The evaluation of children in the primary care setting when sexual abuse is suspected

Pediatrics

Volumn 132, Issue 2, 2013, Pages

  Jenny, Carole ^a   Crawford Jakubiak, James E ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Sexual abuse

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHILD SAFETY; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; CHILD WELFARE; FORENSIC SCIENCE; GENITAL SYSTEM EXAMINATION; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; LABORATORY TEST; MANDATORY REPORTING; MEDICAL HISTORY; MENTAL HEALTH; PEDIATRICIAN; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE;

SEXUAL ABUSE;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE, SEXUAL; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MALE; MANDATORY REPORTING; MEDICAL HISTORY TAKING; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PROFESSIONAL-FAMILY RELATIONS; SELF DISCLOSURE; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES;

EID: 84882245723     PISSN: 00314005     EISSN: 10984275     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-1741     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Kellogg N; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. The evaluation of sexual abuse in children. Pediatrics. 2005;116(2):506-512
2. Sedlak AJ, Mettenburg J, Basena M, et al. Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-4): 2004-2009. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families; 2010. Available at: www.acf.hhs. gov/programs/opre/abuse-neglect/natl-incid/index. html. Accessed November 4, 2012
3. Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG, Hanson RF, Resnick HS, Walker ME. Prevalence, case characteristics, and long-term psychological correlates of child rape among women: a national survey. Child Maltreat. 1999;4(3): 187-200
4. Tjaden P, Thoennes N. Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice; 2000. Available at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/ 183781.pdf. Accessed November 4, 2012
5. Finkelhor D. Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse. Future Child. 1994;4(2):31-53
6. Finkelhor D, Turner H, Ormrod R, Hamby SL. Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth. Pediatrics. 2009;124(5):1411-1423
7. Finkelhor D, Ormrod RK, Turner HA. Lifetime assessment of poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth. Child Abuse Negl. 2009;33(7):403-411
8. Hanson RF, Self-Brown S, Fricker-Elhai AE, Kilpatrick DG, Saunders BE, Resnick HS. The relations between family environment and violence exposure among youth: findings from the national survey of adolescents. Child Maltreat. 2006;11(1):3-15
9. Kogan SM. Disclosing unwanted sexual experiences: results from a national sample of adolescent women. Child Abuse Negl. 2004;28(2):147-165
10. Smith DW, Letourneau EJ, Saunders BE, Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS, Best CL. Delay in disclosure of childhood rape: results from a national survey. Child Abuse Negl. 2000;24 (2):273-287
11. Roesler TA. Reactions to disclosure of childhood sexual abuse. The effect on adult symptoms. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994;182(11): 618-624
12. Jonas S, Bebbington P, McManus S, et al. Sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in England: results from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Psychol Med. 2011;41(4):709-719
13. Deblinger E, Mannarino AP, Cohen JA, Steer RA. A follow-up study of a multisite, randomized, controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45 (12):1474-1484
14. Swanston HY, Plunkett AM, O'Toole BI, Shrimpton S, Parkinson PN, Oates RK. Nine years after child sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2003;27(8):967-984
15. Simon NM, Herlands NN, Marks EH, et al. Childhood maltreatment linked to greater symptom severity and poorer quality of life and function in social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(11):1027-1032
16. Boxer P, Terranova AM. Effects of multiple maltreatment experiences among psychiatrically hospitalized youth. Child Abuse Negl. 2008;32(6):637-647
17. DiLillo D, Guiffre D, Tremblay GC, Peterson L. A closer look at the nature of intimate partner violence reported by women with a history of child sexual abuse. J Interpers Violence. 2001;16(2):116-132
18. Messman-Moore TL, Walsh KL, DiLillo D. Emotion dysregulation and risky sexual behavior in revictimization. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(12):967-976
19. Midei AJ, Matthews KA. Interpersonal violence in childhood as a risk factor for obesity: a systematic review of the literature and proposed pathways. Obes Rev. 2011;12(5):e159-e172
20. Feiring C, Simon VA, Cleland CM. Childhood sexual abuse, stigmatization, internalizing symptoms, and the development of sexual difficulties and dating aggression. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009;77(1):127-137
21. Walker EA, Gelfand AN, Gelfand MD, Katon WJ. Psychiatric diagnoses, sexual and physical victimization, and disability in patients with irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease. Psychol Med. 1995;25(6):1259-1267
22. Finestone HM, Stenn P, Davies F, Stalker C, Fry R, Koumanis J. Chronic pain and health care utilization in women with a history of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2000;24(4):547-556
23. Jones DJ, Runyan DK, Lewis T, et al. Trajectories of childhood sexual abuse and early adolescent HIV/AIDS risk behaviors: the role of other maltreatment, witnessed violence, and child gender. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2010;39(5):667-680
24. Mosack KE, Randolph ME, Dickson-Gomez J, Abbott M, Smith E, Weeks MR. Sexual risk-taking among high-risk urban women with and without histories of childhood sexual abuse: mediating effects of contextual factors. J Child Sex Abuse. 2010;19 (1):43-61
25. Arnow BA, Hart S, Scott C, Dea R, O'Connell L, Taylor CB. Childhood sexual abuse, psychological distress, and medical use among women. Psychosom Med. 1999;61 (6):762-770
26. Topitzes J, Mersky JP, Reynolds AJ. Child maltreatment and adult cigarette smoking: a long-term developmental model. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35(5):484-498
27. Khoury L, Tang YL, Bradley B, Cubells JF, Ressler KJ. Substance use, childhood traumatic experience, and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban civilian population. Depress Anxiety. 2010;27(12):1077-1086
28. Najdowski CJ, Ullman SE. Prospective effects of sexual victimization on PTSD and problem drinking. Addict Behav. 2009;34 (11):965-968
29. Kellogg ND; Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical report: the evaluation of sexual behaviors in children. Pediatrics. 2009;124 (3):992-998
30. Lowen D, Reece RM. Visual Diagnosis of Child Abuse on CD-ROM, 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2008
31. Finkel MA, Giardino AP, eds. Medical Evaluation of Child Sexual Abuse: A Practical Guide, 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2009
32. Reece RM, Christian C, eds. Child Abuse: Medical Diagnosis and Management, 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2008
33. Flaherty EG, Sege RD, Griffith J, et al; PROS network; NMAPedsNet. From suspicion of physical child abuse to reporting: primary care clinician decision-making. Pediatrics. 2008;122(3):611-619
34. Flaherty EG, Jones R, Sege R; Child Abuse Recognition Experience Study Research Group. Telling their stories: primary care practitioners' experience evaluating and reporting injuries caused by child abuse. Child Abuse Negl. 2004;28(9):939-945
35. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. Guidelines for the evaluation of sexual abuse of children: subject review. Pediatrics. 1999;103(1):186-191
36. Young KL, Jones JG, Worthington T, Simpson P, Casey PH. Forensic laboratory evidence in sexually abused children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160 (6):585-588
37. Christian CW, Lavelle JM, De Jong AR, Loiselle J, Brenner L, Joffe M. Forensic evidence findings in prepubertal victims of sexual assault. Pediatrics. 2000;106(1 pt 1): 100-104
38. Thackeray JD, Hornor G, Benzinger EA, Scribano PV. Forensic evidence collection and DNA identification in acute child sexual assault. Pediatrics. 2011;128(2):227-232
39. Girardet R, Bolton K, Lahoti S, et al. Collection of forensic evidence from pediatric victims of sexual assault. Pediatrics. 2011; 128(2):233-238
40. Fajman N, Wright R. Use of antiretroviral HIV post-exposure prophylaxis in sexually abused children and adolescents treated in an inner-city pediatric emergency department. Child Abuse Negl. 2006;30(8): 919-927
41. Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR-12):1-110
42. Lentsch KA, Johnson CF. Do physicians have adequate knowledge of child sexual abuse? The results of two surveys of practicing physicians, 1986 and 1996. Child Maltreat. 2000;5(1):72-78
43. Narayan AP, Socolar RR, St Claire K. Pediatric residency training in child abuse and neglect in the United States. Pediatrics. 2006;117(6):2215-2221
44. Starling SP, Heisler KW, Paulson JF, Youmans E. Child abuse training and knowledge: a national survey of emergency medicine, family medicine, and pediatric residents and program directors. Pediatrics. 2009;123(4). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/123/4/e595
45. Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine. Policy statement: Use of chaperones during the physical examination of the pediatric patient. Pediatrics. 2011;127 (5):991-993
46. Braverman PK, Breech L; Committee on Adolescence. American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical report: gynecologic examination for adolescents in the pediatric office setting. Pediatrics. 2010;126(3):583-590
47. Kaufman M; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence. Care of the adolescent sexual assault victim. Pediatrics. 2008;122(2):462-470
48. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 463: Cervical cancer in adolescents: screening, evaluation, and management. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;116(2 pt 1):469-472
49. Adams JA, Kaplan RA, Starling SP, et al. Guidelines for medical care of children who may have been sexually abused. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007;20(3):163-172
50. Makoroff KL, Brauley JL, Brandner AM, Myers PA, Shapiro RA. Genital examinations for alleged sexual abuse of prepubertal girls: findings by pediatric emergency medicine physicians compared with child abuse trained physicians. Child Abuse Negl. 2002;26(12):1235-1242
51. Adams JA. Guidelines for medical care of children evaluated for suspected sexual abuse: an update for 2008. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2008;20(5):435-441
52. Adams JA, Harper K, Knudson S, Revilla J. Examination findings in legally confirmed child sexual abuse: it's normal to be normal. Pediatrics. 1994;94(3):310-317
53. Muram D. Child sexual abuse: relationship between sexual acts and genital findings. Child Abuse Negl. 1989;13(2):211-216
54. Kellogg ND, Menard SW, Santos A. Genital anatomy in pregnant adolescents: "normal" does not mean "nothing happened." Pediatrics. 2004;113(1 pt 1). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/113/1/e67
55. McCann J, Miyamoto S, Boyle C, Rogers K. Healing of nonhymenal genital injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls: a descriptive study. Pediatrics. 2007;120(5): 1000-1011
56. McCann J, Miyamoto S, Boyle C, Rogers K. Healing of hymenal injuries in prepubertal and adolescent girls: a descriptive study. Pediatrics. 2007;119(5). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/119/5/e1094
57. Girardet RG, Lahoti S, Howard LA, et al. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections in suspected child victims of sexual assault. Pediatrics. 2009;124(1):79-86
58. Whaitiri S, Kelly P. Genital gonorrhoea in children: determining the source and mode of infection. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96(3):247-251
59. Bell TA, Stamm WE, Wang SP, Kuo CC, Holmes KK, Grayston JT. Chronic Chlamydia trachomatis infections in infants. JAMA. 1992;267(3):400-402
60. Hammerschlag MR, Alpert S, Rosner I, et al. Microbiology of the vagina in children: normal and potentially pathogenic organisms. Pediatrics. 1978;62(1):57-62
61. Hammerschlag MR, Guillén CD. Medical and legal implications of testing for sexually transmitted infections in children. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23(3):493-506
62. Lindegren ML, Hanson IC, Hammett TA, Beil J, Fleming PL, Ward JW. Sexual abuse of children: intersection with the HIV epidemic. Pediatrics. 1998;102(4). Available at: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/102/4/E46
63. Black CM, Driebe EM, Howard LA, et al. Multicenter study of nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in children being evaluated for sexual abuse. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28(7): 608-613
64. Brown HL, Fuller DD, Jasper LT, Davis TE, Wright JD. Clinical evaluation of affirm VPIII in the detection and identification of Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Candida species in vaginitis/vaginosis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2004;12(1):17-21
65. US Food and Drug Administration. ORA Laboratory Procedure, vol. II: Methods. Method Verification and Validation. Version No 1.5. Silver Spring, MD: US Food and Drug Administration; 2003
66. Bachmann LH, Johnson RE, Cheng H, et al. Nucleic acid amplification tests for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis rectal infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(5):1827-1832
67. Schachter J, Moncada J, Liska S, Shayevich C, Klausner JD. Nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of chlamydial and gonococcal infections of the oropharynx and rectum in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35(7):637-642
68. Giannini CM, Kim HK, Mortensen J, Mortensen J, Marsolo K, Huppert J. Culture of non-genital sites increases the detection of gonorrhea in women. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2010;23(4): 246-252
69. Leventhal JM, Murphy JL, Asnes AG. Evaluations of child sexual abuse: recognition of overt and latent family concerns. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(5):289-295
70. Everson MD, Hunter WM, Runyon DK, Edelsohn GA, Coulter ML. Maternal support following disclosure of incest. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1989;59(2):197-207
71. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Deblinger EM. Treating Trauma and Traumatic Grief in Children and Adolescents. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2006