Using a saturation function to interpret the electrical properties of partially saturated concrete

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering

Volumn 25, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 1097-1106

  Weiss, Jason ^a   Snyder, Ken ^b   Bullard, Jeff ^b   Bentz, Dale ^b  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cement; Concrete; Conductivity; Electrical; Partial saturation; Resistivity; Service life; Transport.; Wenner

Indexed keywords

DEGREE OF SATURATIONS; DIFFERENT MOISTURE CONTENTS; ELECTRICAL; PARTIAL SATURATION; PORE SOLUTION CONCENTRATION; QUALITY-CONTROL TESTING; TRANSPORT; WENNER;

CEMENTS; CONCRETE TESTING; CONCRETES; CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY; ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY; SERVICE LIFE;

ELECTRIC PROPERTIES;

CEMENT; CONCRETE; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY; SATURATION;

EID: 84881333392     PISSN: 08991561     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000549     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. AASHTO. (2007). "Standard method of test for electrical indication of concrete's ability to resist chloride ion penetration." T277,Washington, DC.
2. AASHTO. (2011). "Draft standard method of test for surface resistivity indication of concrete's ability to resist chloride ion penetration." TP95-11, Washington, DC.
3. Andrade, M. C., Bolzoni, F., and Fullea, J. (2011). "Analysis of the relation between water and resistivity isotherms in concrete." Mater. Corros., 62(2), 130-138.
4. Archie, G. E. (1942). "The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics." Trans. AIME, 146(1), 54-62.
5. ASTM. (2010). "Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete's ability to resist chloride ion penetration." C1202, West Conshohocken, PA.
6. ASTM. (2012). "Standard test method for bulk electrical conductivity of hardened concrete." C1760, West Conshohocken, PA.
7. Barneyback, S., and Diamond, S. (1981). "Expression and analysis of pore fluids from hardened cement pastes and mortars." Cem. Concr. Res., 11(2), 279.
8. Bentz, D. P. (1998). "Modelling cement microstructure: Pixels, particles, and property prediction." Mater. Struct., 32(3), 187-195.
9. Bentz, D. P. (2006). "Quantitative comparison of real and CEMHYD3D model microstructures using correlation functions." Cem. Concr. Res., 36(2), 259-263.
10. Bentz, D. P. (2007). "A virtual rapid chloride permeability test." Cem. Concr. Compos., 29(10), 723-731.
11. Bentz, D. P., Stutzman, P., Sakulich, A., and Weiss, W. J. (2012). "Study of early-age bridge deck cracking in Nevada andWyoming." NISTIR 7841, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD.
12. Bentz, D. P., and Stutzman, P. E. (2006). "Curing, hydration, and microstructure of cement paste." ACI Mater. J., 103(5), 348-356.
13. Berke, N. S., and Hicks, M. C. (1992). "Estimating the life cycle of reinforced concrete decks and marine piles using laboratory diffusion and corrosion data." STP1137-EB, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
14. Bullard, J. W., Ferraris, C. F., Garboczi, E. J., Martys, N., Stutzman, P. E., and Terrill, J. E. (2008). "Virtual cement and concrete." Chapter 10, Innovations in portland cement manufacturing, J. I. Bhatty, F. M. Miller, and S. H. Kosmatka, eds., Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
15. Castro, J., Spragg, R., Kompare, P., and Weiss, W. J. (2010). "Portland cement concrete pavement permeability performance." FHWA/IN/JTRP- 2010/29, Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Dept. of Transportation and Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
16. Christensen, B. J., et al. (1994). "Impedance spectroscopy of hydrating cement-based materials: measurement, interpretation, and application." J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 77(11), 2789-2804.
17. Florida Dept. of Transportation. (2004). "Florida method of test for concrete resistivity as an electrical indicator of its permeability." FM 5-578, Tallahassee, FL.
18. Garboczi, E. J. (1990). "Permeability, diffusivity, and microstructural parameters: A critical review." Cem. Concr. Res., 20(4), 591-601.
19. Garboczi, E. J. (1998). "Finite element and finite difference programs for computing the linear electric and elastic properties of digital images of random materials." NISTIR 6269, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD.
20. Garboczi, E. J., and Berryman, J. G. (2000). "New effective medium theory for the diffusivity or conductivity of a multi-scale concrete microstructure model." Concr. Sci. Eng., 2, 88-96.
21. Gu, P., Xie, P., Beaudoin, J. J., and Brousseau, R. (1992). "A.C. impedance spectroscopy 1: A new equivalent circuit model for hydrated portland cement paste." Cem. Concr. Res., 22(5), 833-840.
22. Hansson, I. L. H., and Hansson, C. M. (1983). "Electrical resistivity measurements of portland cement based materials." Cem. Concr. Res., 13(5), 675-683.
23. Jackson, N. M. (2011). "Results of round-robin testing for the development of precision statements for the surface resistivity of water saturated concrete." FL/DOT/SMO/11-549, Florida Dept. of Transportation, Ponte Vedra Beach, FL.
24. Julio-Betancourt, G. A., and Hooton, R. D. (2004). "Study of the Joule effect on rapid chloride permeability values and evaluation of related electrical properties of concretes." Cem. Concr. Res., 34(6), 1007-1015.
25. Kessler, R. J., Powers, R. G., and Paredes, M. A. (2005). "Resistivity measurements of water saturated concrete as an indicator of permeability." Proc., Corrosion 2005, NACE International, Houston.
26. Li, W., Pour-Ghaz, M., Castro, J., and Weiss, W. J. (2012). "Water absorption and critical degree of saturation as it relates to freeze-thaw damage in concrete pavement joints." J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 24(3), 299-307.
27. Martys, N. S. (1999). "Diffusion in partially-saturated porous materials." Mater. Struct., 32(8), 555-562.
28. McCarter, W. J., Forde, M. C., and Whittington, H. W. (1981). "Resistivity characteristics of concrete." ICE Proc., 71(1), 107-117.
29. Millington, R. J., and Quirk, J. P. (1961). "Permeability of porous solids." Trans. Faraday Soc., 57, 1200-1207.
30. Monfore, G. E. (1968). The electrical resistivity of concrete, Portland Cement Association, Research and Development Laboratories, Skokie, IL.
31. Morris, W., Moreno, E. I., and Sagues, A. A. (1996). "Practical evaluation of resistivity of concrete in test cylinders using a Wenner array probe." Cem. Concr. Res., 26(12), 1779-1787.
32. Newlands, M. D., Jones, M. R., Kandasami, S., and Harrison, T. A. (2008). "Sensitivity of electrode contact solutions and contact pressure in assessing electrical resistivity of concrete." Mater. Struct., 41(4), 621-632.
33. NIST. (2009). "Estimation of pore solution conductivity." http://concrete.nist.gov/poresolncalc.html (Jul. 31, 2009).
34. Poursaee, A., andWeiss,W. J. (2010). "An automated electrical monitoring system (AEMS) to assess property development in concrete." Autom. Constr., 19(4), 485-490.
35. Powers, T. C., and Brownyard, T. L. (1948). "Studies of the physical properties of hardened portland cement paste." Bulletin 22, Research and Development Laboratories of the Portland Cement Association, Chicago, 101-132.
36. Rajabipour, F. (2006). "In situ electrical sensing and material health monitoring in concrete structures." Ph.D. dissertation, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
37. Rajabipour, F., and Weiss, J. (2007). "Electrical conductivity of drying cement paste." Mater. Struct., 40(10), 1143-1160.
38. Rajabipour, F.,Weiss, J., Shane, J. D., Mason, T. O., and Shah, S. P. (2005). "Procedure to interpret electrical conductivity measurements in cover concrete during rewetting." J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 17(5), 586-594.
39. Raupach, M., and Schiessl, P. (1997). "Monitoring system for the penetration of chlorides, carbonation and the corrosion risk for the reinforcement." Constr. Build. Mater., 11(4), 207-214.
40. Riding, K. A., Poole, J. L., Schindler, A. K., Juenger, M. C. G., and Folliard, K. J. (2008). "Simplified concrete resistivity and rapid chloride permeability test method." ACI Mater. J., 105(2), 390-394.
41. Rupnow, T. D., and Icenogle, P. (2011). "Evaluation of surface resistivity measurements as an alternative to the rapid chloride permeability test for quality assurance and acceptance." Louisiana Dept. of Transportation, Baton Rouge, LA, 68.
42. Samson, E., and Marchand, J. (2007). "Modeling the transport of ions in unsaturated cement-based materials." Comput. Struct., 85(23-24), 1740-1756.
43. Schiessl, A., Weiss, W. J., Shane, J. D., Berke, N. S., Mason, T. O., and Shah, S. P. (2000). "Assessing the moisture profile of drying concrete using impedance spectroscopy." Concr. Sci. Eng., 2(6), 106-116.
44. Schlumberger. (2011). Schlumberger oilfield glossary, Houston.
45. Sellevold, E. J., Larsen, C. K., and Blankvoll, A. A. (1997). "Moisture state of concrete in a coastal ridge." ACI Spec. Publ., 170(42), 823-834.
46. Shane, J. D. (2000). "Electrical conductivity and transport properties of cement-based materials measured by impedance spectroscopy." Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL.
47. Shane, J. D., Aldea, C. D., Bouxsein, N. F., Mason, T. O., Jennings, H. M., and Shah, S. P. (1999). "Microstrucutral and pore solution changes induced by the rapid chloride permeability test measured by impedance spectroscopy." Concr. Sci. Eng., 1, 110-119.
48. Snyder, K. A. (2001). "The relationship between the formation factor and the diffusion coefficient of porous materials saturated with concentrated electrolytes: Theoretical and experimental considerations." Concr. Sci. Eng., 3(12), 216-224.
49. Snyder, K. A., Ferraris, C., Martys, N. S., and Garboczi, E. J. (2000). "Using impedance spectroscopy to assess the viability of the rapid chloride test for determining concrete conductivity." J. NIST, 105(4), 497-509.
50. Spragg, R., Castro, J., Nantung, T., Parades, M., and Weiss, W. J. (2011). "Variability analysis of the bulk resistivity measured using concrete cylinders." JTRP Rep. SPR-3509, FHWA/IN/JTRP-2011/21, Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Dept. of Transportation and Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN.
51. Torquato, S. (2002). Random heterogeneous materials: Microstructure and macroscopic properties, Springer, New York.
52. Tumidajski, P. J., Schumacher, A. S., Perron, S., Gu, P., and Beaudoin, J. J. (1996). "On the relationship between porosity and electrical resistivity in cementitious systems." Cem. Concr. Res., 26(4), 539-544.
53. Union Nacional Espanola (UNE). (2008a). "Concrete durability. Test methods. Determination of the electrical resistivity. Part 1: Direct test (reference method)." UNE 83988-1, Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación (AENOR), Madrid.
54. Union Nacional Espanola (UNE). (2008b). "Concrete durability. Test methods. Determination of the electrical resistivity. Part 2: Four points or Wenner method." UNE 83988-2, AENOR, Madrid.
55. Virtual Cement, and Concrete Testing Laboratory [Computer software]. (2000). NIST, Gaithersburg, MD.
56. Weiss,W. J. (1999). "Prediction of early-age shrinkage cracking in concrete elements." Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL.
57. Weiss,W. J., Shane, J. D., Mieses, A., Mason, T. O., and Shah, S. P. (1999). "Aspects of monitoring moisture changes using electrical impedance spectroscopy." Proc., 2nd Symp. on the Importance of Self-Desiccation in Concrete Technology, Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden.
58. Whittington, H. W., McCarter, J., and Forde, M. C. (1981). "The conduction of electricity through concrete." Mag. Concr. Res., 33(114), 48-60.