South Africa and the International Criminal Court

Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law

Volumn 6, Issue , 2002, Pages 345-366

  Strydom, Hennie ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84882170069     PISSN: 13894633     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1163/18757413-00601007     Document Type: Article

References (110)

1. S v Petane 1988 (3) SA 51 (C). The previous government never ratified the Protocols in view of the fact that members of the ANC's military wing could claim prisoner of war status under the Protocols. See also J. Dugard, International Law: A South African Perspective, 2000, 29 et seq.
2. South Africa has ratified the following international human rights instruments: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (10 December 1998); International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (10 December 1998); Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (14 December 1995); Convention on the Rights of the Child (16 June 1995); Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (10 December 1998), and the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (10 December 1998). The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was signed on 3 October 1994, but not ratified yet.
3. The Protocols were ratified on 11 November 1995 and at the time of writing the Department of Defence was in the process of developing draft implementation legislation for the Geneva Conventions and Protocols. The Bill has already been approved by the Cabinet and was put on Parliament's legislative agenda for 2001.
4. 5 See for instance J. Dugard, Human Rights and the South African Legal Order, 1978; A.S. Mathews, Law Order and Liberty in South Africa, 1971.
5. 6 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996. For present purposes reference will only be made to the 1996 Constitution.
6. 7 According to section 199(1) of the Constitution "the security services of the Republic of South Africa consist of a single defence force, a single police service and any intelligence services established in terms of the Constitution."
7. 8 Section 198(c) of the Constitution.
8. 9 Section 199(5), ibid.
9. 10 Section 199(6), ibid.
10. 11 Section 200(2), ibid.
11. Section 232, ibid.
12. Dugard, see note 1, 52.
13. Section 231(1) and (2) of the Constitution.
14. Section 231(4) of the Constitution. Excluded from the operation of this sub-section are the self-executing provisions of an agreement. Such agreements have legal effect in South Africa even in the absence of implementing legislation unless they are inconsistent with the Constitution or an Act of Parliament.
15. Section 231(3) of the Constitution.
16. 17 Section 39(1)(b) of the Constitution.
17. 18 S v Makwanyane 1995 (3) SA 391 (CC), at 413, 414.
18. 19 Notice 2216/1999, Government Gazette 20518, of 4 October 1999.
19. 20 Ibid., 21.
20. 21 In the case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa is a contributor of military personnel to the UN Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) which is also authorised by S/RES/1291 (2000) of 24 February 2000 to take the necessary action, in the areas of deployment of its infantry battalions to protect United Nations and other personnel, facilities, installations, and equipment and to ensure the security and freedom of movement of personnel. See also S/RES/1355 (2001) of 15 June 2001.
21. 22 See Doc. S/2001/1076 of 14 November 2001, para. 16(h)-(i) and 19.
22. 23 Doc. ST/SGB/1999/13; ILM 38 (1999), 1656 et seq.
23. 24 Section 2.
24. 25 Section 4.
25. 26 Clauses 2(1) and 3(a) of the ICC Bill.
26. Other methods used by the South African legislature are: by embodying the provisions of a treaty in the text of an Act of Parliament or by giving the executive the power to bring a treaty into effect in the domestic law of the country by means of notice or proclamation in the Government Gazette.
27. 28 Clauses 3(c) and (d) of the ICC Bill.
28. 29 Clause 3(d) of the ICC Bill read with section 166(c) to (e) of the Constitution.
29. 30 Clause 4(1) of the ICC Bill.
30. 31 Freedom of Expression Institute and Others v President, Ordinary Court Martial, and Others 1999 (2) SA 471 (C).
31. 32 See Chapter 2 of Act 16 of 1999.
32. 33 See sections 21 and 22 of Act 16 of 1999.
33. 34 Minister of Defence v Potsane: Legal Soldier (Pty) Ltd v Minister of Defence Case CCT 14/01 and CCT 29/01 of 5 October 2001, para. 26.
34. 35 Ibid., para. 38.
35. 36 Ibid., 30.
36. 37 Clause 4(3) and (4) of the ICC Bill.
37. 38 Clause 1 (iv) and 4(1) of the ICC Bill.
38. 39 See also B. Broomhall, "The International Criminal Court: Overview and Co-operation with States", in: Association International De Droit Penal (ed.), ICC Ratification and National Implementing Legislation, 1999, 45 et seq., (84).
39. 40 See also J.D. van der Vyver, "Personal and Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court", Emory International Law Review 14 (2000), let seq.;
40. G.M. Danilenko, "The Statute of the International Criminal Court and Third States", Mich. J. Int'l L. 21 (2000), 445 et seq., (458);
41. F. Lattanzi, "The Rome Statute and State Sovereignty", in: F. Lattanzi/ W. Schabas (eds), Essays on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Vol. 1, 1999, 51 et seq.;
42. W. Schabas, An Introduction to the International Criminal Court, 2001, 54 et seq.;
43. K. Ddrmann, "War Crimes in the Elements of Crimes", in: H. Fischer/ C. Krefi/ S.R. Liider, Bochumer Schriften zur Friedensicherung und zum Humanitdren Volkerrecht, Bd. 44, 2001, 95 et seq.
44. 41 Clause 4(2) of the ICC Bill. Cf article 12(2) of the ICC Statute.
45. 42 As regards this issue in the ICC Statute see A. Zimmermann, "The Creation of a Permanent International Criminal Court", Max Planck UNYB 2 (1998), 169 et seq.
46. 43 Doc. PCNICC/2000/l/Add.2 of 2 November 2000.
47. 44 Article 9 of the ICC Statute.
48. 45 Clause l(xv) of the ICC Bill. The Bill (s l(xiv)) further mentions the Rules of Procedure and Evidence referred to in article 51 of the ICC Statute but remains silent on the Elements of Crimes. See also S.S. Maqungo, "Implementing the ICC Statute in South Africa", in: C. Krefi/ R Latanzi (eds), The Rome Statute and Domestic Legal Orders, Vol. 1, 2000, 183 et seq., (186, 187).
49. 46 In the Constitutional Court case of Harksen v President of the Republic of South Africa 2000 (2) SA 825 (CC) it was decided that section 231 of the Constitution had in mind instruments that are intended to create international legal rights and obligations between the parties.
50. 47 Clause 37 of the ICC Bill.
51. 48 In the case of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Assn of South Africa: In re Ex Parte President of the Republic of South Africa 2000 (2) SA 674 (CC), at 687 the Constitutional Court stated in unequivocal terms that the doctrine of legality is an incident of the rule of law which is one of the foundational values of the South African Constitution, and that it requires that all public power must comply with that principle. See also I. Caracciolo, "Applicable Law", in: F. Latanzi/ W. Schabas, (eds), Essays on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Vol. 1, 1999, 211 et seq., (230, 231);
52. C. KrefS, Vom Nutzen eines deutschen Volkerstrafgesetzbuchs, 2000, 2 et seq. and the German Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Einfiihrung des Volkerstrafgesetzbuchs of 19 April 2001.
53. Caracciolo, see note 48, 226.
54. Article 17 of the ICC Statute. Also Zimmermann, see note 42, 219 et seq. See also R. Wedgwood, "National Courts and the Prosecution of War Crimes", in: G.K. McDonald/ S. Swaak-Goldman, Substantive and Procedural Aspects ofInternational Criminal Law, Vol. 1, 2000, 389 et seq., (407 et seq.).
55. See also article 15(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
56. Azanian Peoples Organisation (AZAPO) v President of the Republic of South Africa 1996 (4) SA 671 (CC).
57. Also Dugard, see note 1, 63;
58. J. Dugard, "Retrospective Justice: International Law and the South African Model", in: A.J. McAdams (ed.), Transitional Justice and the Rule of Law in New Democracies, 1997, 269 et seq., (279 et seq.).
59. Apart from South Africa only Botswana (8 September 2000);
60. Benin (22 January 2002);
61. Central African Republic (3 October 2001);
62. Ghana (20 December 1999);
63. Gabon (20 September 2000); Lesotho (6 September 2000);
64. Mali (16 August 2000); Nigeria (27 September 2001);
65. Senegal (2 February 1999) and Sierra Leone (15 September 2000) have ratified the Statute. See Doc. S/2000/915 of 4 October 2000, para. 12.
66. See R. Brody/ H. Duffy, "Prosecuting Torture Universally: Hissene Habre, Africa's Pinochet?", in: Fischer/ Krefi/ Liider, see note 40, 817 et seq. Seewww.hrw.org/press/2001/03/habre0320.htm
67. Cf. also Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic ofCongo v Belgium), ICJ Case No. 121 of 14 February 2002.
68. Article 86 of the ICC Statute.
69. Article 88 ibid.
70. 62 See article 87(l)(a) ibid.
71. 63 See clause 8 read with clause l(i) if the ICC Bill.
72. 64 See article 91(2) and (3) of the ICC Statute.
73. 65 Clause 8(1) of the ICC Bill.
74. 66 See especially section 7 of this Act. The purpose of this Act is to facilitate the provision of evidence and the execution of sentences in criminal cases and the confiscation and transfer of the proceeds of crime between the Republic and foreign states.
75. 67 See article 91(2)(c) of the ICC Statute.
76. 68 Clause 8(2) of the ICC Bill.
77. 69 Clause 10(8) ibid.
78. 70 Clause 10(1) ibid.
79. 71 Clause 10(4) ibid.
80. 72 Clause 10(9) ibid.
81. 73 See also D. Rinoldi/ N. Parisi, "International Co-operation and Judicial Assistance between the International Criminal Court and States Parties", in: Lattanzi/ Schabas, see note 48, 339 et seq.
82. 74 Clause 15 of the ICC Bill.
83. 75 Clause 16 ibid.
84. 76 Clause 20 ibid.
85. 77 Clauses 22-29 ibid.
86. 78 Clause 30 ibid.
87. 79 Clause 31 ibid.
88. 80 Clause 17 ibid.
89. 81 Clause 30 ibid.
90. 82 See also G.E. Edwards, "International Human Rights Law Challenges to the New International Criminal Court: The Search and Seizure Right to Privacy", Yale J. Int'l L. 26 (2001), 323 et seq.
91. 83 Mistry v Interim Medical and Dental Council of South Africa 1998 (4) SA 1127 (CC).
92. 84 Section 35(5) of the Constitution.
93. 5 1996(4)SA187(CC).
94. 86 Ibid., 195A.
95. 87 Ibid., 196A-B.
96. 88 Article 93 (3) of the ICC Statute.
97. See also H. Duffy/ J. Huston, "Implementation of the ICC Statute: International Obligations and Constitutional Considerations", in: C. Krefi/ F. Lattanzi (eds), The Rome Statute and Domestic Legal Orders, Vol. 1, 2000, 29 et seq., (35 et seq.).
98. Section 37(5) of the Constitution.
99. See also R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate: Ex Parte Pinochet Ugarte (No. 3) [1999] 2 All ER 577 (HL).
100. Clause 32(1) of the ICC Bill.
101. 93 Clause 32(2) ibid.
102. 94 2000 (2) SA 825 (CC).
103. 95 Section 231(3) of the Constitution.
104. 96 N. Botha, "Treaty-making in South Africa: A reassessment", South African Yearbook of International Law 25 (2000), 69 et seq., (76, 77).
105. Clause 32(3) of the ICC Bill.
106. Botha, see note 96, 77, 78.
107. See also D.N. Nsereko, "Implementing the ICC Statute within the South African Region", in: Krefi/ Lattanzi, see note 89, 169.
108. See also H.A. Strydom/ S. du Toit, "Transnational Crime: The Southern African Response", South African Yearbook of International Law 23 (1998), 116 etseq., (128).
109. www.irinnews.org/reports
110. Nsereko, see note 99, 181.