IFN-g release assays in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection among immunocompromised adults

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 188, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 422-431

  Redelman Sidi, Gil ^a   Sepkowitz, Kent A ^a  

^a MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

IFN g release assays; Immunocompromised host; Latent tuberculosis; QuantiFERON Gold In Tube; T SPOT.TB

Indexed keywords

GAMMA INTERFERON; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA INHIBITOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADULT; CONTROLLED STUDY; GRAFT RECIPIENT; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; INTERFERON GAMMA RELEASE ASSAY; KIDNEY FAILURE; LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUBERCULIN TEST; TUBERCULOSIS; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; BLOOD; COMORBIDITY; HIV INFECTIONS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; LATENT TUBERCULOSIS; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RISK FACTOR; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DRUG ANTAGONISM;

COMORBIDITY; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; INTERFERON-GAMMA; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; LATENT TUBERCULOSIS; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; RISK FACTORS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 84881664574     PISSN: 1073449X     EISSN: 15354970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201209-1621CI     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control: WHO report 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
2. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, Baum SG, Litman N, Weiss LM. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2010.
3. Vynnycky E, Fine PE. Lifetime risks, incubation period, and serial interval of tuberculosis. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:247-263.
4. Horsburgh CR Jr. Priorities for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in the United States. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2060-2067.
5. International Union against Tuberculosis Committee on Prophylaxis. Efficacy of various durations of isoniazid preventive therapy for tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. Bull World Health Organ 1982;60:555-564.
6. Bush OB Jr, Sugimoto M, Fujii Y, Brown FA Jr. Isoniazid prophylaxis in contacts of persons with known tuberculosis: second report. Am Rev Respir Dis 1965;92:732-740.
7. Huebner RE, Schein MF, Bass JB Jr. The tuberculin skin test. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:968-975.
8. Antonucci G, Girardi E, Raviglione MC, Ippolito G; Gruppo Italiano di Studio Tubercolosi e AIDS (GISTA). Risk factors for tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons: a prospective cohort study. JAMA 1995; 274:143-148.
9. Akolo C, Adetifa I, Shepperd S, Volmink J. Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in HIV infected persons. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [serial on the Internet]. 2010 [accessed 2013 Jul];1:CD000171. Available from: http://summaries.cochrane.org/
10. Menzies D, Pai M, Comstock G. Meta-analysis: new tests for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: areas of uncertainty and recommendations for research. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:340-354.
11. Pai M, Zwerling A, Menzies D. Systematic review: T-cell-based assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection: an update. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:177-184.
12. Mazurek GH, Jereb J, Vernon A, LoBue P, Goldberg S, Castro K. Updated guidelines for using interferon g release assays to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection - United States, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010;59:1-25.
13. Andersen P, Munk ME, Pollock JM, Doherty TM. Specific immunebased diagnosis of tuberculosis. Lancet 2000;356:1099-1104.
14. de Perio MA, Tsevat J, Roselle GA, Kralovic SM, Eckman MH. Cost- effectiveness of interferon g release assays vs tuberculin skin tests in health care workers. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:179-187.
15. Diel R, Nienhaus A, Loddenkemper R. Cost-effectiveness of interferong release assay screening for latent tuberculosis infection treatment in Germany. Chest 2007;131:1424-1434.
16. Marra F, Marra CA, Sadatsafavi M, Moran-Mendoza O, Cook V, Elwood RK, Morshed M, Brunham RC, Fitzgerald JM. Cost- effectiveness of a new interferon-based blood assay, QuantiFERON-TB Gold, in screening tuberculosis contacts. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008;12: 1414-1424.
17. Diel R, Wrighton-Smith P, Zellweger JP. Cost-effectiveness of interferon-g release assay testing for the treatment of latent tuberculosis. Eur Respir J 2007;30:321-332.
18. Machingaidze S, Verver S, Mulenga H, Abrahams DA, Hatherill M, Hanekom W, Hussey GD, Mahomed H. Predictive value of recent QuantiFERON conversion for tuberculosis disease in adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012;186:1051-1056.
19. Rangaka MX, Wilkinson KA, Glynn JR, Ling D, Menzies D, Mwansa- Kambafwile J, Fielding K, Wilkinson RJ, Pai M. Predictive value of interferon-g release assays for incident active tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2012;12:45-55.
20. Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Niemann S, Meywald-Walter K, Nienhaus A. Negative and positive predictive value of a whole-blood interferong release assay for developing active tuberculosis: an update. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:88-95.
21. Diel R, Loddenkemper R, Nienhaus A. Predictive value of interferon-g release assays and tuberculin skin testing for progression from latent TB infection to disease state: a meta-analysis. Chest 2012;142:63-75.
22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV surveillance - United States, 1981-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60: 689-693.
23. Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, Therneau TM, Gabriel SE. Is the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis rising? Results from Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1955-2007. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62:1576-1582.
24. Kappelman MD, Moore KR, Allen JK, Cook SF. Recent trends in the prevalence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in a commercially insured US population. Dig Dis Sci 2013;58:519-525.
25. Helmick CG, Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Gabriel S, Hirsch R, Kwoh CK, Liang MH, Kremers HM, Mayes MD, Merkel PA, et al.; National Arthritis Data Workgroup. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part I. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:15-25.
26. Lawrence RC, Felson DT, Helmick CG, Arnold LM, Choi H, Deyo RA, Gabriel S, Hirsch R, Hochberg MC, Hunder GG, et al.; National Arthritis Data Workgroup. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:26-35.
27. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse. Kidney disease statistics for the United States [accessed 2013 Jul]. Available from: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/KUDiseases/pubs/kustats/ KU-Diseases-Stats-508.pdf
28. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012;62:10-29.
29. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR), Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, Division of Transplantation. OPTN/SRTR 2010 annual data report, 2011 [accessed 2012 Sep 7]. Available from: http://srtr.transplant.hrsa.gov/annual-reports/ 2010/ chapter-index.htm
30. Shams H, Weis SE, Klucar P, Lalvani A, Moonan PK, Pogoda JM, Ewer K, Barnes PF. Enzyme-linked immunospot and tuberculin skin testing to detect latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:1161-1168.
31. Rooney JJ Jr, Crocco JA, Kramer S, Lyons HA. Further observations on tuberculin reactions in active tuberculosis. Am J Med 1976;60: 517-522.
32. Holden M, Dubin MR, Diamond PH. Frequency of negative intermediatestrength tuberculin sensitivity in patients with active tuberculosis.NEngl J Med 1971;285:1506-1509.
33. Corbett EL, Watt CJ, Walker N, Maher D, Williams BG, Raviglione MC, Dye C. The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:1009- 1021.
34. Markowitz N, Hansen NI, Wilcosky TC, Hopewell PC, Glassroth J, Kvale PA, Mangura BT, Osmond D, Wallace JM, Rosen MJ, et al.; Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection Study Group. Tuberculin and anergy testing in HIV-seropositive and HIVseronegative persons. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:185-193.
35. Fisk TL, Hon HM, Lennox JL, Fordham von Reyn C, Horsburgh CR Jr. Detection of latent tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2003;17: 1102-1104.
36. Santin M, Casas S, Saumoy M, Andreu A, Moure R, Alcaide F, Ferrer E, Podzamczer D. Detection of latent tuberculosis by the tuberculin skin test and a whole-blood interferon-g release assay, and the development of active tuberculosis in HIV-seropositive persons. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;69:59-65.
37. Talati NJ, Gonzalez-Diaz E, Mutemba C, Wendt J, Kilembe W, Mwananyanda L, Chomba E, Allen S, del Rio C, Blumberg HM. Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection among HIV discordant partners using interferon g release assays. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11: 264.
38. Luetkemeyer AF, Charlebois ED, Flores LL, Bangsberg DR, Deeks SG, Martin JN, Havlir DV. Comparison of an interferon-g release assay with tuberculin skin testing in HIV-infected individuals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;175:737-742.
39. Balcells ME, Perez CM, Chanqueo L, LassoM, VillanuevaM, Espinoza M, Villarroel L, Garcia P. A comparative study of two different methods for the detection of latent tuberculosis in HIV-positive individuals in Chile. Int J Infect Dis 2008;12:645-652.
40. Brock I, Ruhwald M, Lundgren B, Westh H, Mathiesen LR, Ravn P. Latent tuberculosis in HIV positive, diagnosed by the M. tuberculosis specific interferon-g test. Respir Res 2006;7:56.
41. Elzi L, Steffen I, Furrer H, Fehr J, Cavassini M, Hirschel B, Hoffmann M, Bernasconi E, Bassetti S, Battegay M. Improved sensitivity of an interferon-g release assay (T-SPOT.TB™) in combination with tuberculin skin test for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis in the presence of HIV co-infection. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:319.
42. Jones S, de Gijsel D, Wallach FR, Gurtman AC, Shi Q, Sacks H. Utility of quantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube testing for latent TB infection in HIV-infected individuals. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007;11: 1190-1195.
43. Aichelburg MC, Rieger A, Breitenecker F, Pfistershammer K, Tittes J, Eltz S, Aichelburg AC, Stingl G, Makristathis A, Kohrgruber N. Detection and prediction of active tuberculosis disease by a wholeblood interferon-g release assay in HIV-1-infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:954-962.
44. Richeldi L, Losi M, D'Amico R, Luppi M, Ferrari A, Mussini C, Codeluppi M, Cocchi S, Prati F, Paci V, et al. Performance of tests for latent tuberculosis in different groups of immunocompromised patients. Chest 2009;136:198-204.
45. Aichelburg MC, Tittes J, Breitenecker F, Reiberger T, Kohrgruber N, Rieger A. Prognostic value of indeterminate interferon-g release assay results in HIV-1-infection. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:2767-2769.
46. Stephan C, Wolf T, Goetsch U, Bellinger O, Nisius G, Oremek G, Rakus Z, Gottschalk R, Stark S, Brodt HR, et al. Comparing QuantiFERON-Tuberculosis Gold, T-SPOT tuberculosis and tuberculin skin test in HIV-infected individuals from a low prevalence tuberculosis country. AIDS 2008;22:2471-2479.
47. Kim YJ, Kim SI, Kim YR, Wie SH, Park YJ, Kang MW. Predictive value of interferon-g ELISPOT assay in HIV 1-infected patients in an intermediate tuberculosis-endemic area. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012;28:1038-1043.
48. Girardi E, Palmieri F, Zaccarelli M, Tozzi V, Trotta MP, Selva C, Narciso P, Petrosillo N, Antinori A, Ippolito G. High incidence of tuberculin skin test conversion among HIV-infected individuals who have a favourable immunological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2002;16:1976-1979.
49. Kaplan JE, Benson C, Holmes KH, Brooks JT, Pau A, Masur H; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 2009;58:1-207; quiz CE1-CE4.
50. Cattamanchi A, Smith R, Steingart KR, Metcalfe JZ, Date A, Coleman C, Marston BJ, Huang L, Hopewell PC, Pai M. Interferon-g release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in HIVinfected individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011;56:230-238.
51. Garrett D, Katz D, Chideya S. Prospective comparison of the tuberculin skin test and interferon-g release assays in diagnosing infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and in predicting progression to tuberculosis. In: Clinicaltrials.Gov [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine; 2012 [accessed 2013 Jul]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT01622140
52. Baronnet L, Barnetche T, Kahn V, Lacoin C, Richez C, Schaeverbeke T. Incidence of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Joint Bone Spine 2011;78:279-284.
53. Yamada T, Nakajima A, Inoue E, Tanaka E, Hara M, Tomatsu T, Kamatani N, Yamanaka H. Increased risk of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Japan. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:1661-1663.
54. Aberra FN, Stettler N, Brensinger C, Lichtenstein GR, Lewis JD. Risk for active tuberculosis in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:1070-1075.
55. Tubach F, Salmon D, Ravaud P, Allanore Y, Goupille P, Bréban M, Pallot-Prades B, Pouplin S, Sacchi A, Chichemanian RM, et al.; Research Axed on Tolerance of Biotherapies Group. Risk of tuberculosis is higher with anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody therapy than with soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor therapy: the three-year prospective French Research Axed on Tolerance of Biotherapies Registry. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:1884- 1894.
56. Gómez-Reino JJ, Carmona L, Valverde VR, Mola EM, Montero MD; BIOBADASER Group. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors may predispose to significant increase in tuberculosis risk: a multicenter active-surveillance report. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:2122-2127.
57. Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, Mirabile-Levens E, Kasznica J, Schwieterman WD, Siegel JN, Braun MM. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor a-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1098-1104.
58. Wallis RS, Broder MS, Wong JY, Hanson ME, Beenhouwer DO. Granulomatous infectious diseases associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1261-1265.
59. Carmona L, Gómez-Reino JJ, Rodríguez-Valverde V, Montero D, Pascual-Gómez E, Mola EM, Carreno L, Figueroa M; BIOBADASER Group. Effectiveness of recommendations to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection in patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:1766-1772.
60. Bartalesi F, Vicidomini S, Goletti D, Fiorelli C, Fiori G, Melchiorre D, Tortoli E, Mantella A, Benucci M, Girardi E, Cerinic MM, Bartoloni A. QuantiFERON-TB Gold and the TST are both useful for latent tuberculosis infection screening in autoimmune diseases. Eur Respir J 2009;33:586-593.
61. Matulis G, Jüni P, Villiger PM, Gadola SD. Detection of latent tuberculosis in immunosuppressed patients with autoimmune diseases: performance of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen-specific interferon g assay. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67:84-90.
62. Vassilopoulos D, Tsikrika S, Hatzara C, Podia V, Kandili A, Stamoulis N, Hadziyannis E. Comparison of two g interferon release assays and tuberculin skin testing for tuberculosis screening in a cohort of patients with rheumatic diseases starting anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011;18:2102-2108.
63. Laffitte E, Janssens JP, Roux-Lombard P, Thielen AM, Barde C, Marazza G, Panizzon RG, Saurat JH. Tuberculosis screening in patients with psoriasis before antitumour necrosis factor therapy: comparison of an interferon-g release assay vs. tuberculin skin test. Br J Dermatol 2009;161:797-800.
64. Kleinert S, Kurzai O, Elias J, Marten K, Engelke C, Feuchtenberger M, Sandstede J, Frosch M, Tony HP, Kneitz C. Comparison of two interferon-g release assays and tuberculin skin test for detecting latent tuberculosis in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:782-784.
65. Casas S, Andreu A, Juanola X, Bordas X, Alcaide F, Moure R, Anibarro L, Cuchí E, Esteve M, Ortiz V, et al. Diagnosis of tuberculosis infection by tuberculin skin test and a whole-blood interferon-g release assay in patients considered for anti-tumor necrosis factor-a therapy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011;71:57-65.
66. Martin J, Walsh C, Gibbs A, McDonnell T, Fearon U, Keane J, Codd MB, Dodd J, Veale D, Fitzgerald O, et al. Comparison of interferon g release assays and conventional screening tests before tumour necrosis factor a blockade in patients with inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:181-185.
67. Kleinert S, Tony HP, Krueger K, Detert J, Mielke F, Rockwitz K, Schwenke R, Burmester GR, Diel R, Feuchtenberger M, et al. Screening for latent tuberculosis infection: performance of tuberculin skin test and interferon-g release assays under real-life conditions. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:1791-1795.
68. Vassilopoulos D, Stamoulis N, Hadziyannis E, Archimandritis AJ. Usefulness of enzyme-linked immunospot assay (Elispot) compared to tuberculin skin testing for latent tuberculosis screening in rheumatic patients scheduled for anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment. J Rheumatol 2008;35:1271-1276.
69. Greveson K, Goodhand J, Capocci S, Woodward S, Murray C, Cropley I, HamiltonM, Lipman M. Yield and cost effectiveness of mycobacterial infection detection using a simple IGRA-based protocol in UK subjects with inflammatory bowel disease suitable for anti-TNFa therapy. J Crohn's Colitis 2013;7:412-418.
70. Ponce de Leon D, Acevedo-Vasquez E, Alvizuri S, Gutierrez C, Cucho M, Alfaro J, Perich R, Sanchez-Torres A, Pastor C, Sanchez- Schwartz C, et al. Comparison of an interferon-g assay with tuberculin skin testing for detection of tuberculosis (TB) infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a TB-endemic population. J Rheumatol 2008;35: 776-781.
71. Gogus F, Günendi Z, Karakus R, Erdogan Z, Hizel K, Atalay F. Comparison of tuberculin skin test and QuantiFERON-TB gold in tube test in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases living in a tuberculosis endemic population. Clin Exp Med 2010;10:173-177.
72. Sauzullo I, Mengoni F, Scrivo R, Valesini G, Potenza C, Skroza N, Marocco R, Lichtner M, Vullo V, Mastroianni CM. Evaluation of quantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube in human immunodeficiency virus infection and in patient candidates for anti-tumour necrosis factor-a treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2010;14:834-840.
73. Ramos JM, Masiá M, Rodríguez JC, López C, Padilla S, Robledano C, Navarro-Blasco FJ, Matarredona J, García-Sepulcre MF, Gutiérrez F. Negative effect of immunosuppressive therapy in the performance of the QuantiFERON Gold In-Tube test in patients with immunemediated inflammatory diseases. Clin Exp Med 2013;13:177-186.
74. Bocchino M, Matarese A, Bellofiore B, Giacomelli P, Santoro G, Balato N, Castiglione F, Scarpa R, Perna F, Signoriello G, Galati D, Ponticiello A, Sanduzzi A. Performance of two commercial blood IFN-g release assays for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in patient candidates for anti-TNF-a treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;27:907-913.
75. Mínguez S, Latorre I,Mateo L, Lacoma A, Diaz J, Olivé A, Domínguez J. Interferon-g release assays in the detection of latent tuberculosis infection in patients with inflammatory arthritis scheduled for anti- tumour necrosis factor treatment. Clin Rheumatol 2012;31:785-794.
76. Kim JH, Cho SK, Han M, Choi CB, Kim TH, Jun JB, Bae SC, Yoo DH, Sung YK. Factors influencing discrepancies between the QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube test and the tuberculin skin test in Korean patients with rheumatic diseases. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013;42:424-432.
77. Papay P, Primas C, Eser A, Novacek G, Winkler S, Frantal S, Angelberger S, Mikulits A, Dejaco C, Kazemi-Shirazi L, et al. Retesting for latent tuberculosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with TNF-a inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;36:858-865.
78. Chen DY, Shen GH, Chen YM, Chen HH, Hsieh CW, Lan JL. Biphasic emergence of active tuberculosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving TNFa inhibitors: the utility of IFNg assay. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71:231-237.
79. Kim KH, Lee SW, Chung WT, Kim BG, Woo KS, Han JY, Kim JM. Serial interferon-g release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in patients treated with immunosuppressive agents. Korean J Lab Med 2011;31:271-278.
80. Dobler CC, McDonald SP, Marks GB. Risk of tuberculosis in dialysis patients: a nationwide cohort study. PLoS One 2011;6:e29563.
81. Smirnoff M, Patt C, Seckler B, Adler JJ. Tuberculin and anergy skin testing of patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Chest 1998;113: 25-27.
82. Chung WK, Zheng ZL, Sung JY, Kim S, Lee HH, Choi SJ, Yang J. Validity of interferon-g-release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis in haemodialysis patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16:960-965.
83. Triverio PA, Bridevaux PO, Roux-Lombard P, Niksic L, Rochat T, Martin PY, Saudan P, Janssens JP. Interferon-g release assays versus tuberculin skin testing for detection of latent tuberculosis in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009;24: 1952-1956.
84. Hoffmann M, Tsinalis D, Vernazza P, Fierz W, Binet I. Assessment of an interferon-g release assay for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in haemodialysis patient. Swiss Med Wkly 2010;140:286- 292.
85. Lee SS, Chou KJ, Dou HY, Huang TS, Ni YY, Fang HC, Tsai HC, Sy CL, Chen JK, Wu KS, et al. High prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in dialysis patients using the interferon-g release assay and tuberculin skin test. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:1451-1457.
86. Maden E, Bekci TT, Kesli R, Atalay H, Teke T, Solak Y, Turk S, Uzun K, Koylu R. Evaluation of performance of QuantiFERON assay and tuberculin skin test in end stage renal disease patients receiving hemodialysis. New Microbiol 2011;34:351-356.
87. Seyhan EC, Sokucu S, Altin S, Gunluoglu G, Trablus S, Yilmaz D, Koksalan OK, Issever H. Comparison of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube test with the tuberculin skin test for detecting latent tuberculosis infection in hemodialysis patients. Transpl Infect Dis 2010;12:98-105.
88. Passalent L, Khan K, Richardson R, Wang J, Dedier H, Gardam M. Detecting latent tuberculosis infection in hemodialysis patients: a head-to-head comparison of the T-SPOT.TB test, tuberculin skin test, and an expert physician panel. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;2: 68-73.
89. Soysal A, Toprak D, Koc M, Arikan H, Akoglu E, Bakir M. Diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection in haemodialysis patients: T-cell based assay (T-SPOT.TB) or tuberculin skin test? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012;27:1645-1650.
90. Rogerson TE, Chen S, Kok J, Hayen A, Craig JC, Sud K, Kable K, Webster AC. Tests for latent tuberculosis in people with ESRD: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis 2013;61:33-43.
91. Shu CC, Wu VC, Yang FJ, Pan SC, Lai TS, Wang JY, Wang JT, Lee LN. Predictors and prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. PLoS One 2012;7:e42592.
92. Chung WK, Zheng ZL, Kim HS, Park JW, Lee HJ, Chang JH, Jeong JY, Kim S, Lee HH, Yang J. Serial testing of interferon-g-release assays for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis in hemodialysis patients. J Infect 2010;61:144-149.
93. Kamboj M, Sepkowitz KA. The risk of tuberculosis in patients with cancer. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1592-1595.
94. Munoz P, Rodriguez C, Bouza E. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in recipients of solid organ transplants. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:581- 587.
95. Piana F, Codecasa LR, Cavallerio P, Ferrarese M, Migliori GB, Barbarano L, Morra E, Cirillo DM. Use of a T-cell-based test for detection of tuberculosis infection among immunocompromised patients. Eur Respir J 2006;28:31-34.
96. Moon SM, Lee SO, Choi SH, Kim YS, Woo JH, Yoon DH, Suh C, Kim DY, Lee JH, Lee JH, Lee KH, Kim SH. Comparison of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube test with the tuberculin skin test for detecting latent tuberculosis infection before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2013;15: 104-109.
97. Casas S, Munoz L, Moure R, Castellote J, Guerra MR, Gonzalez L, Andreu A, Rafecas AG, Alcaide F, Santin M. Comparison of the 2- step tuberculin skin test and the QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube test for the screening of tuberculosis infection before liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2011;17:1205-1211.
98. Kim SH, Lee SO, Park JB, Park IA, Park SJ, Yun SC, Jung JH, Kim YH, Kim SC, Choi SH, et al. A prospective longitudinal study evaluating the usefulness of a T-cell-based assay for latent tuberculosis infection in kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2011;11: 1927-1935.
99. Kim SY, Jung GS, Kim SK, Chang J, Kim MS, Kim YS, Kang YA, Joo DJ. Comparison of the tuberculin skin test and interferon-g release assay for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection before kidney transplantation. Infection 2013;41:103-110.
100. Theodoropoulos N, Lanternier F, Rassiwala J, McNatt G, Preczewski L, DeMayo E, Stosor V, Ison MG. Use of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold interferon-g release assay for screening transplant candidates: a single-center retrospective study. Transpl Infect Dis 2012; 14:1-8.
101. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Use of interferon-gamma release assays in support of TB diagnosis [accessed 2013 Jul]. Available from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/ 1103-GUI-IGRA.pdf
102. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE). NICE clinical guideline 117. Tuberculosis. Clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control [accessed 2013 Jul] Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/ live/13422/53642/53642.pdf
103. Canadian Tuberculosis Committee. Interferon g release assays for latent tuberculosis infection: an advisory committee statement (ACS). Can Commun Dis Rep 2010;36:1-21.
104. Stop TB Department, Department of HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization. Guidelines for intensified tuberculosis case-finding and isoniazid preventive therapy for people living with HIV in resourceconstrained settings. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
105. Denkinger CM, Dheda K, PaiM. Guidelines on interferon-g release assays for tuberculosis infection: concordance, discordance or confusion? Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17:806-814.
106. Chen J, Sun J, Zhang R, Liu L, Zheng Y, Shen Y, Wang Z, Sun F, Li L, Lu H. T-SPOT.TB in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients with advanced immunodeficiency. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011;27:289-294.
107. Santin M,Munoz L, Rigau D. Interferon-g release assays for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in HIV-infected adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012;7:e32482.
108. van Zyl-Smit RN, Zwerling A, Dheda K, Pai M. Within-subject variability of interferon-g assay results for tuberculosis and boosting effect of tuberculin skin testing: a systematic review. PLoS One 2009;4:e8517.