The Medicinal Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids-An International Cross-Sectional Survey on Administration Forms

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 199-210

  Hazekamp, Arno ^a,f   Ware, Mark A ^b   Muller Vahl, Kirsten R ^c   Abrams, Donald ^d   Grotenhermen, Franjo ^e  

^a Head of Research and Development at Bedrocan BV   (Netherlands)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c HANNOVER MEDICAL SCHOOL   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e Nova Institut   (Germany)

^f LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

administration form; cannabinoids; cannabis; comparative study; survey

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS; DRONABINOL; NABILONE; NABIXIMOLS; TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL;

ADULT; AGED; ANOREXIA; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; BACKACHE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; DRUG COST; FEMALE; HUMAN; INJURY; INSOMNIA; LUNG DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; SATISFACTION; SLEEP DISORDER; SMOKING; TEA; TOBACCO; VAPORIZER;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CANNABINOIDS; CANNABIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DATA COLLECTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERNET; MALE; MARIJUANA SMOKING; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT PREFERENCE; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT PREPARATIONS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84881639685     PISSN: 02791072     EISSN: 21599777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2013.805976     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Bedi, G., Cooper, Z.D. and Haney, M. 2012. Subjective, cognitive and cardiovascular dose-effect profile of nabilone and dronabinol in marijuana smokers. Addiction Biology,
2. Braitstein, P., Kendall, T., Chan, K., Wood, E., Montaner, J.S., O'Shaughnessy, M.V. and Hogg, R.S. 2001. Mary-Jane and her patients: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of HIVpositive individuals using medical marijuana and antiretroviral agents. AIDS, 15 (4): 532 - 3.
3. Chong, M.S., Wolff, K., Wise, K., Tanton, C., Winstock, A. and Silber, E. 2006. Cannabis use in patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis, 12 (5): 646 - 51.
4. Corless, I.B., Lindgren, T., Holzemer, W., Robinson, L., Moezzi, S., Kirksey, K., Coleman, C., Tsai, Y.F., Sanzero Eller, L., Hamilton, M.J., Sefcik, E.F., Canaval, G.E., Rivero Mendez, M., Kemppainen, J.K., Bunch, E.H., Nicholas, P.K., Nokes, K.M., Dole, P. and Reynolds, N. 2009. Marijuana effectiveness as an HIV self-care strategy. Clinical Nursing Research, 18 (2): 172 - 93.
5. Courtney, W. 2012. Cannabis International, official website. Available at: http://www.cannabisinternational.org (http://www.cannabisinternational.org)
6. Fischedick, J.T., Hazekamp, A., Erkelens, T., Choi, Y.H. and Verpoorte, R. 2010. Metabolic fingerprinting of Cannabis sativa L. cannabinoids and terpenoids for chemotaxonomic and drug standardization purposes. Phytochemistry, 71: 2058 - 73.
7. Freeman, R.M., Adekanmi, O., Waterfield, M.R., Waterfield, A.E., Wright, D. and Zajicek, J. 2006. The effect of cannabis on urge incontinence in patients with multiple sclerosis: A multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial (CAMS-LUTS). International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, 17 (6): 636 - 41.
8. Grotenhermen, F. and Russo, E. 2002. Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Potential, New York: Haworth Press.
9. Grotenhermen, F. 2003. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42 (4): 327 - 60.
10. GW Pharmaceuticals. 2012. Sativex® Mutual Recognition Procedure Closes with Recommendation for Approval in Ten European Countries. Available at: http://www.gwpharm.com/Sativex%20Mutual%20Recognition%20Procedure%20Closes%20with%20Recommendation%20for%20Approval%20in%20Ten%20European%20Countries.aspx (http://www.gwpharm.com/Sativex%20Mutual%20Recognition%20Procedure%20Closes%20with%20Recommendation%20for%20Approval%20in%20Ten%20European%20Countries.aspx)
11. Haney, M., Rabkin, J., Gunderson, E. and Foltin, R.W. 2005. Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV(+) marijuana smokers: Acute effects on caloric intake and mood. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 181 (1): 170 - 78.
12. Haney, M., Gunderson, E.W., Rabkin, J., Hart, C.L., Vosburg, S.K., Comer, S.D. and Foltin, R.W. 2007. Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV-positive marijuana smokers: Caloric intake, mood, and sleep. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 45 (5): 545 - 54.
13. Hazekamp, A., Ruhaak, R., Zuurman, L., van Gerven, J. and Verpoorte, R. 2006. Evaluation of a vaporizing device (Volcano®) for the pulmonary delivery of tetrahydrocannabinol. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 95 (6): 1308 - 17.
14. Hazekamp, A., Bastola, K., Rashidi, H., Bender, J. and Verpoorte, R. 2007. Cannabis tea revisited: A systematic evaluation of the cannabinoid composition of cannabis tea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113: 85 - 90.
15. Hazekamp, A. and Fischedick, J.T. 2012. Cannabis - from cultivar to chemovar: Towards a better definition of cannabis potency. Drug Testing and Analysis, 4: 660 - 7.
16. Hazekamp, A. and Heerdink, E.R. 2013. The prevalence and incidence of medicinal cannabis on prescription in The Netherlands. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, in press
17. Health Canada. 2011. Canada Federal Department of Health. Medical Marihuana Regulatory Reform 2011 Consultations Results. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/consultation/marihuana/_2011/program/consult_reform-eng.php (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/consultation/marihuana/_2011/program/consult_reform-eng.php)
18. IACM (International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines). 2009. Laws and Politics of Germany, November 27, 2009. Available at: http://www.cannabis-med.org/index.php?tpl=page&id=44&lng=en (http://www.cannabis-med.org/index.php?tpl=page&id=44&lng=en)
19. IACM (International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines). 2012. USA: Massachusetts becomes the 18th state to legalize the medical use of cannabis, November 18, 2012. Available at: http://www.cannabis-med.org/english/bulletin/ww_en_db_cannabis_artikel.php?id=386#1 (http://www.cannabis-med.org/english/bulletin/ww_en_db_cannabis_artikel.php?id=386#1)
20. Killestein, J., Hoogervorst, E.L., Reif, M., Kalkers, N.F., Van Loenen, A.C., Staats, P.G., Gorter, R.W., Uitdehaag, B.M. and Polman, C.H. 2002. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS. Neurology, 58 (9): 1404 - 7.
21. 9-THC. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 116 (1-3): 86 - 92.
22. McGilveray, I.J. 2005. Pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids. Pain Research & Management, 10 (Suppl A): 15A - 22A.
23. Naef, M., Russmann, S., Petersen-Felix, S. and Brenneisen, R. 2004. Development and pharmacokinetic characterization of pulmonal and intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in humans. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 93: 1176 - 84.
24. NCSM (Dutch Foundation for Legal Cannabis and its Constituents as Medicine). 2012. Reimbursement of medicinal cannabis by Dutch health insurance companies, March 28, 2012 (in Dutch). Available at: http://www.ncsm.nl/cfsystem/userData/pdf/1342695429__document__ncsm-vergoeding-medicinale-cannabis-2012.pdf (http://www.ncsm.nl/cfsystem/userData/pdf/1342695429__document__ncsm-vergoeding-medicinale-cannabis-2012.pdf)
25. O'Connell, T.J. and Bou-Matar, C.B. 2007. Long term marijuana users seeking medical cannabis in California (2001-2007): Demographics, social characteristics, patterns of cannabis and other drug use of 4117 applicants. Harm Reduction Journal, 4: 16
26. Ogborne, A.C., Smart, R.G. and Adlaf, E.M. 2000. Self-reported medical use of marijuana: A survey of the general population. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 162 (12): 1685 - 6.
27. Page, S.A., Verhoef, M.J., Stebbins, R.A., Metz, L.M. and Levy, J.C. 2003. Cannabis use as described by people with multiple sclerosis. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 30 (3): 201 - 5.
28. Pertwee, R.G. 1999. Cannabis and cannabinoids: Pharmacology and rationale for clinical use. Forschende Komplementärmedizin, 6 (Suppl 3): 12 - 5.
29. Prentiss, D., Power, R., Balmas, G., Tzuang, G. and Israelski, D.M. 2004. Patterns of marijuana use among patients with HIV/AIDS followed in a public health care setting. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 35 (1): 38 - 45.
30. Russo, E.B. 2011. Taming THC: Potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. British Journal of Pharmacology, 163: 1344 - 64.
31. Simpson, R. 2012. February 1, 2013. Available at: http://phoenixtears.ca/ (http://phoenixtears.ca/)
32. Strasser, F., Luftnerl, D., Possinger, K., Ernst, G., Ruhstaller, T., Meissner, W., Ko, Y.D., Schnelle, M., Reif, M. and Cerny, T. 2006. Comparison of orally administered cannabis extract and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in treating patients with cancer-related anorexia-cachexia syndrome: A multicenter, phase III, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial from the Cannabis-In-Cachexia-Study-Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24 (21): 3394 - 400.
33. Tashkin, D.P., Reiss, S., Shapiro, B.J., Calvarese, B., Olsen, J.L. and Lodge, J.W. 1977. Bronchial effects of aerosolized delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy and asthmatic subjects. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 115 (1): 57 - 65.
34. Van der Kooy, F., Pomahacova, B. and Verpoorte, R. 2009. Cannabis smoke condensate II: Influence of tobacco on tetrahydrocannabinol levels. Inhalation Toxicology, 21 (2): 87 - 90.
35. Ware, M.A., Doyle, C.R., Woods, R., Lynch, M.E. and Clark, A.J. 2003. Cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: Results of a prospective survey. Pain, 102 (1-2): 211 - 6.
36. Ware, M.A., Adams, H. and Guy, G.W. 2005. The medicinal use of cannabis in the UK: Results of a nationwide survey. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 59 (3): 291 - 95.
37. WHO (World Health Organization). 2006. Norms and Standards: Quality, Safety and Efficacy of Medicines. Available at: http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4.2DronabinolCritReview.pdf (http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/4.2DronabinolCritReview.pdf)
38. Zajicek, J., Fox, P., Sanders, H., Wright, D., Vickery, J., Nunn, A. and Thompson, A. 2003. Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 362 (9395): 1517 - 26.
39. Zajicek, J.P., Sanders, H.P., Wright, D.E., Vickery, P.J., Ingram, W.M., Reilly, S.M., Nunn, A.J., Teare, L.J., Fox, P.J. and Thompson, A.J. 2005. Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS) study: Safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow-up. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 76 (12): 1664 - 9.
40. Žuškin, E., Bouhuys, A. and Šari, M. 1981. Lung function changes by ethanol inhalation. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 11 (3): 243 - 8.