A review of the structure, and fundamental mechanisms and kinetics of the leaching of chalcopyrite

Advances in Colloid and Interface Science

Volumn 197-198, Issue , 2013, Pages 1-32

  Li, Y ^a   Kawashima, N ^a   Li, J ^a   Chandra, A P ^a   Gerson, A R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bioleaching; Chalcopyrite; Chemical leaching; Kinetics; Oxidation mechanisms

Indexed keywords

BIOLEACHING; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; COPPER OXIDES; DIFFUSION; ENZYME KINETICS; KINETICS; ORES; OXIDANTS; OXIDATION; PASSIVATION; PH; QUANTUM CHEMISTRY; REACTION KINETICS; REDOX REACTIONS; SULFUR COMPOUNDS; SURFACE REACTIONS;

CHALCOPYRITE; CHALCOPYRITE LEACHING; CHEMICAL LEACHING; FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS; LEACHING OF CHALCOPYRITE; OXIDATION AND REDUCTION; OXIDATION MECHANISMS; QUANTUM-CHEMICAL MODELLING;

IRON COMPOUNDS;

CHALCOPYRITE; COPPER;

ADSORPTION; BIOLEACHING; CHEMICAL LEACHING; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; KINETICS; OXIDATION MECHANISMS; REVIEW; SURFACE PROPERTY;

BIOLEACHING; CHALCOPYRITE; CHEMICAL LEACHING; KINETICS; OXIDATION MECHANISMS;

ADSORPTION; COPPER; KINETICS; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; SURFACE PROPERTIES;

EID: 84881550066     PISSN: 00018686     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.03.004     Document Type: Review

References (260)

1. Habashi F. Chalcopyrite. Its chemistry and metallurgy. McGraw-Hill; 1978.
2. Córdoba EM, Muñoz JA, Blázquez ML, González F, Ballester A. Leaching of chalcopyrite with ferric ion. Part I: general aspects. Hydrometallurgy 2008;93:81-7.
3. Harmer SL, Thomas JE, Fornasiero D, Gerson AR. The evolution of surface layers formed during chalcopyrite leaching. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2006;70:4392-402. (Pubitemid 44275902)
4. Pradhan N, Nathsarma KC, Srinivasa Rao K, Sukla LB,Mishra BK. Heap bioleaching of chalcopyrite: a review. Miner Eng 2008;21:355-65.
5. Watling HR. The bioleaching of sulphide minerals with emphasis on copper sulphides - a review. Hydrometallurgy 2006;84:81-108. (Pubitemid 44307480)
6. Hiroyoshi N, Arai M, Miki H, Tsunekawa M, Hirajima T. A new reaction model for the catalytic effect of silver ions on chalcopyrite leaching in sulfuric acid solutions. Hydrometallurgy 2002;63:257-67. (Pubitemid 34182398)
7. Ahmadi A, Schaffie M, Petersen J, Schippers A, Ranjbar M. Conventional and electrochemical bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrates by moderately thermophilic bacteria at high pulp density. Hydrometallurgy 2011;106:84-92.
8. Hackl RP, Dreisinger DB, Peters E, King JA. Passivation of chalcopyrite during oxidative leaching in sulfate media. Hydrometallurgy 1995;39:25-48.
9. Stott MB, Watling HR, Franzmann PD, Sutton D. The role of iron-hydroxy precipitates in the passivation of chalcopyrite during bioleaching. Miner Eng 2000;13: 1117-27.
10. Tshilombo AF. Mechanism and kinetics of chalcopyrite passivation and depassivation during ferric and microbial leaching. PhD Thesis University of British Columbia; 2004.
11. Córdoba EM, Muñoz JA, Blázquez ML, González F, Ballester A. Passivation of chalcopyrite during its chemical leaching with ferric ion at 68 °C. Miner Eng 2009;22:229-35.
12. Viramontes-Gamboa G, Peña-Gomar MM, Dixon DG. Electrochemical hysteresis and bistability in chalcopyrite passivation. Hydrometallurgy 2010;105:140-7.
13. Arce EM, González I. A comparative study of electrochemical behavior of chalcopyrite, chalcocite and bornite in sulfuric acid solution. Int J Miner Process 2002;67:17-28. (Pubitemid 35307725)
14. Li J, Kawashima N, Kaplun K, Absolon VJ, Gerson AR. Chalcopyrite leaching: the rate controlling factors. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2010;74:2881-93.
15. Dutrizac JE. Elemental sulphur formation during the ferric sulphate leaching of chalcopyrite. Can Metall Q 1989;28:337-44. (Pubitemid 20632957)
16. Antonijevic MM, Jankovic Z, Dimitrijevic M. Investigation of the kinetics of chalcopyrite oxidation by potassium dichromate. Hydrometallurgy 1994;35:187-201.
17. Harmer SL. Surface layer control for improved copper recovery for chalcopyrite leaching. University of South Australia; 2002.
18. Xian YJ, Wen SM, Deng JS, Liu J, Nie Q. Leaching chalcopyrite with sodium chlorate in hydrochloric acid solution. Can Metall Q 2012;51:133-40.
19. Dutrizac JE. The leaching of sulphide minerals in chloride media. Hydrometallurgy 1992;29:1-45.
20. Linge HG. Reactivity comparison of Australian chalcopyrite concentrates in acidified ferric solution. Hydrometallurgy 1977;2:219-33.
21. Yin Q, Kelsall GH, Vaughan DJ, England KER. Atmospheric and electrochemical oxidation of the surface of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1995;59:1091-100.
22. Klauber C, Parker A, van Bronswijk W, Watling H. Sulphur speciation of leached chalcopyrite surfaces as determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Int J Miner Process 2001;62:65-94. (Pubitemid 32324860)
23. Parker AJ, Paul RL, Power GP. Electrochemistry of the oxidative leaching of copper from chalcopyrite. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 1981;118: 305-16. (Pubitemid 12448660)
24. Brion D. Photoelectron spectroscopic study of the surface degradation of pyrite (FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), sphalerite (ZnS), and galena (PbS) in air and water. Appl Surf Sci 1980;5:133-52. (Pubitemid 11432670)
25. Buckley AN, Woods R. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of the oxidation of chalcopyrite. Aust J Chem 1984;37:2403-13.
26. Dutrizac J. The dissolution of chalcopyrite in ferric sulfate and ferric chloride media. Metall Mater Trans B 1981;12:371-8. (Pubitemid 11520432)
27. Klauber C. A critical review of the surface chemistry of acidic ferric sulphate dissolution of chalcopyrite with regards to hindered dissolution. Int J Miner Process 2008;86:1-17. (Pubitemid 351288978)
28. Parker A, Klauber C, Kougianos A, Watling HR, van Bronswijk W. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the mechanism of oxidative dissolution of chalcopyrite. Hydrometallurgy 2003;71:265-76.
29. Dreisinger D, Abed N. A fundamental study of the reductive leaching of chalcopyrite using metallic iron part I: kinetic analysis. Hydrometallurgy 2002;66: 37-57.
30. Saxena NN, Mandre NR. Mixed control kinetics of copper dissolution for copper ore using ferric chloride. Hydrometallurgy 1992;28:111-7.
31. Ikiz D, Gülfen M, AydIn AO. Dissolution kinetics of primary chalcopyrite ore in hypochlorite solution. Miner Eng 2006;19:972-4. (Pubitemid 43674504)
32. Antonijevic MM, Bogdanovic GD. Investigation of the leaching of chalcopyritic ore in acidic solutions. Hydrometallurgy 2004;73:245-56.
33. Hiroyoshi N, Kuroiwa S, Miki H, Tsunekawa M, Hirajima T. Synergistic effect of cupric and ferrous ions on active-passive behavior in anodic dissolution of chalcopyrite in sulfuric acid solutions. Hydrometallurgy 2004;74:103-16.
34. Orth R, Liddell K. Rate law and mechanism for the oxidation of copper (I) by iron (III) in hydrochloric acid solutions. Ind Eng Chem Res 1990;29:1178-83. (Pubitemid 20709547)
35. Zivkovic ZD, Mitevska N, Savovic V. Kinetics and mechanism of the chalcopyrite- pyrite concentrate oxidation process. Thermochim Acta 1996;282-283:121-30. (Pubitemid 126318342)
36. Al-Harahsheh M, Kingman S, Rutten F, Briggs D. ToF-SIMS and SEM study on the preferential oxidation of chalcopyrite. Int J Miner Process 2006;80:205-14.
37. Yarar B, Spottiswood D. Interfacial phenomena in mineral processing. New York, NY: Engineering Foundation; 1982.
38. Dutrizac J, MacDonald R. The effect of some impurities on the rate of chalcopyrite dissolution. Can Metall Q 1973;12:409-20.
39. Nicol M. Kinetics of the oxidation of copper (I) by oxygen in acidic chloride solutions. S Afr J Chem 1984;37:77-80.
40. Padilla R, Pavez P, Ruiz MC. Kinetics of copper dissolution from sulfidized chalcopyrite at high pressures in H2SO4-O2. Hydrometallurgy 2008;91:113-20.
41. Mahajan V, Misra M, Zhong K, Fuerstenau MC. Enhanced leaching of copper from chalcopyrite in hydrogen peroxide-glycol system. Miner Eng 2007;20:670-4. (Pubitemid 46694298)
42. Bjorling G, Faldt I, Lindgren E, Toromanov I.Nitric acid route in combinationwith solvent extraction for hydrometallurgical treatment of chalcopyrite;1976. p. 725-37.
43. Prater JD, Queneau PB, Hudson TJ. Nitric acid route to processing copper concentrates. Trans Soc Mining Eng AIME 1973;254:117-22.
44. Hiroyoshi N, Miki H, Hirajima T, Tsunekawa M. A model for ferrous-promoted chalcopyrite leaching. Hydrometallurgy 2000;57:31-8.
45. Aydogan S, Ucar G, Canbazoglu M. Dissolution kinetics of chalcopyrite in acidic potassium dichromate solution. Hydrometallurgy 2006;81:45-51. (Pubitemid 43012200)
46. Burdick CL, Ellis JH. The crystal structure of chalcopyrite determined by X-rays. J Am Chem Soc 1917;39:2518-25.
47. Edelbro R, Sandström A, Paul J. Full potential calculations on the electron bandstructures of sphalerite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. Appl Surf Sci 2003;206:300-13.
48. Hall SR, Stewart JM. The crystal structure refinement of chalcopyrite, CuFeS2. Acta Crystallogr B 1973;29:579-85.
49. Jones RT. Electronic structures of the sulfide minerals sphalerite, wurtzite, pyrite, marcasite, and chalcopyrite. . PhD thesis University of South Australia; 2006.
50. Petiau J, Sainctavit P, Calas G. K X-ray absorption spectra and electronic structure of chalcopyrite CuFeS2. Mater Sci Eng B 1988;1:237-49.
51. Nikiforov KG. Magnetically ordered multinary semiconductors. Prog Cryst Growth Charact Mater 1999;39:1-104. (Pubitemid 30535741)
52. Llanos J, Buljan A, Mujica C, Ramírez R. Electron transfer in the insertion of alkali metals in chalcopyrite. Mater Res Bull 1995;30:43-8.
53. de Oliveira C, Duarte HA. Disulphide and metal sulphide formation on the reconstructed surface of chalcopyrite: a DFT study. Appl Surf Sci 2010;257:1319-24.
54. Von Oertzen G, Harmer S, Skinner WM. XPS and ab initio calculation of surface states of sulfide minerals: pyrite, chalcopyrite and molybdenite. Mol Simul 2006;32:1207-12. (Pubitemid 47355688)
55. Raj D, Chandra K, Puri S. Mössbauer studies of chalcopyrite. J Physical Soc Japan 1968;24:39-41.
56. Mikhlin Y, Tomashevich Y, Tauson V, Vyalikh D, Molodtsov S, Szargan R. A comparative X-ray absorption near-edge structure study of bornite, Cu5FeS4, and chalcopyrite, CuFeS2. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 2005;142:83-8.
57. Todd EC, Sherman DM. Surface oxidation of chalcocite (Cu2S) under aqueous (pH = 2-11) and ambient atmospheric conditions: mineralogy from Cu L- and O K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Am Mineral 2003;88:1652.
58. Sainctavit P, Petiau J, Flank A, Ringeissen J, Lewonczuk S. XANES in chalcopyrites semiconductors: CuFeS2, CuGaS2, CuInSe2. Physica B 1989;158:623-4.
59. Kono S, Okusawa M. X-ray photoelectron study of the valence bands in I-III-VI2 compounds. J Physical Soc Japan 1974;37:1301-4.
60. Pearce CI, Pattrick RAD, Vaughan DJ, Henderson CMB, van der Laan G. Copper oxidation state in chalcopyrite: mixed Cu d9 and d10 characteristics. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2006;70:4635-42. (Pubitemid 44430772)
61. Oguchi T, Sato K, Teranishi T. Optical reflectivity spectrum of a CuFeS2 single crystal. J Physical Soc Japan 1980;48:123-8. (Pubitemid 10461030)
62. Nesbitt HW, Bancroft GM, Pratt AR, Scaini MJ. Sulfur and iron surface states on fractured pyrite surfaces. Am Mineral 1998;83:1067.
63. Nesbitt HW, Muir IJ. Oxidation states and speciation of secondary products on pyrite and arsenopyrite reacted with mine waste waters and air. Mineral Petrol 1998;62:123-44. (Pubitemid 128696812)
64. Nesbitt HW, Scaini M, Hochst H, Bancroft GM, Schaufuss AG, Szargan R. Synchrotron XPS evidence for Fe2+-S andFe3+-S surface species on pyrite fracture-surfaces, and their 3D electronic states. Am Mineral 2000;85:850-7. (Pubitemid 30411491)
65. Nesbitt HW, Muir IJ. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of a pristine pyrite surface reacted with water vapour and air. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1994;58:4667-79.
66. McIntyre NS, Zetaruk DG. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of iron oxides. Anal Chem 1977;49:1521-9.
67. Smart RSC. Surface layers in base metal sulphide flotation. Miner Eng 1991;4: 891-909.
68. Acres RG, Harmer SL, Beattie DA. Synchrotron XPS, NEXAFS, and ToF-SIMS studies of solution exposed chalcopyrite and heterogeneous chalcopyrite with pyrite. Miner Eng 2010;23:928-36.
69. Mikhlin YL, Tomashevich YV, Asanov IP, Okotrub AV, Varnek VA, Vyalikh DV. Spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of the surface layers of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) reacted in acidic solutions. Appl Surf Sci 2004;225: 395-409.
70. Fujisawa M, Suga S, Mizokawa T, Fujimori A, Sato K. Electronic structures of CuFeS2 and CuAl0.9Fe0.1S2 studied by electron and optical spectroscopies. Phys Rev B 1994;49:7155.
71. Hamajima T, Kambara T, Gondaira KI, Oguchi T. Self-consistent electronic structures of magnetic semiconductors by a discrete variational X calculation. III. Chalcopyrite CuFeS2. Phys Rev B 1981;24:3349.
72. Karlsson K, Gunnarsson O, Jepsen O. Shape of the Cu 2p core level photoemission spectrum for monovalent, divalent and trivalent Cu compounds. J Phys Condens Matter 1992;4:2801.
73. Ishii T, Taniguchi M, Kakizaki A, Naito K, Sugawara H, Nagakura I. Coexistence of biholes and electron-bihole complexes in the photoemission final state in cuprous halides. Phys Rev B 1986;33:5664.
74. Ghijsen J, Tjeng L, Eskes H, Sawatzky G, Johnson R. Resonant photoemission study of the electronic structure of CuO and Cu2O. Phys Rev B 1990;42:2268.
75. Hemachandran K, Chetal A, Joshi G. X ray absorption spectroscopic studies of chalcopyrite mineral. Phys Status Solidi B 1987;141:441-5.
76. van der Laan G, Pattrick RAD, Henderson CMB, Vaughan DJ. Oxidation state variations in copper minerals studied with Cu 2p X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Solid 1992;53:1185-90.
77. Hüfner S. Photoelectron spectroscopy: principles and applications. Springer Verlag; 2003.
78. Nakai I, Sugitani Y, Nagashima K, Niwa Y. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of copper minerals. J Inorg Nucl Chem 1978;40:789-91.
79. Karlsson K, Gunnarsson O, Jepsen O. Chemical shifts for monovalent, divalent and trivalent Cu compounds. J Phys Condens Matter 1992;4:895.
80. Cahen D, Ireland P, Kazmerski L, Thiel F. X-ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopic analysis of surface treatments and electrochemical decomposition of CuInSe2 photoelectrodes. J Appl Phys 1985;57:4761-71.
81. Shift I. Mössbauer studies of chalcopyrite. J Physical Soc Japan 1968;24.
82. Teranishi T, Sato K, Kondo K. Optical properties of a magnetic semiconductor: chalcopyrite CuFeS2. I. Absorption spectra of CuFeS2 and Fe-doped CuAlS2 and CuGaS2. J Physical Soc Japan 1974;36:1618-24.
83. Donnay G, Corliss LM, Donnay JDH, Elliott N, Hastings JM. Symmetry of magnetic structures: magnetic structure of chalcopyrite. Phys Rev 1958;112:1917.
84. Ohnishi H, Teranishi T. Crystal distortion in copper ferrite-chromite series. J Physical Soc Japan 1961;16:35-43.
85. Woolley J, Lamarche AM, Lamarche G, Quintero M, Swainson I, Holden T. Low temperature magnetic behaviour of CuFeS2 from neutron diffraction data. J Magn Magn Mater 1996;162:347-54. (Pubitemid 126364573)
86. Craig J, Scott S. Sulphide phase equilibria. Sulfide mineralogy. Mineral Soc Am Rev Mineral 1974;1:33-8.
87. Rais A, Gismelseed AM, Al-Rawas AD. Magnetic properties of natural chalcopyrite at low temperature. Mater Lett 2000;46:349-53. (Pubitemid 32029498)
88. Von Dreele R, Larson A. GSAS: General Structure Analysis System. Los Alamos National Laboratory; 1994167-9.
89. Tributsch H, Bennett JC. Semiconductor electrochemical aspects of bacterial leaching. I. Oxidation of metal sulphides with large energy gaps. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 1981;31:565-77. (Pubitemid 13502618)
90. Crundwell F. How do bacteria interact with minerals? Hydrometallurgy 2003;71: 75-81.
91. Teranishi T, Sato K. Optical, electrical and magnetic properties of chalcopyrite, CuFeS2; 1975.
92. Hamajima T, Kambara T, Gondaira KI, Oguchi T. Self-consistent electronic structures of magnetic semiconductors by a discrete variational Xa calculation. III. Chalcopyrite CuFeS2. Phys Rev B 1981;24:3349-53.
93. Saunders V, Dovesi R, Roetti C, Causa M, Harrison N, Orlando R, et al. CRYSTAL98 user's manual. Torino: University of Torino; 1998;230.
94. Harmer SL, Pratt AR, Nesbitt WH, Fleet ME. Sulfur species at chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) fracture surfaces. Am Mineral 2004;89:1026-32. (Pubitemid 39052033)
95. Acres RG, Harmer SL, Shui HW, Chen C-H, Beattie DA. Synchrotron scanning photoemission microscopy of homogeneous and heterogeneous metal sulfide minerals. J Synchrotron Radiat 2011;18:649-57.
96. Klauber C. Fracture-induced reconstruction of a chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) surface. Surf Interface Anal 2003;35:415-28.
97. de Oliveira C, de Lima GF, De Abreu HA, Duarte HA. Reconstruction of the chalcopyrite surfaces - a DFT study. J Phys Chem C 2012;116:6357-66.
98. Perdew JP, Burke K, Ernzerhof M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys Rev Lett 1996;77:3865-8. (Pubitemid 126631804)
99. Maddalena DA, Giovanni T, Vincenzo B. Periodic and high-temperature disordered conformations of polytetrafluoroethylene chains: an ab initio modeling. Am Chem Soc 2006;128:1099-108.
100. Shuey R. Semiconducting ore minerals. Semiconducting ore minerals; 1975.
101. Absolon V. A comparison of biological and chemically induced leaching mechanisms of chalcopyrite. PhD thesis Adelaide: University of South Australia; 2008.
102. Tributsch H. Direct versus indirect bioleaching. Hydrometallurgy 2001;59:177-85. (Pubitemid 32077437)
103. Liborio LM, Bailey CL, Mallia G, Tomic S, Harrison NM. Chemistry of defect induced photoluminescence in chalcopyrites: the case of CuAlS2. J Appl Phys 2011;109.
104. Adebayo A, Ipinmoroti K, Ajayi O. Dissolution kinetics of chalcopyrite with hydrogen peroxide in sulphuric acid medium. Chem Biochem Eng Q 2003;17:213-8.
105. Schneider J, Räuber A, Brandt G. ESR-analysis of the chalcopyrite structure: CuGaS2:Fe3+. J Phys Chem Solid 1973;34:443-50.
106. Barkat L, Hamdadou N, Morsli M, Khelil A, Bernede J. Growth and characterization of CuFeS2 thin films. J Cryst Growth 2006;297:426-31. (Pubitemid 44940795)
107. Liu ML, Huang FQ, Chen LD, Wang YM, Wang YH, Li GF, et al. p-type transparent conductor: Zn-doped CuAlS2. Appl Phys Lett 2007;90.
108. Zalewski W, Bacewicz R, Antonowicz J, Schorr S, Streeck C, Korzun B. Local structure of Mn dopants in CuAlS2 and CuGaS2. Phys Status Solidi A 2008;205: 2428-36.
109. Sato K. EPR studies of point defects in Cu-III-VI2 chalcopyrite semiconductors. Mater Sci Semicond Process 2003;6:335-8.
110. Siebentritt S, IgalsonM, Persson C, Lany S. The electronic structure of chalcopyrites- bands, point defects and grain boundaries. Prog Photovoltaics Res Appl 2010;18: 390-410.
111. Stephan L, Yu-Jun Z, Clas P, Alex Z. Halogen n-type doping of chalcopyrite semiconductors. Appl Phys Lett 2005;86:42109.
112. Kumar RS, Sekar A, Jaya NV, Natarajan S, Chichibu S. Structural studies of CuAlSe2, and CuAlS2 chalcopyrites at high pressures. J Alloys Compd 2000;312:4-8. (Pubitemid 32091805)
113. Albor Aguilera ML, Aguilar Hernández JR, González Trujillo MA, Ortega Lopez M. Photoluminescence studies of p-type chalcopyrite AgInS2:Sn. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 2007;91:1483-7. (Pubitemid 47043408)
114. Eadington P. Study of the oxidation layers on surfaces of chalcopyrite by use of Auger electron spectroscopy. Trans Inst Min Metall 1968;77:C186-9.
115. Biegler T, Horne M. The electrochemistry of surface oxidation of chalcopyrite. J Electrochem Soc 1985;132:1363.
116. Todd EC, Sherman DM, Purton JA. Surface oxidation of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) under ambient atmospheric and aqueous (pH 2-10) conditions: Cu, Fe L- and O K-edge X-ray spectroscopy. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2003;67:2137-46. (Pubitemid 36815444)
117. Grioni M, Goedkoop J, Schoorl R, De Groot F, Fuggle J, Schäfers F, et al. Studies of copper valence states with Cu L3 X-ray-absorption spectroscopy. Phys Rev B 1989;39:1541.
118. Goh SW, Buckley AN, Lamb RN, Rosenberg RA, Moran D. The oxidation states of copper and iron in mineral sulfides, and the oxides formed on initial exposure of chalcopyrite and bornite to air. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2006;70: 2210-28.
119. Ruzakowski P, Holloway P, Remond G. Complementary surface characterization of chalcopyrite by electron microscopy, electron spectroscopy, and optical reflectance. Scanning Microsc 1989;3:71-82. (Pubitemid 19134674)
120. Holloway P, Remond G, Schwartz W. Interfacial phenomena in mineral processing. New York: Engineering Foundation; 1982:3-17.
121. Gardner JR, Woods R. An electrochemical investigation of the natural floatability of chalcopyrite. Int J Miner Process 1979;6:1-16. (Pubitemid 9462362)
122. Nazari G, Dixon DG, Dreisinger DB. Enhancing the kinetics of chalcopyrite leaching in the Galvanox(TM) process. Hydrometallurgy 2011;105:251-8.
123. Havlík T, Skrobian M, Baláz P, Kammel R. Leaching of chalcopyrite concentrate with ferric chloride. Int J Miner Process 1995;43:61-72.
124. Nazari G, Asselin E. Morphology of chalcopyrite leaching in acidic ferric sulfate media. Hydrometallurgy 2009;96:183-8.
125. Holliday RI, RichmondWR. An electrochemical study of the oxidation of chalcopyrite in acidic solution. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 1990;288:83-98.
126. Harmer SL. personal communication, 2002.
127. Hope GA, Woods R, Munce CG. Raman microprobe mineral identification. Miner Eng 2001;14:1565-77. (Pubitemid 34022963)
128. Parker GK, Woods R, Hope GA. Raman investigation of chalcopyrite oxidation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008;318:160-8.
129. Kaplun K, Li J, Kawashima N, Gerson AR. Cu and Fe chalcopyrite leach activation energies and the effect of added Fe3+. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2011;75: 5865-78.
130. Sokic MD, Markovic B, Zivkovic D. Kinetics of chalcopyrite leaching by sodium nitrate in sulphuric acid. Hydrometallurgy 2009;95:273-9.
131. Al-Harahsheh M, Kingman S, Al-Harahsheh A. Ferric chloride leaching of chalcopyrite: synergetic effect of CuCl2. Hydrometallurgy 2008;91:89-97.
132. Acero P, Cama J, Ayora C, Asta M. Chalcopyrite dissolution rate law from pH 1 to 3; 2009.
133. Kimball BE, Rimstidt JD, Brantley SL. Chalcopyrite dissolution rate laws. Appl Geochem 2010;25:972-83.
134. Pattrick RAD, Mosselmans JFW, Charnock JM, England KER, Helz GR, Garner CD, et al. The structure of amorphous copper sulfide precipitates: an X-ray absorption study. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1997;61:2023-36.
135. O'Malley M, Liddell K. A rate equation for the initial stage of the leaching of CuFeS2 by aqueous FeCl3, HCl and NaCl. Hydrometallurgical Reactor Design and Kinetics; 1986. p. 67-73.
136. Dong T, Hua Y, Zhang Q, Zhou D. Leaching of chalcopyrite with Brønsted acidic ionic liquid. Hydrometallurgy 2009;99:33-8.
137. Nicol M, Miki H, Velásquez-Yévenes L. The dissolution of chalcopyrite in chloride solutions: part 3. Mechanisms. Hydrometallurgy 2010;103:86-95.
138. Senanayake G. A reviewof chloride assisted copper sulfide leaching by oxygenated sulfuric acid and mechanistic considerations. Hydrometallurgy 2009;98:21-32.
139. Chandra AP. Acidic leaching and flotation studies of pyrite: a synchrotron based approach [dissertation]. . PhD thesis Adelaide: Applied Centre for Structural Synchrotron Studies, University of South Australia; 2010.
140. Hirato T, Majima H, Awakura Y. The leaching of chalcopyrite with ferric sulfate. Metall Mater Trans B 1987;18:489-96.
141. Viramontes-Gamboa G, Rivera-Vasquez BF, Dixon DG. The active-passive behavior of chalcopyrite. J Electrochem Soc 2007;154:C299.
142. Sandström A, Shchukarev A, Paul J. XPS characterisation of chalcopyrite chemically and bio-leached at high and low redox potential. Miner Eng 2005;18:505-15. (Pubitemid 40339833)
143. Velásquez-Yévenes L, Nicol M, Miki H. The dissolution of chalcopyrite in chloride solutions: part 1. The effect of solution potential. Hydrometallurgy 2010;103:108-13.
144. Ghahremaninezhad A, Asselin E, Dixon DG. Electrochemical evaluation of the surface of chalcopyrite during dissolution in sulfuric acid solution. Electrochim Acta 2010;55:5041-56.
145. Velásquez P, Gómez H, Ramos-Barrado JR, Leinen D. Voltammetry and XPS analysis of a chalcopyrite CuFeS2 electrode. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1998;140:369-75. (Pubitemid 28341732)
146. Hiroyoshi N, Hirota M, Hirajima T, Tsunekawa M. A case of ferrous sulfate addition enhancing chalcopyrite leaching. Hydrometallurgy 1997;47:37-45. (Pubitemid 127413010)
147. Hiroyoshi N, Miki H, Hirajima T, Tsunekawa M. Enhancement of chalcopyrite leaching by ferrous ions in acidic ferric sulfate solutions. Hydrometallurgy 2001;60:185-97. (Pubitemid 32279513)
148. Koleini SMJ, Aghazadeh V, Sandström A. Acidic sulphate leaching of chalcopyrite concentrates in presence of pyrite. Miner Eng 2011;24:381-6.
149. Kametani H, Aoki A. Effect of suspension potential on the oxidation rate of copper concentrate in a sulfuric acid solution. Metall Mater Trans B 1985;16:695-705. (Pubitemid 15599685)
150. HiroyoshiN, Tsunekawa M, OkamotoH,Nakayama R, Kuroiwa S. Improved chalcopyrite leaching through optimization of redox potential. Can Metall Q 2008;47:253-8.
151. Acero P, Cama J, Ayora C. Kinetics of chalcopyrite dissolution at pH 3. Eur J Mineral 2007;19:173.
152. Gerson A, Kaplun K, Li J. The recovery of Cu from chalcopyrite-pyrite containing concentrates, ores and tailings. Adelaide: Applied Centre for Structural and Synchrotron Studies; 2008.
153. Wen C. Noncatalytic heterogeneous solid fluid reaction models. Ind Eng Chem 1968;60:34-54.
154. Sharp JH, Brindley GW, Achar BNN. Numerical data for some commonly used solid state reaction equations. J Am Ceram Soc 1966;49:379-82.
155. Brierley JA, Brierley CL. Present and future commercial applications of biohydrometallurgy. Hydrometallurgy 2001;59:233-9. (Pubitemid 32077441)
156. Olson GJ, Brierley JA, Brierley CL. Bioleaching review part B: progress in bioleaching: applications of microbial processes by the minerals industries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003;63:249-57. (Pubitemid 38130573)
157. Baker BJ, Banfield JF. Microbial communities in acid mine drainage. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2003;44:139-52. (Pubitemid 36423410)
158. Rodríguez Y, Ballester A, Blázquez ML, González F, Munoz JA. Study of bacterial attachment during the bioleaching of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Geomicrobiol J 2003;20:131-41. (Pubitemid 36720427)
159. Chen M-l, Zhang L, Gu G-h, Hu Y-h, Su L-j. Effects of microorganisms on surface properties of chalcopyrite and bioleaching. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 2008;18:1421-6.
160. Valdés J, Pedroso I, Quatrini R, Dodson RJ, Tettelin H, Blake R, et al. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans metabolism: from genome sequence to industrial applications. BMC Genomics 2008;9.
161. Zeng W, Qiu G, Zhou H, Liu X, Chen M, Chao W, et al. Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances extracted during the bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrate. Hydrometallurgy 2010;100:177-80.
162. Rohwerder T, Gehrke T, Kinzler K, Sand W. Bioleaching review part A: progress in bioleaching: fundamentals and mechanisms of bacterial metal sulfide oxidation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2003;63:239-48. (Pubitemid 38130572)
163. Zeng W, Qiu G, Zhou H, Chen M. Electrochemical behaviour of massive chalcopyrite electrodes bioleached by moderately thermophilic microorganisms at 48 °C. Hydrometallurgy 2011;105:259-63.
164. Bobadilla Fazzini RA, Levican G, Parada P. Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans secretome containing a newly described lipoprotein licanantase enhances chalcopyrite bioleaching rate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011;89:771-80.
165. Gómez E, Blázquez ML, Ballester A, González F. Study by SEM and EDS of chalcopyrite bioleaching using a new thermophilic bacteria. Miner Eng 1996;9:985-99. (Pubitemid 126358950)
166. Konishi Y, Asai S, Tokushige M, Suzuki T. Kinetics of the bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrate by acidophilic thermophile Acidianus brierleyi. Biotechnol Prog 1999;15:681-8. (Pubitemid 29384635)
167. Gautier V, Escobar B, Vargas T. Cooperative action of attached and planktonic cells during bioleaching of chalcopyrite with Sulfolobus metallicus at 70 °C. Hydrometallurgy 2008;94:121-6.
168. Zhang LM, Peng JH, Wei MM, Ding JN, Zhou HB. Bioleaching of chalcopyrite with Acidianus manzaensis YN25 under contact and non-contact conditions. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China Engl Ed 2010;20:1981-6.
169. Xia L, Liu X, Zeng J, Yin C, Gao J, Liu J, et al. Mechanism of enhanced bioleaching efficiency of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans after adaptation with chalcopyrite. Hydrometallurgy 2008;92:95-101.
170. Karimi GR, Rowson NA, Hewitt CJ. Bioleaching of copper via iron oxidation from chalcopyrite at elevated temperatures. Food Bioprod Process 2010;88:21-5.
171. Third KA, Cord-Ruwisch R, Watling HR. The role of iron-oxidizing bacteria in stimulation or inhibition of chalcopyrite bioleaching. Hydrometallurgy 2000;57:225-33.
172. Morin D, Pinches T, Huisman J, Frias C, Norberg A, Forssberg E. Progress after three years of BioMinE-Research and Technological Development project for a global assessment of biohydrometallurgical processes applied to European non-ferrous metal resources. Hydrometallurgy 2008;94:58-68.
173. Petersen J, Dixon DG. Competitive bioleaching of pyrite and chalcopyrite. Hydrometallurgy 2006;83:40-9. (Pubitemid 44137398)
174. Rhodes M, Deeplaul V, van Staden P. Bacterial oxidation of Mt. Lyell concentrates.P. O. Box 126, Blackburn South, Victoria, 3130, Australia: ALTA Metallurgical Services; 1998 (2 pp.).
175. Baláz P, Kupka D, Bastl Z, Achimovicová M. Combined chemical and bacterial leaching of ultrafine ground chalcopyrite. Hydrometallurgy 1996;42:237-44. (Pubitemid 126363774)
176. Córdoba EM, Muñoz JA, Blázquez ML, González F, Ballester A. Leaching of chalcopyrite with ferric ion. Part III: effect of redox potential on the silver-catalyzed process. Hydrometallurgy 2008;93:97-105.
177. Yuehua H, Guanzhou Q, Jun W, Dianzuo W. The effect of silver-bearing catalysts on bioleaching of chalcopyrite. Hydrometallurgy 2002;64:81-8. (Pubitemid 34552006)
178. Cancho L, Blázquez ML, Ballester A, González F, Muñoz JA. Bioleaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate with moderate thermophilic microorganisms in a continuous reactor system. Hydrometallurgy 2007;87:100-11. (Pubitemid 46920565)
179. Gericke M, Govender Y, Pinches A. Tank bioleaching of low-grade chalcopyrite concentrates using redox control. Hydrometallurgy 2010;104:414-9.
180. Gómez C, Román E, Blázquez ML, Ballester A. SEM and AES studies of chalcopyrite bioleaching in the presence of catalytic ions. Miner Eng 1997;10:825-35. (Pubitemid 127412482)
181. Jordan H, Sanhueza A, Gautier V, Escobar B, Vargas T. Electrochemical study of the catalytic influence of Sulfolobus metallicus in the bioleaching of chalcopyrite at 70 °C. Hydrometallurgy 2006;83:55-62. (Pubitemid 44118554)
182. Vilcáez J, Inoue C. Mathematical modeling of thermophilic bioleaching of chalcopyrite. Miner Eng 2009;22:951-60.
183. Zhu W, Xia JL, Yang Y, Nie ZY, Zheng L, Ma CY, et al. Sulfur oxidation activities of pure and mixed thermophiles and sulfur speciation in bioleaching of chalcopyrite. Bioresour Technol 2011;102:3877-82.
184. Yu RL, Zhong DL, Miao L, Wu FD, Qiu GZ, Gu GH. Relationship and effect of redox potential, jarosites and extracellular polymeric substances in bioleaching chalcopyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China Engl Ed 2011;21:1634-40.
185. Bevilaqua D, Leite ALLC, Garcia Jr O, Tuovinen OH. Oxidation of chalcopyrite by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in shake flasks. Process Biochem 2002;38:587-92. (Pubitemid 35343665)
186. Sasaki K, Nakamuta Y, Hirajima T, Tuovinen OH. Raman characterization of secondary minerals formed during chalcopyrite leaching with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Hydrometallurgy 2009;95:153-8.
187. D'Hugues P, Foucher S, Gallé-Cavalloni P, Morin D. Continuous bioleaching of chalcopyrite using a novel extremely thermophilic mixed culture. Int J Miner Process 2002;66:107-19.
188. Stott MB, Watling HR, Franzmann PD, Sutton D. Role of iron-hydroxy precipitates in the passivation of chalcopyrite during bioleaching. Miner Eng 2000;13: 1117-27.
189. van Hille RP, van Zyl AW, Spurr NRL, Harrison STL. Investigating heap bioleaching: effect of feed iron concentration on bioleaching performance. Miner Eng 2010;23:518-25.
190. Gautier V, Escobar B, Vargas T. The catalytic influence of Sulfolobus metallicus in the bioleaching of chalcopyrite: role of attached and planktonic population. Adv Mater Res 2007;20:354-7.
191. Vilcáez J, Suto K, Inoue C. Bioleaching of chalcopyrite with thermophiles: temperature- pH-ORP dependence. Int J Miner Process 2008;88:37-44.
192. Ahmadi A, Schaffie M, Manafi Z, Ranjbar M. Electrochemical bioleaching of high grade chalcopyrite flotation concentrates in a stirred bioreactor. Hydrometallurgy 2010;104:99-105.
193. Akcil A, Ciftci H, Deveci H. Role and contribution of pure and mixed cultures of mesophiles in bioleaching of a pyritic chalcopyrite concentrate. Miner Eng 2007;20:310-8. (Pubitemid 46216012)
194. Mousavi SM, Yaghmaei S, Vossoughi M, Jafari A, Hoseini SA. Comparison of bioleaching ability of two native mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria on copper recovery from chalcopyrite concentrate in an airlift bioreactor. Hydrometallurgy 2005;80:139-44. (Pubitemid 41525695)
195. Wang J, Qin W, Zhang Y, Yang C, Zhang J, Nai S, et al. Bacterial leaching of chalcopyrite and bornite with native bioleaching microorganism. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China Engl Ed 2008;18:1468-72.
196. Rubio A, Frutos GFJ. Bioleaching capacity of an extremely thermophilic culture for chalcopyritic materials. Miner Eng 2002;15:689-94. (Pubitemid 35202303)
197. Fu B, Zhou H, Zhang R, Qiu G. Bioleaching of chalcopyrite by pure and mixed cultures of Acidithiobacillus spp. and Leptospirillum ferriphilum. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 2008;62:109-15.
198. Liang CL, Xia JL, Zhao XJ, Yang Y, Gong SQ, Nie ZY, et al. Effect of activated carbon on chalcopyrite bioleaching with extreme thermophile Acidianus manzaensis. Hydrometallurgy 2010;105:179-85.
199. Gómez E, Ballester A, Blázquez ML, Gonzáez F. Silver-catalysed bioleaching of a chalcopyrite concentrate with mixed cultures of moderately thermophilic microorganisms. Hydrometallurgy 1999;51:37-46. (Pubitemid 129666073)
200. Sand W, Gehrke T, Jozsa P-G, Schippers A. (Bio)chemistry of bacterial leaching- direct vs. indirect bioleaching. Hydrometallurgy 2001;59:159-75. (Pubitemid 32077436)
201. Schippers A, Sand W. Bacterial leaching of metal sulfides proceeds by two indirect mechanisms via thiosulfate or via polysulfides and sulfur. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999;65:319.
202. Johnson DB, Okibe N, Wakeman K, Yajie L. Effect of temperature on the bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrates containing different concentrations of silver. Hydrometallurgy 2008;94:42-7.
203. Nakazawa H, Fujisawa H, Sato H. Effect of activated carbon on the bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrate. Int J Miner Process 1998;55:87-94.
204. Rao SR, Finch JA. Galvanic interaction studies on sulphide minerals. Can Metall Q 1988;27:253-9.
205. Subrahmanyam TV, Forssberg KSE. Mineral solution-interface chemistry in minerals engineering. Miner Eng 1993;6:439-54.
206. Mehta AP, Murr LE. Fundamental studies of the contribution of galvanic interaction to acid-bacterial leaching of mixed metal sulfides. Hydrometallurgy 1983;9: 235-56. (Pubitemid 13511419)
207. Ekmekci Z, Demirel H. Effects of galvanic interaction on collectorless flotation behaviour of chalcopyrite and pyrite. Int J Miner Process 1997;52:31-48. (Pubitemid 127420749)
208. Qing You L, Heping L, Li Z. Study of galvanic interactions between pyrite and chalcopyrite in a flowing system: implications for the environment. Environ Geol 2007;52:11-8.
209. Liu Q, Li H, Zhou L. Galvanic interactions between metal sulfide minerals in a flowing system: implications for mines environmental restoration. Appl Geochem 2008;23:2316-23.
210. Sui CC, Brienne SHR, Ramachandra Rao S, Xu Z, Finch JA. Metal ion production and transfer between sulphide minerals. Miner Eng 1995;8:1523-39.
211. Dixon DG, Mayne DD, Baxter KG. GALVANOX(TM) - a novel galvanically-assisted atmospheric leaching technology for copper concentrates. Can Metall Q 2008;47: 327-36.
212. Chmielewski T, Kaleta R. Galvanic interactions of sulfide minerals in leaching of flotation concentrate from Lubin Concentrator. Physicochem Probl Miner Process 2011;46:21-34.
213. Abraitis PK, Pattrick RAD, Kelsall GH, Vaughan DJ. Acid leaching and dissolution of major sulphide ore minerals: processes and galvanic effects in complex systems. Mineral Mag 2004;68:343-51. (Pubitemid 38865577)
214. Payant RA, Finch JA. The effect of sulphide mixtures on self-heating. Can Metall Q 2010;49:429-34.
215. Payant R, Rosenblum F, Nesset JE, Finch JA. The self-heating of sulfides: galvanic effects. Miner Eng 2012;26:57-63.
216. Urbano G, Reyes VE, Veloz MA, González I, Jn Cruz. Pyrite-arsenopyrite galvanic interaction and electrochemical reactivity. J Phys Chem C 2008;112:10453-61.
217. Urbano G, Meléndez AM, Reyes VE, Veloz MA, González I. Galvanic interactions between galena-sphalerite and their reactivity. Int J Miner Process 2007;82: 148-55. (Pubitemid 46412629)
218. Dixon DG, Tshilombo AF. Leaching process for copper concentrates. 2005; WO 2005/118894.
219. Eghbalnia M, Dixon DG. Electrochemical study of leached chalcopyrite using solid paraffin-based carbon paste electrodes. Hydrometallurgy 2011;110:1-12.
220. Nazari G, Dixon DG, Dreisinger DB. The role of galena associated with silverenhanced pyrite in the kinetics of chalcopyrite leaching during the Galvanox process. Hydrometallurgy 2012;111-112:35-45.
221. Azizi A, Petre CF, Olsen C, Larachi F. Untangling galvanic and passivation phenomena induced by sulfide minerals on precious metal leaching using a new packed-bed electrochemical cyanidation reactor. Hydrometallurgy 2011;107: 101-11.
222. Muñoz JA, Dreisinger DB, Cooper WC, Young SK. Silver-catalyzed bioleaching of low-grade copper ores. Part I: shake flasks tests. Hydrometallurgy 2007;88: 3-18.
223. Devi NB, Madhuchhanda M, Rao KS, Rath PC, Paramguru RK. Oxidation of chalcopyrite in the presence of manganese dioxide in hydrochloric acid medium. Hydrometallurgy 2000;57:57-76.
224. Gantayat B, Rath P, Paramguru R, Rao S. Galvanic interaction between chalcopyrite and manganese dioxide in sulfuric acid medium. Metall Mater Trans B 2000;31:55-61. (Pubitemid 30580801)
225. Miller JD, Wan R-Y. Reaction kinetics for the leaching of MnO2 by sulfur dioxide. Hydrometallurgy 1983;10:219-42.
226. Devi N, Madhuchhanda M, Rath P, Rao K, Paramguru R. Simultaneous leaching of a deep-sea manganese nodule and chalcopyrite in hydrochloric acid. Metall Mater Trans B 2001;32:777-84. (Pubitemid 33120294)
227. Feng D, van Deventer JSJ. Interactions between sulphides and manganese dioxide in thiosulphate leaching of gold ores. Miner Eng 2007;20:533-40. (Pubitemid 46589961)
228. Yelloji Rao MK, Natarajan KA. Influence of galvanic interaction between chalcopyrite and some metallic materials on flotation. Miner Eng 1988;1:281-94.
229. Peng Y, Grano S. Inferring the distribution of iron oxidation species on mineral surfaces during grinding of base metal sulphides. Electrochim Acta 2010;55: 5470-7.
230. Yuan XM, Palsson BI, Forssberg KSE. Flotation of a complex sulphide ore. 2. Influence of grinding environments on Cu/Fe sulphide selectivity and pulp chemistry. Int J Miner Process 1996;46:181-204.
231. Peng Y, Grano S, Fornasiero D, Ralston J. Control of grinding conditions in the flotation of chalcopyrite and its separation from pyrite. Int J Miner Process 2003;69: 87-100. (Pubitemid 36247260)
232. Bruckard WJ, Sparrow GJ, Woodcock JT. A review of the effects of the grinding environment on the flotation of copper sulphides. Int J Miner Process 2011;100:1-13.
233. Ahn JH, Gebhardt JE. Effect of grinding media-chalcopyrite interaction on the self-induced flotation of chalcopyrite. Int J Miner Process 1991;33:243-62.
234. Yelloji Rao MK, Natarajan KA. Electrochemical effects of mineral-mineral interactions on the flotation of chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Int J Miner Process 1989;27:279-93. (Pubitemid 20638416)
235. Attia YA, El-Zeky M. Effects of galvanic interactions of sulfides on extraction of precious metals from refractory complex sulfides by bioleaching. Int J Miner Process 1990;30:99-111.
236. Witne JY, Phillips CV. Bioleaching of Ok Tedi copper concentrate in oxygen- and carbon dioxide-enriched air. Miner Eng 2001;14:25-48. (Pubitemid 32033059)
237. Mehta AP, Murr LE. Kinetic study of sulfide leaching by galvanic interaction between chalcopyrite, pyrite, and sphalerite in the presence of T. ferrooxidans (30 °C) and a thermophilic microorganism (55 °C). Biotechnol Bioeng 1982;24: 919-40. (Pubitemid 13475080)
238. Olubambi PA, Potgieter JH, Ndlovu S, Borode JO. Electrochemical studies on interplay of mineralogical variation and particle size on bioleaching low grade complex sulphide ores. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 2009;19:1312-25.
239. da Silva G, Lastra MR, Budden JR. Electrochemical passivation of sphalerite during bacterial oxidation in the presence of galena. Miner Eng 2003;16: 199-203.
240. Ahonen L, Tuovinen OH. Bacterial leaching of complex sulfide ore samples in bench-scale column reactors. Hydrometallurgy 1995;37:1-21.
241. Olubambi PA, Ndlovu S, Potgieter JH, Borode JO. Effects of ore mineralogy on the microbial leaching of low grade complex sulphide ores. Hydrometallurgy 2007;86:96-104. (Pubitemid 46209501)
242. Cruz R, Luna-Sánchez RM, Lapidus GT, González I, Monroy M. An experimental strategy to determine galvanic interactions affecting the reactivity of sulfide mineral concentrates. Hydrometallurgy 2005;78:198-208. (Pubitemid 40908806)
243. Mills P, Sullivan J. A study of the core level electrons in iron and its three oxides by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J Phys D: Appl Phys 1983;16:723.
244. Baltrus JP, Diehl JR. Surface spectroscopic studies of factors influencing xanthate adsorption on coal pyrite surfaces. Surf Interface Anal 1997;25:64-70. (Pubitemid 127653030)
245. Heuer J, Stubbins J. An XPS characterization of FeCO3 films from CO2 corrosion. Corros Sci 1999;41:1231-43. (Pubitemid 29417165)
246. Descostes M, Mercier F, Thromat N, Beaucaire C, Gautier-Soyer M. Use of XPS in the determination of chemical environment and oxidation state of iron and sulfur samples: constitution of a data basis in binding energies for Fe and S reference compounds and applications to the evidence of surface species of an oxidized pyrite in a carbonate medium. Appl Surf Sci 2000;165:288-302.
247. Moulder JF, Stickle WF, Sobol PE, Bomben K. Handbook of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Eden Prairie: Physical Electronics, Inc.; 1995.
248. Harmer SL, Pratt AR, Nesbitt HW, Fleet ME. Reconstruction of fracture surfaces on bornite. Can Mineral 2005;43:1619-30. (Pubitemid 43257091)
249. Buckley AN, Skinner WM, Harmer SL, Pring A, Fan L-J. Electronic environments in carrollite, CuCo2S4, determined by soft X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopy. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2009;73:4452-67.
250. Deroubaix G, Marcus P. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of copper and zinc oxides and sulphides. Surf Interfaces Anal 1992;18:39-46.
251. McIntyre NS, Cook MG. X-ray photoelectron studies on some oxides and hydroxides of cobalt, nickel and copper. Anal Chem 1975;47:2208-13.
252. Chawla SK, Sankarraman N, Payer JH. Diagnostic spectra for XPS analysis of Cu- O-SH compounds. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 1992;61:1-18.
253. van der Laan G, Westra C, Haas C, Sawatzky GA. Satellite structure in photoelectron and Auger spectra of copper dihalides. Phys Rev B 1981;23:4369-80.
254. Schaufusz AG, Nesbitt HW, Kartio I, Laajalehto K, Bancroft GM, Szargan R. Incipient oxidation of fractured pyrite surfaces in air. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 1998;96:69-82. (Pubitemid 128409006)
255. Smart RSC, Skinner WM, Gerson AR. XPS of sulphide mineral surfaces: metal-deficient, polysulphides, defects and elemental sulphur. Surf Interface Anal 1999;28:101-5.
256. Yin Q, Vaughan D, England K, Kelsall G, Brandon N. Surface oxidation of chalcopyrite (CuFeS) in alkaline solutions. J Electrochem Soc 2000;147:2945.
257. Wagner C, Naumkin A, Kraut-Vass A, Allison J, Powell C, Rumble Jr J. NIST X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, NIST Standard Reference Database 20, Version 3.4 (Web Version). U S Department of Commerce; 2003.
258. Antonijevic MM, Jankovic ZD, Dimitrijevic MD. Kinetics of chalcopyrite dissolution by hydrogen peroxide in sulphuric acid. Hydrometallurgy 2004;71: 329-34.
259. Rath P, Paramguru R, Jena P. Kinetics of dissolution of sulphide minerals in ferric chloride solution. I. Dissolution of galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Trans Inst Min Metall C 1988;97.
260. Al-Harahsheh M, Kingman S, Hankins N, Somerfield C, Bradshaw S, Louw W. The influence of microwaves on the leaching kinetics of chalcopyrite. Miner Eng 2005;18:1259-68. (Pubitemid 41606155)