메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 466-484

Primitive Membrane Formation, Characteristics and Roles in the Emergent Properties of a Protocell

Author keywords

Artificial cells; Compartmentalization; Liposomes; Membrane supported reaction networks; Protocell; Vesicles

Indexed keywords


EID: 84882295217     PISSN: None     EISSN: 10994300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/e13020466     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (18)

References (79)
  • 2
    • 31344455122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approaches to semi-synthetic minimal cells: A review
    • Luisi, P.L.; Ferri, F.; Stano, P. Approaches to semi-synthetic minimal cells: A review. Naturwissenschaften 2006, 93, 1–13.
    • (2006) Naturwissenschaften , vol.93 , pp. 1-13
    • Luisi, P.L.1    Ferri, F.2    Stano, P.3
  • 4
    • 28044468397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection of ribozymes that catalyse multiple-turnover Diels-Alder cycloadditions by using in vitro compartmentalization
    • Agresti, J.J.; Kelly, B.T.; Jaschke, A.; Griffiths, A.D. Selection of ribozymes that catalyse multiple-turnover Diels-Alder cycloadditions by using in vitro compartmentalization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 16170–16175.
    • (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.102 , pp. 16170-16175
    • Agresti, J.J.1    Kelly, B.T.2    Jaschke, A.3    Griffiths, A.D.4
  • 7
    • 33748637711 scopus 로고
    • Organic compound synthesis on the primitive earth
    • Miller, S.L.; Urey, H.C. Organic compound synthesis on the primitive earth. Science 1959, 130, 7.
    • (1959) Science , vol.130 , pp. 7
    • Miller, S.L.1    Urey, H.C.2
  • 8
    • 33746271967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inorganic molecular capsules: From structure to function
    • Cronin, L. Inorganic molecular capsules: From structure to function. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 3576–3578.
    • (2006) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed , vol.45 , pp. 3576-3578
    • Cronin, L.1
  • 10
    • 0037039604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular packing parameter and surfactant self-assembly: The neglected role of the surfactant tail
    • Nagarajan, R. Molecular packing parameter and surfactant self-assembly: The neglected role of the surfactant tail. Langmuir 2001, 18, 31–38.
    • (2001) Langmuir , vol.18 , pp. 31-38
    • Nagarajan, R.1
  • 11
    • 0018121353 scopus 로고
    • The preparation of large single bilayer liposomes by a fast and controlled dialysis
    • Milsmann, M.H.W.; Schwendener, R.A.; Weder, H.-G. The preparation of large single bilayer liposomes by a fast and controlled dialysis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1978, 512, 147–155.
    • (1978) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.512 , pp. 147-155
    • Milsmann, M.H.W.1    Schwendener, R.A.2    Weder, H.-G.3
  • 12
    • 0028229072 scopus 로고
    • A novel technique for the One-Step preparation of liposomes and nonionic surfactant vesicles without the use of organic solvent. Liposome formation in acontinuous gas stream: the BUBBLE method
    • Talsma, H.; Van Steenbergen, M.; Borchert, J.C.H.; Crommelin, D.J.A. A novel technique for the One-Step preparation of liposomes and nonionic surfactant vesicles without the use of organic solvent. Liposome formation in acontinuous gas stream: the BUBBLE method. J. Pharm. Sci. 1994, 83, 276–280.
    • (1994) J. Pharm. Sci , vol.83 , pp. 276-280
    • Talsma, H.1    Van Steenbergen, M.2    Borchert, J.C.H.3    Crommelin, D.J.A.4
  • 13
    • 0018101871 scopus 로고
    • Formation of closed vesciles from a simple phosphate diester. Preparation and some properties of vesicles of Dihexadecyl phosphate
    • Mortara, R.A.; Quina, F.H.; Chaimovich, H. Formation of closed vesciles from a simple phosphate diester. Preparation and some properties of vesicles of Dihexadecyl phosphate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1978, 81, 1080–1084.
    • (1978) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun , vol.81 , pp. 1080-1084
    • Mortara, R.A.1    Quina, F.H.2    Chaimovich, H.3
  • 14
    • 0242317913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preparation of vesicles from nonphospholipid amphiphiles
    • Monnard, P.A.; Deamer, D.W. Preparation of vesicles from nonphospholipid amphiphiles. Meth. Enzymology 2003, 372, 133–151.
    • (2003) Meth. Enzymology , vol.372 , pp. 133-151
    • Monnard, P.A.1    Deamer, D.W.2
  • 15
    • 0036443739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Size distribution of spontaneously formed liposomes by the alcohol injection method
    • Domazou, A.S.; Luisi, P.L. Size distribution of spontaneously formed liposomes by the alcohol injection method. J. Liposome Res. 2002, 12, 205–220.
    • (2002) J. Liposome Res , vol.12 , pp. 205-220
    • Domazou, A.S.1    Luisi, P.L.2
  • 16
    • 0032826684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting the size distribution of liposomes produced by freeze-thaw extrusion
    • Castile, J.D.; Taylor, K.M.G. Factors affecting the size distribution of liposomes produced by freeze-thaw extrusion. Int. J. Pharm. 1999, 188, 87–95.
    • (1999) Int. J. Pharm , vol.188 , pp. 87-95
    • Castile, J.D.1    Taylor, K.M.G.2
  • 17
    • 77952368485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical evolution of amphiphiles: glycerol monoacyl derivatives stabilize plausible prebiotic membranes
    • Maurer, S.E.; Deamer, D.W.; Boncella, J.M.; Monnard, P.A. Chemical evolution of amphiphiles: glycerol monoacyl derivatives stabilize plausible prebiotic membranes. Astrobiology 2009, 9, 979–987.
    • (2009) Astrobiology , vol.9 , pp. 979-987
    • Maurer, S.E.1    Deamer, D.W.2    Boncella, J.M.3    Monnard, P.A.4
  • 18
    • 0018119270 scopus 로고
    • Liposomes from ionic, single-chain amphiphiles
    • Hargreaves, W.R.; Deamer, D.W. Liposomes from ionic, single-chain amphiphiles. Biochem. US 1978, 17, 3759–3768.
    • (1978) Biochem. US , vol.17 , pp. 3759-3768
    • Hargreaves, W.R.1    Deamer, D.W.2
  • 19
    • 0022516091 scopus 로고
    • Phase-behavior and bilayer properties of fatty-acids—hydrated 1-1 acid soaps
    • Cistola, D.P.; Atkinson, D.; Hamilton, J.A.; Small, D.M. Phase-behavior and bilayer properties of fatty-acids—hydrated 1-1 acid soaps. Biochem. US 1986, 25, 2804–2812.
    • (1986) Biochem. US , vol.25 , pp. 2804-2812
    • Cistola, D.P.1    Atkinson, D.2    Hamilton, J.A.3    Small, D.M.4
  • 20
    • 0037453682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of premicellar aggregation on the pK(a) of fatty acid soap solutions
    • Kanicky, J.R.; Shah, D.O. Effect of premicellar aggregation on the pK(a) of fatty acid soap solutions. Langmuir 2003, 19, 2034–2038.
    • (2003) Langmuir , vol.19 , pp. 2034-2038
    • Kanicky, J.R.1    Shah, D.O.2
  • 21
    • 0030045955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permeation of protons, potassium ions, and small polar molecules through phospholipid bilayers as a function of membrane thickness
    • Paula, S.; Volkov, A.G.; VanHoek, A.N.; Haines, T.H.; Deamer, D.W. Permeation of protons, potassium ions, and small polar molecules through phospholipid bilayers as a function of membrane thickness. Biophys. J. 1996, 70, 339–348.
    • (1996) Biophys. J , vol.70 , pp. 339-348
    • Paula, S.1    Volkov, A.G.2    VanHoek, A.N.3    Haines, T.H.4    Deamer, D.W.5
  • 22
    • 0027506564 scopus 로고
    • Differential scanning calorimetric study of the effect of cholesterol on the thermotropic phase behavior of a homologous series of linear saturated phosphatidylcholines
    • McMullen, T.P.W.; Lewis, R.N.A.H.; McElhaney, R.N. Differential scanning calorimetric study of the effect of cholesterol on the thermotropic phase behavior of a homologous series of linear saturated phosphatidylcholines. Biochem. US 1993, 32, 516–522.
    • (1993) Biochem. US , vol.32 , pp. 516-522
    • McMullen, T.P.W.1    Lewis, R.N.A.H.2    McElhaney, R.N.3
  • 23
    • 0030583223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethanol-enhanced permeation of phosphatidylcholine/ phosphatidylethanolamine mixed liposomal membranes due to ethanol-induced lateral phase separation
    • Komatsu, H.; Okada, S. Ethanol-enhanced permeation of phosphatidylcholine/ phosphatidylethanolamine mixed liposomal membranes due to ethanol-induced lateral phase separation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1996, 1283, 73–79.
    • (1996) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1283 , pp. 73-79
    • Komatsu, H.1    Okada, S.2
  • 25
    • 0242331729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging coexisting fluid domains in biomembrane models coupling curvature and line tension
    • Baumgart, T.; Hess, S.T.; Webb, W.W. Imaging coexisting fluid domains in biomembrane models coupling curvature and line tension. Nature 2003, 425, 821–824.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.425 , pp. 821-824
    • Baumgart, T.1    Hess, S.T.2    Webb, W.W.3
  • 26
    • 33846857534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vesicle fission of giant unilamellar vesicles of liquid-ordered-phase membranes induced by amphiphiles with a single long hydrocarbon chain
    • Inaoka, Y.; Yamazaki, M. Vesicle fission of giant unilamellar vesicles of liquid-ordered-phase membranes induced by amphiphiles with a single long hydrocarbon chain. Langmuir 2007, 23, 720–728.
    • (2007) Langmuir , vol.23 , pp. 720-728
    • Inaoka, Y.1    Yamazaki, M.2
  • 27
    • 33748866319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemistry and physics of primitive membranes
    • Deamer, D.W.; Dworkin, J.P. Chemistry and physics of primitive membranes. Top. Curr. Chem. 2005, 259, 1–27.
    • (2005) Top. Curr. Chem , vol.259 , pp. 1-27
    • Deamer, D.W.1    Dworkin, J.P.2
  • 28
    • 49449099803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA-controlled assembly of soft nanoparticles
    • Jakobsen, U.; Simonsen, A.C.; Vogel, S. DNA-controlled assembly of soft nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc 2008, 130, 10462–10463.
    • (2008) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.130 , pp. 10462-10463
    • Jakobsen, U.1    Simonsen, A.C.2    Vogel, S.3
  • 29
    • 0022485953 scopus 로고
    • Proton permeation through model membranes
    • Deamer, D.W.; Gutknecht, J. Proton permeation through model membranes. Methods Enzymol. 1986, 127, 471–480.
    • (1986) Methods Enzymol , vol.127 , pp. 471-480
    • Deamer, D.W.1    Gutknecht, J.2
  • 30
    • 0023429474 scopus 로고
    • Proton permeation of lipid bilayers
    • Deamer, D.W. Proton permeation of lipid bilayers. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 1987, 19, 457–479.
    • (1987) J. Bioenerg. Biomembr , vol.19 , pp. 457-479
    • Deamer, D.W.1
  • 31
    • 85126725120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permeation of chloride, bromide, and iodide across phospholipid bilayers
    • Paula, S.; Deamer, D.W. Permeation of chloride, bromide, and iodide across phospholipid bilayers. Biophys. J. 1997, 72, Th341–Th341.
    • (1997) Biophys. J , vol.72 , pp. Th341-Th341
    • Paula, S.1    Deamer, D.W.2
  • 32
    • 77956657806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Membrane permeability barriers to ionic and polar solutes
    • Paula, S.; Deamer, D.W. Membrane permeability barriers to ionic and polar solutes. Membr. Permeabil. 1999, 48, 77–95.
    • (1999) Membr. Permeabil , vol.48 , pp. 77-95
    • Paula, S.1    Deamer, D.W.2
  • 33
    • 0028287304 scopus 로고
    • Permeation of membranes by the neutral form of amino-acids and peptides-relevance to the origin of peptide translocation
    • Chakrabarti, A.C.; Deamer, D.W. Permeation of membranes by the neutral form of amino-acids and peptides-relevance to the origin of peptide translocation. J. Mol. Evol. 1994, 39, 1–5.
    • (1994) J. Mol. Evol , vol.39 , pp. 1-5
    • Chakrabarti, A.C.1    Deamer, D.W.2
  • 34
    • 0026450904 scopus 로고
    • Permeability of lipid bilayers to amino-acids and phosphate
    • Chakrabarti, A.C.; Deamer, D.W. Permeability of lipid bilayers to amino-acids and phosphate. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1992, 1111, 171–177.
    • (1992) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1111 , pp. 171-177
    • Chakrabarti, A.C.1    Deamer, D.W.2
  • 35
    • 85126673896 scopus 로고
    • Amino-acid permeability across liposome bilayers
    • Harang, E.A.; Deamer, D.W. Amino-acid permeability across liposome bilayers. Biophys. J. 1990, 57, A487–A487.
    • (1990) Biophys. J , vol.57 , pp. A487-A487
    • Harang, E.A.1    Deamer, D.W.2
  • 36
    • 0000615462 scopus 로고
    • Oparins reactions revisited-enzymatic-synthesis of poly(adenylic acid) in MICELLES and self-reproducing vesicles
    • Walde, P.; Goto, A.; Monnard, P.A.; Wessicken, M.; Luisi, P.L. Oparins reactions revisited-enzymatic-synthesis of poly(adenylic acid) in MICELLES and self-reproducing vesicles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 7541–7547.
    • (1994) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.116 , pp. 7541-7547
    • Walde, P.1    Goto, A.2    Monnard, P.A.3    Wessicken, M.4    Luisi, P.L.5
  • 37
    • 0035107292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrient uptake by protocells: A liposome model system
    • Monnard, P.A.; Deamer, D.W. Nutrient uptake by protocells: A liposome model system. Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere 2001, 31, 147–155.
    • (2001) Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere , vol.31 , pp. 147-155
    • Monnard, P.A.1    Deamer, D.W.2
  • 40
    • 17844393875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semipermeable lipid bilayers exhibit diastereoselectivity favoring ribose
    • Sacerdote, M.G.; Szostak, J.W. Semipermeable lipid bilayers exhibit diastereoselectivity favoring ribose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 6004–6008.
    • (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.102 , pp. 6004-6008
    • Sacerdote, M.G.1    Szostak, J.W.2
  • 41
    • 67651230078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permeation of membranes by ribose and its diastereomers
    • Wei, C.Y.; Pohorille, A. Permeation of membranes by ribose and its diastereomers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 10237–10245.
    • (2009) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.131 , pp. 10237-10245
    • Wei, C.Y.1    Pohorille, A.2
  • 42
    • 0042121540 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of artificial photosynthesis. Photoionization and electron transfer in dihexadecylphosphate vesicles
    • Escabi-Perez, J.R.; Romero, A.; Lukac, S.; Fendler, J.H. Aspects of artificial photosynthesis. Photoionization and electron transfer in dihexadecylphosphate vesicles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 2231–2233.
    • (1979) J. Am. Chem. Soc , vol.101 , pp. 2231-2233
    • Escabi-Perez, J.R.1    Romero, A.2    Lukac, S.3    Fendler, J.H.4
  • 43
    • 0027106778 scopus 로고
    • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: primitive pigment systems in the prebiotic environment
    • Deamer, D.W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: primitive pigment systems in the prebiotic environment. Adv. Space Res. 1992, 12, 183–189.
    • (1992) Adv. Space Res , vol.12 , pp. 183-189
    • Deamer, D.W.1
  • 44
    • 79955639542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prebiotically relevant mixed fatty acid vesicles support anionic solute encapsulation and photochemically catalyzed trans-membrane charge transport
    • Cape, J.L.; Monnard, P.A.; Boncella, J.M. Prebiotically relevant mixed fatty acid vesicles support anionic solute encapsulation and photochemically catalyzed trans-membrane charge transport. Chem. Sci. 2011, doi:10.1039/C0SC00575D.
    • (2011) Chem. Sci
    • Cape, J.L.1    Monnard, P.A.2    Boncella, J.M.3
  • 45
    • 46749125662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability of model membranes in extreme environments
    • Namani, T.; Deamer, D.W. Stability of model membranes in extreme environments. Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere 2008, 38, 329–341.
    • (2008) Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere , vol.38 , pp. 329-341
    • Namani, T.1    Deamer, D.W.2
  • 46
    • 0028072689 scopus 로고
    • New structures in complex formation between DNA and cationic liposomes visualized by freeze-fracture electron microscopy
    • Sternberg, B.; Sorgi, F.L.; Huang, L, New structures in complex formation between DNA and cationic liposomes visualized by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. FEBS Lett. 1994, 356, 361–366.
    • (1994) FEBS Lett , vol.356 , pp. 361-366
    • Sternberg, B.1    Sorgi, F.L.2    Huang, L3
  • 47
    • 57249087412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vesicle behavior: In search of explanations
    • Luisi, P.L.; de Souza, T.P.; Stano, P. Vesicle behavior: In search of explanations. J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 14655–14664.
    • (2008) J. Phys. Chem. B , vol.112 , pp. 14655-14664
    • Luisi, P.L.1    de Souza, T.P.2    Stano, P.3
  • 48
    • 0033953842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular recognition in supramolecular structures formed by phosphatidylnucleosides-based amphiphiles
    • Berti, D.; Luisi, P.L.; Baglioni, P. Molecular recognition in supramolecular structures formed by phosphatidylnucleosides-based amphiphiles. Colloid Surface A 2000, 167, 95–103.
    • (2000) Colloid Surface A , vol.167 , pp. 95-103
    • Berti, D.1    Luisi, P.L.2    Baglioni, P.3
  • 49
    • 79952118296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA-mediated self-assembly of artificial vesicles
    • Hadorn, M.; Eggenberger Hotz, P. DNA-mediated self-assembly of artificial vesicles. PLoS ONE 2010, 5, e9886.
    • (2010) PLoS ONE , vol.5 , pp. e9886
    • Hadorn, M.1    Eggenberger Hotz, P.2
  • 50
    • 77951092519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reactivity and fusion between cationic vesicles and fatty acid anionic vesicles
    • Caschera, F.; Stano, P.; Luisi, P.L. Reactivity and fusion between cationic vesicles and fatty acid anionic vesicles. J. Coll. Interface Sci. 2010, 345, 561–565.
    • (2010) J. Coll. Interface Sci , vol.345 , pp. 561-565
    • Caschera, F.1    Stano, P.2    Luisi, P.L.3
  • 51
    • 0034826741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review. Enzyme inside lipid vesicles: preparation, reactivity and applications
    • Walde, P.; Ichikawa, S. Review. Enzyme inside lipid vesicles: preparation, reactivity and applications. Biomol. Eng. 2001, 18, 143–177.
    • (2001) Biomol. Eng , vol.18 , pp. 143-177
    • Walde, P.1    Ichikawa, S.2
  • 52
    • 41949085932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organic nano-compartments as biomimetic reactors and protocells
    • Monnard, P.A.; DeClue, M.S.; Ziock, H.J. Organic nano-compartments as biomimetic reactors and protocells. Curr. Nanosci. 2008, 4, 71–87.
    • (2008) Curr. Nanosci , vol.4 , pp. 71-87
    • Monnard, P.A.1    DeClue, M.S.2    Ziock, H.J.3
  • 53
    • 65549091378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The minimal size of liposome-based model cells brings about a remarkably enhanced entrapment and protein synthesis
    • Pereira de Souza, T.; Stano, P.; Luisi, P.L. The minimal size of liposome-based model cells brings about a remarkably enhanced entrapment and protein synthesis. ChemBioChem 2009, 10, 1056–1063.
    • (2009) ChemBioChem , vol.10 , pp. 1056-1063
    • Pereira de Souza, T.1    Stano, P.2    Luisi, P.L.3
  • 54
    • 59249084001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A synthetic biology approach to the construction of membrane proteins in semi-synthetic minimal cells
    • Kuruma, Y.; Stano, P.; Ueda, T.; Luisi, P.L. A synthetic biology approach to the construction of membrane proteins in semi-synthetic minimal cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2009, 1788, 567–574.
    • (2009) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.1788 , pp. 567-574
    • Kuruma, Y.1    Stano, P.2    Ueda, T.3    Luisi, P.L.4
  • 55
    • 0031854986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Man-made cell-like compartments for molecular evolution
    • Tawfik, D.S.; Griffiths, A.D. Man-made cell-like compartments for molecular evolution. Nat. Biotechnol. 1998, 16, 652–656.
    • (1998) Nat. Biotechnol , vol.16 , pp. 652-656
    • Tawfik, D.S.1    Griffiths, A.D.2
  • 56
    • 6344283046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of a cascading genetic network within liposomes
    • Ishikawa, K.; Sato, K.; Shima, Y.; Urabe, I.; Yomo, T. Expression of a cascading genetic network within liposomes. FEBS Lett. 2004, 576, 387–390.
    • (2004) FEBS Lett , vol.576 , pp. 387-390
    • Ishikawa, K.1    Sato, K.2    Shima, Y.3    Urabe, I.4    Yomo, T.5
  • 58
    • 11144220854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A vesicle bioreactor as a step toward an artificial cell assembly
    • Noireaux, V.; Libchaber, A. A vesicle bioreactor as a step toward an artificial cell assembly. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 17669–17674.
    • (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.101 , pp. 17669-17674
    • Noireaux, V.1    Libchaber, A.2
  • 59
    • 79960078065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of messenger RNA inactivation and protein degradation in an Escherichia coli cell-free expression system
    • Shin, J.; Noireaux, V. Study of messenger RNA inactivation and protein degradation in an Escherichia coli cell-free expression system. J. Biol. Eng. 2010, 4, 9.
    • (2010) J. Biol. Eng , vol.4 , pp. 9
    • Shin, J.1    Noireaux, V.2
  • 61
    • 0036801396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electron transfer in DNA
    • Giese, B. Electron transfer in DNA. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2002, 6, 612–618.
    • (2002) Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol , vol.6 , pp. 612-618
    • Giese, B.1
  • 65
    • 0031991779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymerization of beta-amino acids in aqueous solution
    • Liu, R.; Orgel, L.E. Polymerization of beta-amino acids in aqueous solution. Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere 1998, 28, 47–60.
    • (1998) Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere , vol.28 , pp. 47-60
    • Liu, R.1    Orgel, L.E.2
  • 66
    • 0030310454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oligomerization of negatively-charged amino acids by carbonyldiimidazole
    • Hill, A.R., Jr.; Orgel, L.E. Oligomerization of negatively-charged amino acids by carbonyldiimidazole. Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere 1996, 26, 539–545.
    • (1996) Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere , vol.26 , pp. 539-545
    • Hill, A.R.1    Orgel, L.E.2
  • 67
    • 0017169409 scopus 로고
    • N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole-induced peptide formation in aqueous solution
    • Ehler, K.W.; Orgel, L.E. N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole-induced peptide formation in aqueous solution. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1976, 434, 233–243.
    • (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta , vol.434 , pp. 233-243
    • Ehler, K.W.1    Orgel, L.E.2
  • 68
    • 0023083623 scopus 로고
    • Selective emergence and survival of early polypeptides in water
    • Brack, A. Selective emergence and survival of early polypeptides in water. Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere 1987, 17, 367–379.
    • (1987) Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere , vol.17 , pp. 367-379
    • Brack, A.1
  • 69
    • 0001076409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liposome-assisted selective polycondensation of alpha-amino acids and peptides
    • Blocher, M.; Liu, D.J.; Walde, P.; Luisi, P.L. Liposome-assisted selective polycondensation of alpha-amino acids and peptides. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 7332–7334.
    • (1999) Macromolecules , vol.32 , pp. 7332-7334
    • Blocher, M.1    Liu, D.J.2    Walde, P.3    Luisi, P.L.4
  • 70
    • 0034248245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liposome-assisted selective polycondensation of alpha-amino acids and peptides: The case of charged liposomes
    • Blocher, M.; Liu, D.J.; Luisi, P.L. Liposome-assisted selective polycondensation of alpha-amino acids and peptides: The case of charged liposomes. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 5787–5796.
    • (2000) Macromolecules , vol.33 , pp. 5787-5796
    • Blocher, M.1    Liu, D.J.2    Luisi, P.L.3
  • 71
    • 36849148382 scopus 로고
    • Origin of life-the Rna world
    • Gilbert, W. Origin of life-the Rna world. Nature 1986, 319, 618.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.319 , pp. 618
    • Gilbert, W.1
  • 72
    • 0023641361 scopus 로고
    • Oligomerization of 3'-amino-3'deoxyguanosine-5'phosphorimidazolidate on a d(CpCpCpCpC) template
    • Tohidi, M.; Zielinski, W.S.; Chen, C.H.; Orgel, L.E. Oligomerization of 3'-amino-3'deoxyguanosine-5'phosphorimidazolidate on a d(CpCpCpCpC) template. J. Mol. Evol. 1987, 25, 97–99.
    • (1987) J. Mol. Evol , vol.25 , pp. 97-99
    • Tohidi, M.1    Zielinski, W.S.2    Chen, C.H.3    Orgel, L.E.4
  • 73
    • 0031196657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimerization in highly concentrated solutions of phospho-imidazolide activated mononucleotides
    • Kanavarioti, A. Dimerization in highly concentrated solutions of phospho-imidazolide activated mononucleotides. Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere 1997, 27, 357–376.
    • (1997) Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere , vol.27 , pp. 357-376
    • Kanavarioti, A.1
  • 74
    • 0036669327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Montmorillonite catalysis of 30–50 mer oligonucleotides: Laboratory demonstration of potential steps in the origin of the RNA world
    • Ferris, J.P. Montmorillonite catalysis of 30–50 mer oligonucleotides: Laboratory demonstration of potential steps in the origin of the RNA world. Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere 2002, 32, 311–332.
    • (2002) Orig. Life Evol. Biosphere , vol.32 , pp. 311-332
    • Ferris, J.P.1
  • 77
  • 78
    • 0031033975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conversion of light energy to proton potential in liposomes by artificial photosythetic reaction centres
    • Steinberg-Yfrach, G.; Liddell, P.A.; Hung, S.-C.; Moore, A.L.; Gust, D.; Moore, T.A. Conversion of light energy to proton potential in liposomes by artificial photosythetic reaction centres. Nature 1997, 389, 239–241.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.389 , pp. 239-241
    • Steinberg-Yfrach, G.1    Liddell, P.A.2    Hung, S.-C.3    Moore, A.L.4    Gust, D.5    Moore, T.A.6
  • 79
    • 70349553620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemistry, emergent or just complex?
    • Balazs, A.C.; Epstein, I.R. Chemistry, emergent or just complex? Science 2009, 325, 1632–1634.
    • (2009) Science , vol.325 , pp. 1632-1634
    • Balazs, A.C.1    Epstein, I.R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.