A conjugate heat and mass transfer model to evaluate the efficiency of conductive cooling for dairy cattle

Transactions of the ASABE

Volumn 56, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 1471-1482

  Mondaca, M ^a   Rojano, F ^b   Choi, C Y ^a   Gebremedhin, K G ^c  

^a University of Wisconsin Madison   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^c Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering   (United States)

Author keywords

Computational fluid dynamics; Cooling; Dairy cow; Heat stress

Indexed keywords

COMPUTATIONAL MODEL; CONVENTIONAL SYSTEMS; DAIRY COW; HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER MODELS; HEAT AND MASS TRANSPORTS; HEAT STRESS; PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS; TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITIES;

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; COOLING; COOLING SYSTEMS; DAIRIES; GLOBAL WARMING; LOSSES; MASS TRANSFER; POPULATION STATISTICS; WATER RESOURCES;

THERMAL STRESS;

CATTLE; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; COOLING; DAIRY FARMING; ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS; GLOBAL WARMING; HEAT TRANSFER; MASS TRANSFER; MILK; POPULATION GROWTH; PREGNANCY; WATER RESOURCE;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 84881655387     PISSN: 21510032     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.13031/trans.56.10178     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Allen, J. D., S. D. Anderson, R. J. Collier, and J. F. Smith. 2013. Managing heat stress and its impact on cow behavior. In Proc. Western Dairy Mgmt. Conf., 150-162. Manhattan, Kans.: Kansas State University, Western Dairy Management Conference.
2. Allen, T., J. Bennett, S. Donegan, and J. Hutchinson. 1970. Moisture, its accumulation and site of evaporation in the coats of sweating cattle. J. Agric. Sci. 74(2): 247-258.
3. ANSYS. 2011. Fluent User's Guide. Canonsburg, Pa.: ANSYS, Inc. Armstrong, D. 1994. Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. J. Dairy Sci. 77(7): 2044-2050.
4. AZMET. 2013. Arizona Meteorological Network. Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona, Department of Soils, Water, and Environmental Science. Available at: Cals.arizona.edu/azmet. Assessed 12 March 2013.
5. Bastian, K., K. Gebremedhin, and N. Scott. 2003. A finite difference model to determine conduction heat loss to a water-filled mattress for dairy cows. Trans. ASAE 46(3): 773-780.
6. Berman, A. 2009. Predicted limits for evaporative cooling in heat stress relief of cattle in warm conditions. J. Animal Sci. 87(10): 3413-3417.
7. Berman, A. 2012. Chapter 1: From heat tolerance to heat stress relief: An evolution of notions in animal farming. In Environmental Physiology of Livestock, 1-16. R. J. Collier and J. L. Collier, eds. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.
8. Bianca, W. 1962a. Relative importance of dry and wet bulb temperatures in causing heat stress in cattle. Nature 195(4838): 251-252.
9. Bianca, W. 1962b. Tolerance to severe heat and the behavior of respiratory minute volume in cattle. Nature 195(4847): 1208-1209.
10. Bitman, J., A. Lefcourt, D. L. Wood, and B. Stroud. 1984. Circadian and ultradian temperature rhythms of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 67(5): 1014-1023.
11. Bohmanova, J., I. Misztal, and J. Cole. 2007. Temperature-humidity indices as indicators of milk production losses due to heat stress. J. Dairy Sci. 90(4): 1947-1956.
12. Buffington, D., R. Collier, and G. Canton. 1983. Shade management systems to reduce heat stress for dairy cows in hot, humid climates. Trans. ASAE 26(6): 1798-1802.
13. Burgos, R., L. Odens, R. Collier, L. Baumgard, and M. VanBaale. 2007. Case study: Evaluation of different cooling systems in lactating heat-stressed dairy cows in a semi-arid environment. Prof. Animal Sci. 23(5): 546-555.
14. Cena, K., and J. Monteith. 1975a. Transfer processes in animal coats: I. Radiative transfer. Proc. Royal Soc. London B 188(1093): 377-393.
15. Cena, K., and J. Monteith. 1975b. Transfer processes in animal coats: II. Conduction and convection. Proc. Royal Soc. London B 188(1093): 395-411.
16. Cena, K., and J. Monteith. 1975c. Transfer processes in animal coats: III. Water vapour diffusion. Proc. Royal Soc. London B 188(1093): 413-423.
17. Choi, C. Y., and S. J. Kim, 1996. Conjugate mixed convection in a channel: Modified five percent deviation rule. Intl. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 39(6): 1223-1234.
18. Choi, C. Y., and P. M. Waller. 1997. Momentum transport mechanism for water flow over porous media. J. Environ. Eng. 123(8): 792-799.
19. Collier, R., J. Collier, R. Rhoads, and L. Baumgard. 2008. Invited review: Genes involved in the bovine heat stress response. J. Dairy Sci. 91(2): 445-454.
20. Cook, N. B., R. L. Mentink, T. B. Bennett, and K. Burgi. 2007. The effect of heat stress and lameness on time budgets of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90(4): 1674-1682.
21. Cosenza, P., R. Guerin, and A. Tabbagh. 2003. Relationship between thermal conductivity and water content of soils using numerical modeling. European J. Soil Sci. 54(3): 581-587.
22. da Silva, R., N. La Scala, and H. Tonhati. 2003. Radiative properties of the skin and haircoat of cattle and other animals. Trans. ASAE 46(3): 913-918.
23. De Rensis, F., and R. J. Scaramuzzi. 2003. Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow: A review. Theriogenology 60(6): 1139-1151.
24. Gatenby, R. M. 1980. Evaporimeter measuring sweat rate of cattle outdoors. J. Thermal Biol. 5(1): 21-27.
25. Gatenby, R. M. 1986. Exponential relation between sweating rate and skin temperature in hot climates. J. Agric. Sci. 106(1): 175-183.
26. Gaughan, J. B., T. L. Mader, and K. G. Gebremedhin. 2012. Chapter 14: Rethinking heat index tools for livestock. In Environmental Physiology of Livestock, 243-265. R. J. Collier and J. L. Collier, eds. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.
27. Gebremedhin, K. G. 1987. Effect of animal orientation with respect to wind direction on convective heat loss. Agric. and Forest Meteorol. 40(2): 199-206.
28. Gebremedhin, K. G. 2012. Chapter 3: Heat stress and evaporative cooling. In Environmental Physiology of Livestock, 35-48. R. J. Collier and J. L. Collier, eds. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.
29. Gebremedhin, K. G., and B. Wu. 2001. A model of evaporative cooling of wet skin surface and fur layer. J. Thermal Biol. 26(6): 537-545.
30. Gebremedhin, K. G., and B. Wu. 2002. Simulation of sensible and latent heat losses from wet skin surface and fur layer. J. Thermal Biol. 27(4): 291-297.
31. Gebremedhin, K., C. Cramer, and W. Porter. 1981. Predictions and measurements of heat production and food and water requirements of Holstein calves in different environments. Trans. ASAE 24(3): 715-720.
32. Gebremedhin, K., W. Porter, and C. Cramer. 1983. Quantitative analysis of the heat exchange through the fur layer of Holstein calves. Trans. ASAE 26(1): 188-193.
33. Gebremedhin, K., W. Porter, and R. Warner. 1984. Heat flow through pelage of calves: A sensitivity analysis. Trans. ASAE 27(4): 1140-1149.
34. Gebremedhin, K. G., P. E. Hillman, C. N. Lee, R. J. Collier, S. T. Willard, J. D. Willard, J. D. Arthington, and T. M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Sweating rates of dairy cows and beef heifers in hot conditions. Trans. ASABE 51(6): 2167-2178.
35. Gebremedhin, K. G., C. N. Lee, P. E. Hillman, and R. J. Collier. 2010. Physiological responses of dairy cows during extended solar exposure. Trans. ASABE 53(1): 239-247.
36. Graßmann, A., and F. Peters. 1999. Experimental investigation of heat conduction in wet sand. Heat and Mass Transfer 35(4): 289-294.
37. Hillman, P. E. 2009. Livestock Energetics and Thermal Environmental Management. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
38. Jiang, M., K. G. Gebremedhin, and L. D. Albright. 2005. Simulation of skin temperature and sensible and latent heat losses through fur layers. Trans. ASAE 48(2): 767-775.
39. Kim, S. J., and C. Y. Choi. 1996. Convective heat transfer in porous and overlying fluid layers heated from below. Intl. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 39(2): 319-329.
40. Kimmel, E., H. Arkin, D. Broday, and A. Berman. 1991. A model of evaporative cooling in a wetted hide. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 49: 227-241.
41. Maia, A. S. C., R. G. da Silva, and C. M. B. Loureiro. 2005. Sensible and latent heat loss from the body surface of Holstein cows in a tropical environment. J. Biometeorol. 50(1): 17-22.
42. McDowell, R., N. Hooven, and J. Camoens. 1976. Effect of climate on performance of Holsteins in first lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 59(5): 965-973.
43. Mears, D., M. Singley, C. Ali, and F. Rupp. 1975. Thermal and physical properties of compost. In 7th Natl. Agric. Waste Mgmt. Conf.: Energy, Agriculture, and Waste Management, 515-527.
44. W. J. Jewell, ed. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Publishers.
45. Norton, T., J. Grant, R. Fallon, and D. W. Sun. 2010. Improving the representation of thermal boundary conditions of livestock during CFD modeling of the indoor environment. Computer and Electronics in Agric. 73(1): 17-36.
46. Pang, Z., B. Li, H. Xin, L. Xi, W. Cao, C. Wang, and W. Li. 2011. Field evaluation of a water-cooled cover for cooling sows in hot and humid climates. Biosystems Eng. 110(4): 413-420.
47. Patankar, S. V. 1980. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing.
48. Rojano, F., M. Mondaca, and C. Y. Choi. 2011. Feasibility of a dual cooling system for dairy cows in Arizona. ASABE Paper No. 1111661. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
49. Romero-Gomez, P., I. Lopez-Cruz, and C. Y. Choi. 2008. Analysis of greenhouse natural ventilation under the environmental conditions of central Mexico. Trans. ASABE 51(5): 1753-1761.
50. Schneider, P., D. Beede, and C. Wilcox. 1988. Nycterohemeral patterns of acid-base status, mineral concentrations, and digestive function of lactating cows in natural or chamber heat stress environments. J. Animal Sci. 66(1): 112-125.
51. Smits, K., T. Sakaki, A. Limsuwat, and T. Illagansekare. 2009. Determination of the thermal conductivity of sands under varying moisture, drainage/wetting, and porosity conditions: Applications in near-surface soil moisture distribution analysis. Golden, Colo.: Colorado School of Mines, Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes (CESEP).
52. St-Pierre, N. R., B. Cobanov, and G. Schnitkey. 2003. Economic losses from heat stress by U.S. Livestock industries. J. Dairy Sci. 86(supp.): E52-E57.
53. Thom, E. C. 1959. The discomfort index. Weatherwise 12(2): 57-61.
54. West, J. W. 2003. Effects of heat stress on production in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 86(6): 2131-2144.
55. Wiersma, F. 1967. Nonevaporative convective heat transfer from the surface of a bovine. Trans. ASAE 10(6): 733-737.
56. Gaughan, J. B., T. L. Mader, and K. G. Gebremedhin. 2012. Chapter 14: Rethinking heat index tools for livestock. In Environmental Physiology of Livestock, 243-265. R. J. Collier and J. L. Collier, eds. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.
57. Gebremedhin, K. G. 1987. Effect of animal orientation with respect to wind direction on convective heat loss. Agric. and Forest Meteorol. 40(2): 199-206.
58. Gebremedhin, K. G. 2012. Chapter 3: Heat stress and evaporative cooling. In Environmental Physiology of Livestock, 35-48. R. J. Collier and J. L. Collier, eds. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.
59. Gebremedhin, K. G., and B. Wu. 2001. A model of evaporative cooling of wet skin surface and fur layer. J. Thermal Biol. 26(6): 537-545.
60. Gebremedhin, K. G., and B. Wu. 2002. Simulation of sensible and latent heat losses from wet skin surface and fur layer. J. Thermal Biol. 27(4): 291-297.
61. Gebremedhin, K., C. Cramer, and W. Porter. 1981. Predictions and measurements of heat production and food and water requirements of Holstein calves in different environments. Trans. ASAE 24(3): 715-720.
62. Gebremedhin, K., W. Porter, and C. Cramer. 1983. Quantitative analysis of the heat exchange through the fur layer of Holstein calves. Trans. ASAE 26(1): 188-193.
63. Gebremedhin, K., W. Porter, and R. Warner. 1984. Heat flow through pelage of calves: A sensitivity analysis. Trans. ASAE 27(4): 1140-1149.
64. Gebremedhin, K. G., P. E. Hillman, C. N. Lee, R. J. Collier, S. T. Willard, J. D. Willard, J. D. Arthington, and T. M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Sweating rates of dairy cows and beef heifers in hot conditions. Trans. ASABE 51(6): 2167-2178.
65. Gebremedhin, K. G., C. N. Lee, P. E. Hillman, and R. J. Collier. 2010. Physiological responses of dairy cows during extended solar exposure. Trans. ASABE 53(1): 239-247.
66. Graßmann, A., and F. Peters. 1999. Experimental investigation of heat conduction in wet sand. Heat and Mass Transfer 35(4): 289-294.
67. Hillman, P. E. 2009. Livestock Energetics and Thermal Environmental Management. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
68. Jiang, M., K. G. Gebremedhin, and L. D. Albright. 2005. Simulation of skin temperature and sensible and latent heat losses through fur layers. Trans. ASAE 48(2): 767-775.
69. Kim, S. J., and C. Y. Choi. 1996. Convective heat transfer in porous and overlying fluid layers heated from below. Intl. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 39(2): 319-329.
70. Kimmel, E., H. Arkin, D. Broday, and A. Berman. 1991. A model of evaporative cooling in a wetted hide. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 49: 227-241.
71. Maia, A. S. C., R. G. da Silva, and C. M. B. Loureiro. 2005. Sensible and latent heat loss from the body surface of Holstein cows in a tropical environment. J. Biometeorol. 50(1): 17-22.
72. McDowell, R., N. Hooven, and J. Camoens. 1976. Effect of climate on performance of Holsteins in first lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 59(5): 965-973.
73. Mears, D., M. Singley, C. Ali, and F. Rupp. 1975. Thermal and physical properties of compost. In 7th Natl. Agric. Waste Mgmt. Conf.: Energy, Agriculture, and Waste Management, 515-527.
74. W. J. Jewell, ed. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Publishers.
75. Norton, T., J. Grant, R. Fallon, and D. W. Sun. 2010. Improving the representation of thermal boundary conditions of livestock during CFD modeling of the indoor environment. Computer and Electronics in Agric. 73(1): 17-36.
76. Pang, Z., B. Li, H. Xin, L. Xi, W. Cao, C. Wang, and W. Li. 2011. Field evaluation of a water-cooled cover for cooling sows in hot and humid climates. Biosystems Eng. 110(4): 413-420.
77. Patankar, S. V. 1980. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing.
78. Rojano, F., M. Mondaca, and C. Y. Choi. 2011. Feasibility of a dual cooling system for dairy cows in Arizona. ASABE Paper No. 1111661. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
79. Romero-Gomez, P., I. Lopez-Cruz, and C. Y. Choi. 2008. Analysis of greenhouse natural ventilation under the environmental conditions of central Mexico. Trans. ASABE 51(5): 1753-1761.
80. Schneider, P., D. Beede, and C. Wilcox. 1988. Nycterohemeral patterns of acid-base status, mineral concentrations, and digestive function of lactating cows in natural or chamber heat stress environments. J. Animal Sci. 66(1): 112-125.
81. Smits, K., T. Sakaki, A. Limsuwat, and T. Illagansekare. 2009. Determination of the thermal conductivity of sands under varying moisture, drainage/wetting, and porosity conditions: Applications in near-surface soil moisture distribution analysis. Golden, Colo.: Colorado School of Mines, Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes (CESEP).
82. St-Pierre, N. R., B. Cobanov, and G. Schnitkey. 2003. Economic losses from heat stress by U.S. Livestock industries. J. Dairy Sci. 86(supp.): E52-E57.
83. Thom, E. C. 1959. The discomfort index. Weatherwise 12(2): 57-61.
84. West, J. W. 2003. Effects of heat stress on production in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 86(6): 2131-2144.
85. Wiersma, F. 1967. Nonevaporative convective heat transfer from the surface of a bovine. Trans. ASAE 10(6): 733-737.
86. Gaughan, J. B., T. L. Mader, and K. G. Gebremedhin. 2012. Chapter 14: Rethinking heat index tools for livestock. In Environmental Physiology of Livestock, 243-265. R. J. Collier and J. L. Collier, eds. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.
87. Gebremedhin, K. G. 1987. Effect of animal orientation with respect to wind direction on convective heat loss. Agric. and Forest Meteorol. 40(2): 199-206.
88. Gebremedhin, K. G. 2012. Chapter 3: Heat stress and evaporative cooling. In Environmental Physiology of Livestock, 35-48. R. J. Collier and J. L. Collier, eds. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell.
89. Gebremedhin, K. G., and B. Wu. 2001. A model of evaporative cooling of wet skin surface and fur layer. J. Thermal Biol. 26(6): 537-545.
90. Gebremedhin, K. G., and B. Wu. 2002. Simulation of sensible and latent heat losses from wet skin surface and fur layer. J. Thermal Biol. 27(4): 291-297.
91. Gebremedhin, K., C. Cramer, and W. Porter. 1981. Predictions and measurements of heat production and food and water requirements of Holstein calves in different environments. Trans. ASAE 24(3): 715-720.
92. Gebremedhin, K., W. Porter, and C. Cramer. 1983. Quantitative analysis of the heat exchange through the fur layer of Holstein calves. Trans. ASAE 26(1): 188-193.
93. Gebremedhin, K., W. Porter, and R. Warner. 1984. Heat flow through pelage of calves: A sensitivity analysis. Trans. ASAE 27(4): 1140-1149.
94. Gebremedhin, K. G., P. E. Hillman, C. N. Lee, R. J. Collier, S. T. Willard, J. D. Willard, J. D. Arthington, and T. M. Brown-Brandl. 2008. Sweating rates of dairy cows and beef heifers in hot conditions. Trans. ASABE 51(6): 2167-2178.
95. Gebremedhin, K. G., C. N. Lee, P. E. Hillman, and R. J. Collier. 2010. Physiological responses of dairy cows during extended solar exposure. Trans. ASABE 53(1): 239-247.
96. Graßmann, A., and F. Peters. 1999. Experimental investigation of heat conduction in wet sand. Heat and Mass Transfer 35(4): 289-294.
97. Hillman, P. E. 2009. Livestock Energetics and Thermal Environmental Management. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
98. Jiang, M., K. G. Gebremedhin, and L. D. Albright. 2005. Simulation of skin temperature and sensible and latent heat losses through fur layers. Trans. ASAE 48(2): 767-775.
99. Kim, S. J., and C. Y. Choi. 1996. Convective heat transfer in porous and overlying fluid layers heated from below. Intl. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 39(2): 319-329.
100. Kimmel, E., H. Arkin, D. Broday, and A. Berman. 1991. A model of evaporative cooling in a wetted hide. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 49: 227-241.
101. Maia, A. S. C., R. G. da Silva, and C. M. B. Loureiro. 2005. Sensible and latent heat loss from the body surface of Holstein cows in a tropical environment. J. Biometeorol. 50(1): 17-22.
102. McDowell, R., N. Hooven, and J. Camoens. 1976. Effect of climate on performance of Holsteins in first lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 59(5): 965-973.
103. Mears, D., M. Singley, C. Ali, and F. Rupp. 1975. Thermal and physical properties of compost. In 7th Natl. Agric. Waste Mgmt. Conf.: Energy, Agriculture, and Waste Management, 515-527.
104. W. J. Jewell, ed. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Publishers.
105. Norton, T., J. Grant, R. Fallon, and D. W. Sun. 2010. Improving the representation of thermal boundary conditions of livestock during CFD modeling of the indoor environment. Computer and Electronics in Agric. 73(1): 17-36.
106. Pang, Z., B. Li, H. Xin, L. Xi, W. Cao, C. Wang, and W. Li. 2011. Field evaluation of a water-cooled cover for cooling sows in hot and humid climates. Biosystems Eng. 110(4): 413-420.
107. Patankar, S. V. 1980. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing.
108. Rojano, F., M. Mondaca, and C. Y. Choi. 2011. Feasibility of a dual cooling system for dairy cows in Arizona. ASABE Paper No. 1111661. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE.
109. Romero-Gomez, P., I. Lopez-Cruz, and C. Y. Choi. 2008. Analysis of greenhouse natural ventilation under the environmental conditions of central Mexico. Trans. ASABE 51(5): 1753-1761.
110. Schneider, P., D. Beede, and C. Wilcox. 1988. Nycterohemeral patterns of acid-base status, mineral concentrations, and digestive function of lactating cows in natural or chamber heat stress environments. J. Animal Sci. 66(1): 112-125.
111. Smits, K., T. Sakaki, A. Limsuwat, and T. Illagansekare. 2009. Determination of the thermal conductivity of sands under varying moisture, drainage/wetting, and porosity conditions: Applications in near-surface soil moisture distribution analysis. Golden, Colo.: Colorado School of Mines, Center for Experimental Study of Subsurface Environmental Processes (CESEP).
112. St-Pierre, N. R., B. Cobanov, and G. Schnitkey. 2003. Economic losses from heat stress by U.S. Livestock industries. J. Dairy Sci. 86(supp.): E52-E57.
113. Thom, E. C. 1959. The discomfort index. Weatherwise 12(2): 57-61.
114. West, J. W. 2003. Effects of heat stress on production in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 86(6): 2131-2144.
115. Wiersma, F. 1967. Nonevaporative convective heat transfer from the surface of a bovine. Trans. ASAE 10(6): 733-737.