013; 346 : F493
    • (2013) BMJ , Issue.346
    • Calder P, C.1
  • 33
    • 79551488948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • F2-isoprostanes as an indicator and risk factor for coronary heart disease
    • Davies SS, Roberts LJ. F2-isoprostanes as an indicator and risk factor for coronary heart disease . Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 ; 50 : 559-66
    • (2011) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.50 , pp. 559-566
    • Davies, S.S.1    Roberts, L.J.2
  • 34
    • 0021931210 scopus 로고
    • Fatty acid composition of serum cholesteryl esters in 3- to 18-year-old Finnish children and its relation to diet
    • Moilanen T, R ä s ä nen L, Viikari J, Å kerblom HK, Ahola M, Uhari M, et al . Fatty acid composition of serum cholesteryl esters in 3- to 18-year-old Finnish children and its relation to diet . Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 ; 42 : 708-13
    • (1985) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.42 , pp. 708
    • Moilanen, T.1    Räsänen, L.2    Viikari, J.3    Åkerblom, H.K.4    Ahola, M.5    Uhari, M.6
  • 35
    • 0034123068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eff ect of omega 3 fatty acids on oxidative stress in humans: GC-MS measurement of urinary F2-isoprostane excretion
    • Mori TA, Puddey IB, Burke V, Croft KD, Dunstan DW, Rivera JH, et al. Eff ect of omega 3 fatty acids on oxidative stress in humans: GC-MS measurement of urinary F2-isoprostane excretion . Redox Rep. 2000 ; 5 : 45-6
    • (2000) Redox Rep , vol.5 , pp. 45
    • Mori, T.A.1    Puddey, I.B.2    Burke, V.3    Croft, K.D.4    Dunstan, D.W.5    Rivera, J.H.6
  • 36
    • 0142258704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eff ect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on oxidative stress and infl ammatory markers in treated-hypertensive type 2 diabetic subjects
    • Mori TA, Woodman RJ, Burke V, Puddey IB, Croft KD, Beilin LJ. Eff ect of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on oxidative stress and infl ammatory markers in treated-hypertensive type 2 diabetic subjects. Free Radic Biol Med. 2003; 35: 772- 81
    • (2003) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.35 , pp. 772-781
    • Mori, T.A.1    Woodman, R.J.2    Burke, V.3    Puddey, I.B.4    Croft, K.D.5    Beilin, L.J.6
  • 37
    • 77049308856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A ging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry
    • H arman D . A ging: A theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry . J Gerontol. 2013; 11: 298- 300
    • (2013) J Gerontol , Issue.11 , pp. 298-300
    • Harman, D.1
  • 38
    • 0037014413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical cardiovascular studies of hormone replacement therapy
    • Collins P. Clinical cardiovascular studies of hormone replacement therapy . Am J Cardiol. 2002; 90: 30F-4F.
    • (2002) Am J Cardiol , vol.90
    • Collins, P.1
  • 39
    • 73749083170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term dietary patterns and carotid artery intima media thickness: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
    • Mikkil ä V, R ä s ä nen L, Laaksonen MM, Juonala M, Viikari J, Pietinen P, et al . Long-term dietary patterns and carotid artery intima media thickness: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study . Br J Nutr. 2009 ; 102 : 1507-12
    • (2009) Br J Nutr , vol.102 , pp. 1507-1512
    • Mikkilä, V.1    Räsänen, L.2    Laaksonen, M.M.3    Juonala, M.4    Viikari, J.5    Pietinen, P.6
  • 41
    • 10744230298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha as a risk marker in patients with coronary heart disease: A matched case-control study
    • Schwedhelm E, Bartling A, Lenzen H, Tsikas D, Maas R, Brummer J, et al . Urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha as a risk marker in patients with coronary heart disease: A matched case-control study . Circulation. 2004 ; 109 : 843-8
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.109 , pp. 843
    • Schwedhelm, E.1    Bartling, A.2    Lenzen, H.3    Tsikas, D.4    Maas, R.5    Brummer, J.6
  • 42
    • 0042668529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased urinary 15-F2t-isoprostane concentrations in patients with non-ischaemic congestive heart failure: A marker of oxidative stress
    • Nonaka-Sarukawa M, Yamamoto K, Aoki H, Takano H, Katsuki T, Ikeda U, et al. Increased urinary 15-F2t-isoprostane concentrations in patients with non-ischaemic congestive heart failure: A marker of oxidative stress. Heart. 2003; 89: 871- 4
    • (2003) Heart , vol.89 , pp. 871-874
    • Nonaka-Sarukawa, M.1    Yamamoto, K.2    Aoki, H.3    Takano, H.4    Katsuki, T.5    Ikeda, U.6
  • 43
    • 12244301626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exhaustive exercise increases plasma/ serum total oxidation resistance in moderately trained men and women, whereas their VLDL - LDL lipoprotein fraction is more susceptible to oxidation
    • K aikkonen J, P orkkala-Sarataho E, T uomainen T P, N yyssö n en K, Kosonen L, Ristonmaa U, et al. Exhaustive exercise increases plasma/ serum total oxidation resistance in moderately trained men and women, whereas their VLDL - LDL lipoprotein fraction is more susceptible to oxidation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2002; 62: 599- 607
    • (2002) Scand J Clin Lab Invest , vol.62 , pp. 599-607
    • Kaikkonen, J.1    Porkkala-Sarataho, E.2    Tuomainen, T.P.3    Nyyssönen, K.4    Kosonen, L.5    Ristonmaa, U.6
  • 44
    • 84879430023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review on the association between F2-isoprostanes and cardiovascular disease
    • Pt 2
    • Zhang ZJ. Systematic review on the association between F2-isoprostanes and cardiovascular disease . Ann Clin Biochem. 2013 ; 50(Pt 2) : 108-14
    • (2013) Ann Clin Biochem , vol.50 , pp. 108-114
    • Zhang, Z.J.1
  • 46
    • 1642546344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress in human hypertension: Association with antihypertensive treatment, gender, nutrition, and lifestyle
    • Ward NC, Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Croft KD. Oxidative stress in human hypertension: Association with antihypertensive treatment, gender, nutrition, and lifestyle . Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 ; 36 : 226-32
    • (2004) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.36 , pp. 226
    • Ward, N.C.1    Hodgson, J.M.2    Puddey, I.B.3    Mori, T.A.4    Beilin, L.J.5    Croft, K.D.6
  • 47
    • 60549114752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between both lipid and protein oxidation and the risk of fatal or non-fatal coronary heart disease in a human population
    • Woodward M, Croft KD, Mori TA, Headlam H, Wang XS, Suarna C, et al . Association between both lipid and protein oxidation and the risk of fatal or non-fatal coronary heart disease in a human population. Clin Sci (Lond). 2009; 116: 53- 60
    • (2009) Clin Sci (Lond). , vol.116 , pp. 53-60
    • Woodward, M.1    Croft, K.D.2    Mori, T.A.3    Headlam, H.4    Wang, X.S.5    Suarna, C.6
  • 48
    • 53849097341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FADS genotypes and desaturase activity estimated by the ratio of arachidonic acid to linoleic acid are associated with infl ammation and coronary artery disease
    • Martinelli N, Girelli D, Malerba G, Guarini P, Illig T, Trabetti E, et al . FADS genotypes and desaturase activity estimated by the ratio of arachidonic acid to linoleic acid are associated with infl ammation and coronary artery disease . Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 ; 88 : 941-9
    • (2008) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.88 , pp. 941
    • Martinelli, N.1    Girelli, D.2    Malerba, G.3    Guarini, P.4    Illig, T.5    Trabetti, E.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.