Children's recognition of disgust in others

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 139, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 271-299

  Widen, Sherri C ^a   Russell, James A ^a  

^a BOSTON COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anger; Disgust; Disgust face; Emotion recognition; Facial expression

Indexed keywords

EID: 84881274758     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0031640     Document Type: Article

References (262)

1. Allen, J., Abbott, M. J., Rapee, R. M., & Coltheart, M. (2006) Ew gross! Recognition of expressions of disgust by children with obsessivecompulsive disorder. Behaviour Change, 23, 239-249. doi:10.1375/bech.23.4.239
2. Allport, F. H. (1924) Social psychology. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
3. Amir, N., Klumpp, H., Elias, J., Bedwell, J., Yanasak, N., & Miller, L. S. (2005) Increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex during processing of disgust faces in individuals with social phobia. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 975-981. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.044
4. Amir, N., Najmi, S., & Bomyea, J. (2010) Disgust and anger in social anxiety. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 3, 3-10. doi: 10.1521/ijct.2010.3.1.3
5. Aviezer, H., Hassin, R. R., Ryan, J., Grady, C., Susskind, J., Anderson, A.,. Bentin, S. (2008) Angry, disgusted, or afraid? Studies on the malleability of emotion perception. Psychological Science, 19, 724-732. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02148.x
6. Balconi, M., & Carrera, A. (2007). Emotional representation in facial expression and script: A comparison between normal and autistic children. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 28, 409-422. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2006.05.001
7. Barrett, L. F. (2011). Was Darwin wrong about emotional expressions? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 400-406. doi:10.1177/0963721411429125
8. Barrett, L. F., & Salovey, P. (2002) The wisdom in feeling: Psychological processes in emotional intelligence. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
9. Beaupré, M., & Hess, U. (2005) Cross-cultural emotion recognition among Canadian ethnic groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 355-370. doi:10.1177/0022022104273656
10. Bennett, D. S., Bendersky, M., & Lewis, M. (2002) Facial expressivity at 4 months: A context by expression analysis. Infancy, 3, 97-113. doi:10.1207/S15327078IN0301_5
11. Biehl, M., Matsumoto, D., Ekman, P., Hearn, V., Heider, K., Kudoh, T., & Ton, V. (1997) Matsumoto and Ekman's Japanese and Caucasian Facial Expressions of Emotion (JACFEE): Reliability data and cross-national differences. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 3-21. doi:10.1023/A:1024902500935
12. Björklund, F., & Hursti, T. J. (2004) A Swedish translation and validation of the Disgust Scale: A measure of disgust sensitivity. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45, 279-284. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2004.00406.x
13. Blair, C. (2002) School readiness: Integrating cognition and emotion in a neurobiological conceptualization of children's functioning at school entry. American Psychologist, 57, 111-127. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.57.2.111
14. Blair, R. J. R., & Coles, M. (2000) Expression recognition and behavioral problems in early adolescence. Cognitive Development, 15, 421-434. doi:10.1016/S0885-2014(01)00039-9
15. Blankson, A. N., O'Brien, M., Leerkes, E. M., Markovitch, S., Calkins, S. D., & Weaver, J. M. (2012). Developmental dynamics of emotion and cognition processes in preschoolers. Child Development. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01841.x
16. Bloom, P. (2004) Descartes' baby: How the science of child development explains what makes us human. New York, NY: Basic Books.
17. Bretherton, I., & Beeghly, M. (1982) Talking about internal states: The acquisition of an explicit theory of mind. Developmental Psychology, 18, 906-921. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.18.6.906
18. Bretherton, I., McNew, S., & Beeghly-Smith, M. (1981). Early person knowledge as expressed in gestural and verbal communication: When do infants acquire a "theory of mind"? In M. E. Lamb & L. R. Sherrod (Eds.), Infant social cognition (pp. 333-373). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Bridges, K. M. B. (1930) A genetic theory of the emotions. Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 37, 514-527. doi:10.1080/00221325.1991.9914709
20. Brotman, M. A., Skup, M., Rich, B. A., Blair, K. S., Pine, D. S., Blair, J. R., & Leibenluft, E. (2008) Risk for bipolar disorder is associated with face-processing deficits across emotions. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47, 1455-1461. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e318188832e
21. Brown, S. D., & Harris, G. (2012) Disliked food acting as a contaminant during infancy. A disgust based motivation for rejection. Appetite, 58, 535-538. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.010
22. Brown, S. D., Harris, G., Bell, L., & Lines, L. M. (2012) Disliked food acting as a contaminant in a sample of young children. Appetite, 58, 991-996. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.02.047
23. Buhlmann, U., McNally, R. J., Etcoff, N. L., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Wilhelm, S. (2004) Emotion recognition deficits in body dysmorphic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38, 201-206. doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(03)00107-9
24. Bullock, M., & Russell, J. A. (1984) Preschool children's interpretation of facial expressions of emotion. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 7, 193-214. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(84)80255-6
25. Bullock, M., & Russell, J. A. (1985) Further evidence on preschoolers' interpretations of facial expressions of emotion. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 8, 15-38. doi:10.1177/016502548500800103
26. Buttelmann, D., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Do great apes use emotional expressions to infer desires? Developmental Science, 12, 688-698. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00802.x
27. Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Manes, F., Antoun, N., & Young, A. W. (2000) Impaired recognition and experience of disgust following brain injury. Nature Neuroscience, 3, 1077-1078. doi:10.1038/80586
28. Campos, J. J., Thein, S., & Owen, D. (2003). A Darwinian legacy to understanding human infancy: Emotional expressions as behavior regulators. In P. Ekman, J. J. Campos, R. J. Davidson, & F. B. de Waal (Eds.), Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Vol. 1000. Emotions inside out: 130 years after Darwin's The expression of the emotions in man and animals (pp. 110-134). New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1196/annals.1280.040
29. Camras, L. A., & Allison, K. (1985) Children's understanding of emotional facial expressions and verbal labels. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 9, 84-94. doi:10.1007/BF00987140
30. Camras, L. A., Grow, J. G., & Ribordy, S. C. (1983) Recognition of emotional expression by abused children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 12, 325-328. doi:10.1080/15374418309533152
31. Carroll, J. M., & Russell, J. A. (1997) Facial expressions in Hollywood's portrayal of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 164-176. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.164
32. Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., & Lohr, J. M. (2009) Disgust, fear, and the anxiety disorders: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 34-46. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.09.007
33. Corcoran, K. M., Woody, S. R., & Tolin, D. F. (2008) Recognition of facial expressions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 56-66. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.01.003
34. Cowart, B. J. (1981) Development of taste perception in humans. Sensitivity and preference throughout the life span. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 43-73. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.90.1.43
35. Curtis, V., De Barra, M., & Aunger, R. (2011). Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1563), 389-401. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0117
36. Danovitch, J., & Bloom, P. (2009) Children's extension of disgust to physical and moral events. Emotion, 9, 107-112. doi:10.1037/a0014113
37. Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1872)
38. Davidson, R. J., Ekman, P., Saron, C. D., Senulis, J. A., & Friesen, W. V. (1990) Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology I. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 330-341. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.2.330
39. Denham, S. A., & Couchoud, E. A. (1990). Young preschoolers' understanding of emotions. Child Study Journal, 20, 171-192.
40. D'Entremont, B., & Muir, D. (1999) Infant responses to adult happy and sad vocal and facial expressions during face-to-face interactions. Infant Behavior & Development, 22, 527-539. doi:10.1016/S0163-6383(00)00021-7
41. Dobson, A. P., & Carper, E. R. (1996) Infectious diseases and human population history. BioScience, 46, 115-126. doi:10.2307/1312814
42. Duchenne, G.-B. (1990). The mechanism of human facial expression or an electro-physiological analysis of the expression of the emotions (R. A. Cuthbertson, Ed. and Trans.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1862)
43. Dunn, J., Bretherton, I., & Munn, P. (1987) Conversations about feeling states between mothers and their young children. Developmental Psychology, 23, 132-139. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.1.132
44. Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and cultural differences in facial expressions of emotions. In J. K. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 19, pp. 207-283). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
45. Ekman, P. (1980) The face of man. New York, NY: Garland.
46. Ekman, P. (1992) An argument for basic emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 6, 169-200. doi:10.1080/02699939208411068
47. Ekman, P. (1993) Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48, 384-392. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.384
48. Ekman, P. (1994) Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: A reply to Russell's mistaken critique. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 268-287. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.268
49. Ekman, P. (2003) Emotions revealed: Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life. New York, NY: Times Books/Henry Holt.
50. Ekman, P., & Cordaro, D. (2011). What is meant by calling emotions basic? Emotion Review, 3, 364-370. doi:10.1177/1754073911410740
51. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1971) Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17, 124-129. doi:10.1037/h0030377
52. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1975) Unmasking the face. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
53. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976) Pictures of facial affect. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
54. Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1978) Facial Action Coding System. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
55. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ancoli, S. (1980) Facial signs of emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1125-1134. doi:10.1037/h0077722
56. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Ellsworth, P. (1972) Emotion in the human face: Guidelines for research and an integration of findings. New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
57. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Hager, J. C. (2002) Facial Action Coding System: The investigator's guide. Salt Lake City, UT: Research Nexus.
58. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & Tomkins, S. S. (1971) Facial Affect Scoring Technique: A first validity study. Semiotica, 3, 37-58. doi:10.1515/semi.1971.3.1.37
59. Ekman, P., Levenson, R. W., & Friesen, W. V. (1983) Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions. Science, 221, 1208-1210. doi:10.1126/science.6612338
60. Ekman, P., Sorenson, E. R., & Friesen, W. V. (1969) Pan-cultural elements in the facial displays of emotions. Science, 164, 86-88. doi:10.1126/science.164.3875.86
61. Elfenbein, H. A. (2007). It takes one to know one better: Controversy about the cultural ingroup advantage in communicating emotion as a theoretical rather than methodological issue. In U. Hess & P. Philippot (Eds.), Group dynamics and emotional expression (pp. 51-68). New York, NY:Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511499838.004
62. Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002). Is there an in-group advantage in emotion recognition? Psychological Bulletin, 128, 243-249. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.243
63. Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2003) Universals and cultural differences in recognizing emotions of a different cultural group. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 159-164. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01252
64. Engen, T., & Corbit, T. E. (1970) Feasibility of olfactory coding of noxious substances to assure aversive responses in young children (Injury Control Research Laboratory Research Report ICRL-RR-69). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Environmental Health Service, Environmental Control Administration, Bureau of Community Environmental Management.
65. Fairchild, G., Van Goozen, S. H., Calder, A. J., Stollery, S. J., & Goodyer, I. M. (2009) Deficits in facial expression recognition in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 627-636. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02020.x
66. Fallon, A. E., Rozin, P., & Pliner, P. (1984) The child's conception of food: The development of food rejections with special reference to disgust and contamination sensitivity. Child Development, 55, 566-575. doi:10.2307/1129968
67. Fehr, B., & Russell, J. A. (1984) Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 464-486. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.113.3.464
68. Feinman, S., & Lewis, M. (1983) Social referencing at ten months: A second-order effect on infants' responses to strangers. Child Development, 54, 878-887. doi:10.2307/1129892
69. Fernández-Dols, J.-M., Sánchez, F., Carrera, P., & Ruiz-Belda, M.-A. (1997) Are spontaneous expressions and emotions linked? An experimental test of coherence. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 163-177. doi:10.1023/A:1024917530100
70. Fischer, K. W. (1980) A theory of cognitive development: The control and construction of hierarchies of skills. Psychological Review, 87, 477-531. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.87.6.477
71. Frank, M. G., & Stennett, J. (2001) The forced-choice paradigm and the perception of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 75-85. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.1.75
72. Fridlund, A. J. (1994) Human facial expression: An evolutionary view. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
73. Garner, P. W., & Waajid, B. (2008) The associations of emotion knowledge and teacher-child relationships to preschool children's schoolrelated developmental competence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 89-100. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2007.12.001
74. Gates, G. S. (1923) An experimental study of the growth of social perception. Journal of Educational Psychology, 14, 449-461. doi:10.1037/h0074941
75. Gelman, S. A. (2003) The essential child: Origins of essentialism in everyday thought. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
76. Gentner, D., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (Eds.). (2003) Language in mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
77. Giner-Sorolla, R., Bosson, J. K., Caswell, T. A., & Hettinger, E. (2012) Emotions in sexual morality: Testing the separate elicitors of anger and disgust. Cognition & Emotion, 26, 1208-1222. doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.645278
78. Giner-Sorolla, R., & Espinosa, P. (2011) Social cuing of guilt by anger and of shame by disgust. Psychological Science, 22, 49-53. doi:10.1177/0956797610392925
79. Gosselin, P., & Laroque, C. (2000). Facial morphology and children's categorization of facial expressions of emotions: A comparison between Asian and Caucasian faces. Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 161, 346-358. doi:10.1080/00221320009596717
80. Gosselin, P., Roberge, P., & Lavalée, M. F. (1995) Le développement de la reconnaissance des expressions faciales émotionnelles du répertoire humain [The development of recognition of human facial expressions of emotion]. Enfance, 48, 379-396. doi:10.3406/enfan.1995.2144
81. Grinspan, D., Hemphill, A., & Nowicki, S. (2003) Improving the ability of elementary school-age children to identify emotion in facial expression. Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 164, 88-100. doi:10.1080/00221320309597505
82. Gur, R. C., Sara, R., Hagendoorn, M., Marom, O., Hughett, P., Macy, L. Gur, R. E. (2002) A method for obtaining 3-dimensional facial expressions and its standardization for use in neurocognitive studies. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 115, 137-143. doi:10.1016/S0165-0270(02)00006-7
83. Haidt, J. (2003). The moral emotions. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 852-870). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
84. Haidt, J., & Keltner, D. (1999) Culture and facial expression: Open-ended methods find more expressions and a gradient of recognition. Cognition & Emotion, 13, 225-266. doi:10.1080/026999399379267
85. Harrigan, J. A. (1984) The effect of task order on children's identification of facial expressions. Motivation and Emotion, 8, 157-169. doi:10.1007/BF00993071
86. Harris, P. L. (1989). Children and emotion: The development of psychological understanding. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
87. Hart, B. L. (1990) Behavioral adaptations to pathogens and parasites: Five strategies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 14, 273-294. doi:10.1016/S0149-7634(05)80038-7
88. Haviland, J. M., & Lelwica, M. (1987) The induced affect response:10-week-old infants' responses to three emotion expressions. Developmental Psychology, 23, 97-104. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.1.97
89. Herba, C. M., Benson, P., Landau, S., Russell, T., Goodwin, C., Lemche, E. Phillips, M. (2008) Impact of familiarity upon children's developing facial expression recognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 201-210. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01835.x
90. Herba, C. M., Landau, S., Russell, T., Ecker, C., & Phillips, M. L. (2006) The development of emotion-processing in children: Effects of age, emotion, and intensity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 1098-1106. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01652.x
91. Herz, R. (2012). That's disgusting: Unraveling the mysteries of repulsion. New York: NY: Norton.
92. Herz, R. S., & von Clef, J. (2001). The influence of verbal labeling on the perception of odors: Evidence for olfactory illusions? Perception, 30, 381-391. doi:10.1068/p3179
93. Heuer, K., Lange, W. G., Isaac, L., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2010) Morphed emotional faces: Emotional detection and misinterpretation in social anxiety. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 418-425. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.04.005
94. Hjortsjö, C. H. (1969) Man's face and mimic language. Lund, Sweden:Studentlitteratur.
95. Hosie, J. A., Gray, C. D., Russell, P. A., Scott, C., & Hunter, N. (1998) The matching of facial expressions by deaf and hearing children and their production and comprehension of emotion labels. Motivation and Emotion, 22, 293-313. doi:10.1023/A:1021352323157
96. Izard, C. E. (1971) The face of emotion. New York, NY: Appleton Century Crofts.
97. Izard, C. E. (1979) The maximally discriminant facial movement coding system (MAX). Available from Instructional Resource Center, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware.
98. Izard, C. E. (1994) Innate and universal facial expressions: Evidence from developmental and cross-cultural research. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 288-299. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.288
99. Izard, C. E. (2011) Forms and functions of emotions: Matters of emotion-cognition interactions. Emotion Review, 3, 371-378. doi:10.1177/1754073911410737
100. Jabbi, M., Bastiaansen, J., & Keysers, C. (2008). A common anterior insula representation of disgust observation, experience and imagination shows divergent functional connectivity pathways. PLoS ONE, 3(8), e2939. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002939
101. Jack, R. E., Blais, C., Scheepers, C., Schyns, P. G., & Caldara, R. (2009) Cultural confusions show that facial expressions are not universal. Current Biology, 19, 1543-1548. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.051
102. Jack, R. E., Caldara, R., & Schyns, P. G. (2012) Internal representations reveal cultural diversity in expectations of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 19-25. doi:10.1037/a0023463
103. Jarros, R. B., Salum, G. A., Belum da Silva, C. T., Toazza, R., Costa, M. A., Salles, J. F., & Manfro, G. G. (2012) Anxiety disorders in adolescence are associated with impaired facial expression recognition to negative valence. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 147-151. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.023
104. Jones, C. R. G., Pickles, A., Falcaro, M., Marsden, A. J. S., Happé, F., Scott, S. K.,. Charman, T. (2011) A multimodal approach to emotion recognition ability in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 275-285. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02328.x Kayyal, M. H., & Russell, J. A. (2012). Americans and Palestinians judge spontaneous facial expressions of emotion. Manuscript submitted for publication.
105. Kayyal, M. H., & Russell, J. A. (2012). Americans and Palestinians judge spontaneous facial expressions of emotion. Manuscript submitted for publication.
106. Kayyal, M. H., Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2012a) Palestinian and American children's understanding of facial expressions of emotion. Manuscript in preparation.
107. Kayyal, M. H., Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2012b) Palestinian and American children's understanding of emotion from facial expressions, situational causes, and behavioral consequences. Manuscript in preparation.
108. Kellogg, W. N., & Eagleson, B. M. (1931) The growth of social perception in different racial groups. Journal of Educational Psychology, 22, 367-375. doi:10.1037/h0071038
109. Kessler, H., Roth, J., von Wietersheim, J., Deighton, R. M., & Traue, H. C. (2007) Emotion recognition patterns in patients with panic disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24, 223-226. doi:10.1002/da.20223
110. Ketelaar, T., Davis, J., & Mena, F. (2011) Kith, kin, and disgust: Evidence for a kin-directed signaling of emotion. Poster presented at the meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Antonio, TX.
111. Klinnert, M. D., Emde, R. N., Butterfield, P., & Campos, J. J. (1986) Social referencing: The infant's use of emotional signals from a friendly adult with mother present. Developmental Psychology, 22, 427-432. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.4.427
112. Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993) Looking at pictures: Affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30, 261-273. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x
113. Lariviere, L. A. (2005) Children and the emotion of disgust. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Tufts University.
114. Larsen, J. T., Berntson, G. G., Poehlmann, K. M., Ito, T. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008) The psychophysiology of emotion. In R. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), The handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 180-195). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
115. Lawrence, N. S., Kyoon, A. S., Mataix-Cols, D., Florian, R., Speckens, A., & Phillips, M. L. (2007) Neural responses to facial expressions of disgust but not fear are modulated by washing symptoms in OCD. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 1072-1080. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.06.033
116. Law Smith, M. J., Montagne, B., Perrett, D. I., Gill, M., & Gallagher, L. (2010) Detecting subtle facial emotion recognition deficits in highfunctioning autism using dynamic stimuli of varying intensities. Neuropsychologia, 48, 2777-2781. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.008
117. Lench, H. C., Flores, S. A., & Bench, S. W. (2011) Discrete emotions predict changes in cognition, judgment, experience, behavior, and physiology:A meta-analysis of experimental emotion elicitations. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 834-855. doi:10.1037/a0024244
118. Leppänen, J. M., & Nelson, C. A. (2006). The development and neural bases of facial emotion recognition. In R. J. Kail (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (pp. 207-246). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/S0065-2407(06)80008-X
119. Levenson, R. W. (2011) Basic emotion questions. Emotion Review, 3, 379-386. doi:10.1177/1754073911410743
120. Lindquist, K. A., Barrett, L. F., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Russell, J. A. (2006) Language and the perception of emotion. Emotion, 6, 125-138. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.1.125
121. Lindquist, K. A., Siegel, E. H., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2012). The hundred-year emotion war: Are emotions natural kinds or psychological constructions? Comment on Lench, Flores, and Bench (2011). Psychological Bulletin. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/a0029038
122. Lindquist, K. A., Wager, T. D., Kober, H., Bliss-Moreau, E., & Barrett, L. F. (2012) The brain basis of emotion: A meta-analytic review. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35, 121-143. doi:10.1017/S0140525X11000446
123. Lumley, M. A., & Melamed, B. G. (1992) Blood phobics and nonphobics:Psychological differences and affect during exposure. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 425-434. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(92)90026-D
124. Ma, R., Pochedly, J. T., & Widen, S. C. (2012) Emotion stories are stronger cues to emotion than are facial expressions for older children and adolescents. Manuscript in preparation.
125. MacWhinney, B. (2000) The CHILDES Project: Tools for analyzing talk: Vol. 2. The database (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
126. Marian, D. E., & Shimamura, A. P. (2012) Emotions in context: Pictorial influences on affective attributions. Emotion, 12, 371-375. doi:10.1037/a0025517
127. Markham, R., & Adams, K. (1992) The effect of type of task on children's identification of facial expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 16, 21-39. doi:10.1007/BF00986877
128. Markham, R., & Wang, L. (1996) Recognition of emotion by Chinese and Australian children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 616-643. doi:10.1177/0022022196275008
129. Massarani, R., Gosselin, P., Montembeault, P., Gagnon, M., & Suurland, A. (2011) French-speaking children's freely produced labels for facial expressions. Poster presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
130. Matsumoto, D., & Ekman, P. (1988) Japanese and Caucasian facial expressions of emotion (JACFEE). Available from David Matsumoto, Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway, San Francisco, CA, 94132.
131. Maynard Smith, J., & Harper, D. (2003) Animal signals. New York, NY:Oxford University Press.
132. McDougall, W. (1960). An introduction to social psychology. London, England: Methuen. (Original work published 1908)
133. Michalson, L., & Lewis, M. (1985). What do children know about emotion and when do they know it? In M. Lewis & C. Saarni (Eds.), The socialization of emotions (pp. 117-139). New York, NY: Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2421-8_6
134. Miller, A. L., Fine, S. E., Gouley, K. K., Seifer, R., Dickstein, S., & Shields, A. (2006) Showing and telling about emotions: Interrelations between facets of emotional competence and associations with classroom adjustment in Head Start preschoolers. Cognition & Emotion, 20, 1170-1192. doi:10.1080/02699930500405691
135. Montagne, B., Schutters, S., Westenberg, H. G., van Honk, J., Kessels, R. P., & de Haan, E. H. (2006) Reduced sensitivity in the recognition of anger and disgust in social anxiety disorder. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 11, 389-401. doi:10.1080/13546800444000254
136. Montirosso, R., Peverelli, M., Frigerio, E., Crespi, M., & Borgatti, R. (2010) The development of dynamic facial expression recognition at different intensities in 4-to 18-year-olds. Social Development, 19, 71-92. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00527.x
137. Moriguchi, Y., Ohnishi, T., Kawachi, T., Mori, T., Hirakata, M., Yamada, M. Komaki, G. (2005) Specific brain activation in Japanese and Caucasian people to fearful faces. NeuroReport, 16, 133-136. doi:10.1097/00001756-200502080-00012
138. Moses, L. J., Baldwin, D. A., Rosicky, J. G., & Tidball, G. (2001) Evidence for referential understanding in the emotions domain at twelve and eighteen months. Child Development, 72, 718-735. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00311
139. Mullins, D. T., & Duke, M. P. (2004) Effects of social anxiety on nonverbal accuracy and response time I: Facial expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28, 3-33. doi:10.1023/B:JONB.0000017865.24656.98
140. Muris, P., Huijding, J., Mayer, B., Leemreis, W., Passchier, S., & Bouwmeester, S. (2009) The effects of verbal disgust-and threat-related information about novel animals on disgust and fear beliefs and avoidance in children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38, 551-563. doi:10.1080/15374410902976379
141. Murphy, F. C., Nimmo-Smith, I., & Lawrence, A. D. (2003) Functional neuroanatomy of emotions: A meta-analysis. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 207-233. doi:10.3758/CABN.3.3.207
142. Naab, P. J., & Russell, J. A. (2007) Judgments of emotion from spontaneous facial expressions of New Guineans. Emotion, 7, 736-744. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.736
143. Nelson, C. A., & Dolgin, K. G. (1985) The generalized discrimination of facial expressions by seven-month-old infants. Child Development, 56, 58-61. doi:10.2307/1130173
144. Nelson, N. L., Hudspeth, K., & Russell, J. A. (2012). Story, still face, or dynamic expression: Which is the best cue to emotion for children? Manuscript submitted for publication.
145. Nelson, N. L., & Russell, J. A. (2012). A facial expression of pax:Revisiting children's "recognition of expressions." Manuscript in preparation.
146. Nelson, N. L., & Russell, J. A. (in press). Universality revisited. Emotion Review.
147. Nunner-Winkler, G., & Sodian, B. (1988) Children's understanding of moral emotions. Child Development, 59, 1323-1338. doi:10.2307/1130495
148. Oaten, M., Stevenson, R. J., & Case, T. I. (2009) Disgust as a diseaseavoidance mechanism. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 303-321. doi:10.1037/a0014823
149. Olatunji, B. O., & McKay, D. (2007). Disgust and psychiatric illness: Have we remembered? British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 457-459. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.032631
150. Panksepp, J. (2004) Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
151. Parkinson, B. (2005). Do facial movements express emotions or communicate motives? Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 278-311. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0904_1
152. Penfield, W., & Faulk, M. E. (1955) The insula: Further observations on its function. Brain, 78, 445-470. doi:10.1093/brain/78.4.445
153. Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002) Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. NeuroImage, 16, 331-348. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087
154. Phillips, M. L., Fahy, T., David, A. S., & Senior, C. (1998) Disgust: The forgotten emotion of psychiatry. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 373-375. doi:10.1192/bjp.172.5.373
155. Pochedly, J. T., Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2012). What emotion does the "facial expression of disgust" express? Emotion, 12, 1315-1319. doi:10.1037/a0027998
156. Pochedly, J. T., & Zeman, J. L. (2012) Children match the angry face with immoral stories. Manuscript in preparation.
157. Pollak, S. D., Cicchetti, D., Hornung, K., & Reed, A. (2000) Recognizing emotion in faces: Developmental effects of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Psychology, 36, 679-688. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.5.679
158. Pollak, S. D., & Sinha, P. (2002) Effects of early experience on children's recognition of facial displays of emotion. Developmental Psychology, 38, 784-791. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.784
159. Porges, S. W. (2003) The polyvagal theory: Phylogenetic contributions to social behavior. Physiology & Behavior, 79, 503-513. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00156-2
160. Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007) Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 1-23. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516
161. Prinz, J. J. (2007) The emotional construction of morals. Oxford, England:Oxford University Press.
162. Raman, L., & Gelman, S. A. (2008). Do children endorse psychosocial factors in the transmission of illness and disgust? Developmental Psychology, 44, 801-813. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.801
163. Raver, C. C., Garner, P. W., & Smith-Donald, R. (2007). The roles of emotion regulation and emotion knowledge for children's academic readiness: Are the links causal? In R. C. Pianta, M. J. Cox, & K. L. Snow (Eds.), School readiness and the transition to kindergarten in the era of accountability (pp. 121-147). Baltimore, MD: Paul H Brookes.
164. Reichenbach, L., & Masters, J. C. (1983) Children's use of expressive and contextual cues in judgments of emotion. Child Development, 54, 993-1004. doi:10.2307/1129903
165. Reisenzein, R. (2007) The case of disgust. Unpublished presentation, University of Greifswald, Germany.
166. Reisenzein, R., Studtmann, M., & Horstmann, G. (in press). Coherence between emotion and facial expression: Evidence from laboratory experiments. Emotion Review.
167. Repacholi, B. M. (1998) Infants' use of attentional cues to identify the referent of another person's emotional expression. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1017-1025. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.1017
168. Repacholi, B. M., & Gopnik, A. (1997) Early reasoning about desires:Evidence from 14-and 18-month-olds. Developmental Psychology, 33, 12-21. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.1.12
169. Rich, B. A., Grimley, M. E., Schmajuk, M., Blair, K. S., Blair, R. J. R., & Leibenluft, E. (2008) Face emotion labeling deficits in children with bipolar disorder and severe mood dysregulation. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 529-546. doi:10.1017/S0954579408000266
170. Ridgeway, D., Waters, E., & Kuczaj, S. A. (1985) Acquisition of emotiondescriptive language: Receptive and productive vocabulary norms for ages 18 months to 6 years. Developmental Psychology, 21, 901-908. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.5.901
171. Rieffe, C., Meerum Terwogt, M., & Jellesma, F. C. (2008). Emotional competence and health in children. In A. Vingerhoets, I. Nyklícek, & J. Denollet (Eds.), Emotion regulation: Conceptual and clinical issues (pp. 184-201). New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media.
172. Ritz, T., Thons, M., Fahrenkrug, S., & Dahme, B. (2005) Airways, respiration, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia during picture viewing. Psychophysiology, 42, 568-578. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00312.x
173. Roberson, D., Damjanovic, L., & Kikutani, M. (2010) Show and tell: The role of language in categorizing facial expression of emotion. Emotion Review, 2, 255-260. doi:10.1177/1754073910361979
174. Roberson, D., Kikutani, M., Döge, P., Whitaker, L., & Majid, A. (2012). Who's happy now? Developmental changes in emotion classification from facial expressions. Manuscript submitted for publication.
175. Rosen, A. B., & Rozin, P. (1993) Now you see it, now you don't: The preschool child's conception of invisible particles in the context of dissolving. Developmental Psychology, 29, 300-311. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.2.300
176. Rosenberg, E. L., & Ekman, P. (1994) Coherence between expressive and experiential systems in emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 8, 201-229. doi:10.1080/02699939408408938
177. Rosenstein, D., & Oster, H. (1988) Differential facial responses to four basic tastes in newborns. Child Development, 59, 1555-1568. doi:10.2307/1130670
178. Rossignol, M., Anselme, C., Vermeulen, N., Philippot, P., & Campanella, S. (2007) Categorical perception of anger and disgust facial expression is affected by non-clinical social anxiety: An ERP study. Brain Research, 1132, 166-176. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.036
179. Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. (1987) A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94, 23-41. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.94.1.23
180. Rozin, P., Fallon, A. E., & Augustoni-Ziskind, M. (1985) The child's conception of food: The development of contamination sensitivity to "disgusting" substances. Developmental Psychology, 21, 1075-1079. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.6.1075
181. Rozin, P., Fallon, A. E., & Mandell, R. (1984) Family resemblance in attitudes to foods. Developmental Psychology, 20, 309-314. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.309
182. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (1993). Disgust. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 575-594). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
183. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (2000). Disgust. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotion (pp. 637-653). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
184. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (2008). Disgust. In M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, & L. F. Barrett (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (3rd ed., pp. 757-776). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
185. Rozin, P., Haidt, J., McCauley, C. R., Dunlop, L., & Ashmore, M. (1999) Individual differences in disgust sensitivity: Comparisons and evaluations of paper-and pencil versus behavioral measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 330-351. doi:10.1006/jrpe.1999.2251
186. Rozin, P., Hammer, L., Oster, H., Horowitz, T., & Marmora, V. (1986) The child's conception of food: Differentiation of categories of rejected substances in the 16 months to 5 year age range. Appetite, 7, 141-151. doi:10.1016/S0195-6663(86)80014-9
187. Rozin, P., Lowery, L., & Ebert, R. (1994) Varieties of disgust faces and the structure of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 870-881. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.870
188. Russell, J. A. (1991) Culture and the categorization of emotions. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 426-450. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.3.426
189. Russell, J. A. (1993) Forced-choice response format in the study of facial expression. Motivation and Emotion, 17, 41-51. doi:10.1007/BF00995206
190. Russell, J. A. (1994) Is there universal recognition of emotion from facial expression? A review of the cross-cultural studies. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 102-141. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.102
191. Russell, J. A. (1995). Facial expressions of emotion: What lies beyond minimal universality? Psychological Bulletin, 118, 379-391. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.118.3.379
192. Russell, J. A., & Bullock, M. (1986) Fuzzy concepts and the perception of emotion in facial expressions. Social Cognition, 4, 309-341. doi:10.1521/soco.1986.4.3.309
193. Russell, J. A., & Paris, F. A. (1994). Do children acquire concepts for complex emotions abruptly? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 17, 349-365. doi:10.1177/016502549401700207
194. Russell, J. A., & Widen, S. C. (2002a) A label superiority effect in children's categorization of facial expressions. Social Development, 11, 30-52. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00185
195. Russell, J. A., & Widen, S. C. (2002b) Words versus faces in evoking children's knowledge of the causes of emotions. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 97-103. doi:10.1080/01650250042000582
196. Sarlo, M., & Munafò, M. (2010) When faces signal danger: Event-related potentials to emotional facial expressions in animal phobics. Neuropsychobiology, 62, 235-244. doi:10.1159/000319950
197. Sato, W., Uono, S., Matsuura, N., & Toichi, M. (2009). Misrecognition of facial expressions in delinquents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 3(27). doi:10.1186/1753-2000-3-27
198. Sawchuk, C. N. (2009) The acquisition and maintenance of disgust:Developmental and learning perspectives. In B. O. Olatunji & D. McKay (Eds.), Disgust and its disorders: Theory, assessment, and treatment implications (pp. 77-97). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
199. Schaller, M., & Park, J. (2011) The behavioral immune system (and why it matters). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 99-103. doi:10.1177/0963721411402596
200. Schienle, A., Schäfer, A., Stark, R., Walter, B., & Vaitl, D. (2005) Gender differences in the processing of disgust-and fear-inducing pictures: An fMRI study. NeuroReport, 16, 277-280. doi:10.1097/00001756-200502280-00015
201. Schmidt, H. J., & Beauchamp, G. K. (1988) Adult-like odor preferences and aversions in three-year-old children. Child Development, 59, 1136-1143. doi:10.2307/1130280
202. Schofield, C. A., Coles, M. E., & Gibb, B. E. (2007) Social anxiety and interpretation biases for facial displays of emotion: Emotion detection and ratings of social cost. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2950-2963. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.08.006
203. Siegal, M. (1988) Children's knowledge of contagion and contamination as causes of illness. Child Development, 59, 1353-1359. doi:10.2307/1130497
204. Siegal, M., & Share, D. L. (1990) Contamination sensitivity in young children. Developmental Psychology, 26, 455-458. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.3.455
205. Simonian, S. J., Beidel, D., Turner, S. M., Berkes, J. L., & Long, J. H. (2001) Recognition of facial affect by children and adolescents diagnosed with social phobia. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 32, 137-145. doi:10.1023/A:1012298707253
206. Smetana, J. G., Rote, W. M., Jambon, M., Tasopoulos-Chan, M., Villalobos, M., & Comer, J. (2012) Developmental changes and individual differences in young children's moral judgments. Child Development, 83, 683-696. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01714.x Smiley, P., & Huttenlocher, J. (1989). Young children's acquisition of emotion concepts. In C. Saarni & P. Harris (Eds.), Children's understanding of emotions (pp. 27-49). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
207. Smiley, P., & Huttenlocher, J. (1989). Young children's acquisition of emotion concepts. In C. Saarni & P. Harris (Eds.), Children's understanding of emotions (pp. 27-49). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
208. Sorenson, E. R. (1976) The edge of the forest: Land, childhood and change in a New Guinea protoagricultural society. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
209. Soussignan, R., & Schaal, B. (1996) Children's facial responsiveness to odors: Influences of hedonic valence of odor, gender, age, and social presence. Developmental Psychology, 32, 367-379. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.367
210. Soussignan, R., Schaal, B., Marlier, L., & Jiang, T. (1997) Facial and autonomic responses to biological and artificial olfactory stimuli in human neonates: Re-examining early hedonic discrimination of odors. Physiology and Behavior, 62, 745-758. doi:10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00187-X
211. Sprengelmeyer, R., Rausch, M., Eysel, U. T., & Przuntek, H. (1998) Neural structures associated with recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 265, 1927-1931. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0522
212. Sprengelmeyer, R., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J., Karnat, A., Lange, H., Homberg, V. Rowland, D. (1996) Loss of disgust: Perception of faces and emotions in Huntington's disease. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 119, 1647-1665. doi:10.1093/brain/119.5.1647
213. Stark, R., Zimmermann, M., Kagerer, S., Schienle, A., Walter, B., Weygandt, M., & Vaitl, D. (2007) Hemodynamic brain correlates of disgust and fear ratings. NeuroImage, 37, 663-673. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.005
214. Stein, M., Ottenberg, P., & Roulet, N. (1958) A study of the development of olfactory preferences. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 80, 264-266. doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1958.02340080134028
215. Stevenson, R. J., Oaten, M. J., Case, T. I., Repacholi, B. M., & Wagland, P. (2010) Children's response to adult disgust elicitors: Development and acquisition. Developmental Psychology, 46, 165-177. doi:10.1037/a0016692
216. Thielscher, A., & Pessoa, L. (2007) Neural correlates of perceptual choice and decision making during fear-disgust discrimination. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 2908-2917. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3024-06.2007
217. Tomkins, S. S. (1962) Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. I. The positive affects. New York, NY: Springer.
218. Tomkins, S. S., & McCarter, R. (1964) What and where are the primary affects? Some evidence for a theory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 18, 119-158. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511663994.015
219. Tottenham, N., Tanaka, J. W., Leon, A. C., McCarry, T., Nurse, M., Hare T. A. Nelson, C. (2009) The NimStim set of facial expressions:Judgments from untrained research participants. Psychiatry Research, 168, 242-249. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.05.006
220. Toyama, N. (1999) Developmental changes in the basis of associational contamination thinking. Cognitive Development, 14, 343-361. doi:10.1016/S0885-2014(99)00008-8
221. Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2008) The automaticity of emotion recognition. Emotion, 8, 81-95. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.1.81
222. Tracy, J. L., Robins, R. W., & Schriber, R. A. (2009) Development of a FACS-verified set of basic and self-conscious emotion expressions. Emotion, 9, 554-559. doi:10.1037/a0015766
223. Tremblay, C., Kirouac, G., & Dore, F. Y. (1987) The recognition of adults' and children's facial expressions of emotions. Journal of Psychology:Interdisciplinary and Applied, 121, 341-350. doi:10.1080/00223980.1987.9712674
224. Trentacosta, C. J., & Izard, C. E. (2007) Kindergarten children's emotion competence as a predictor of their academic competence in first grade. Emotion, 7, 77-88. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.77
225. Turiel, E. (1983) The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
226. Ulutaş, I., & Ömeroǧlu, E. (2007) The effects of an emotional intelligence education program on the emotional intelligence of children. Social Behavior and Personality, 35, 1365-1372. doi:10.2224/sbp.2007.35.10.1365
227. van der Schalk, J., Hawk, S. T., Fischer, A. H., & Doosje, B. (2011) Moving faces, looking places: Validation of the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set (ADFES). Emotion, 11, 907-920. doi:10.1037/a0023853
228. Vernon, L. L., & Berenbaum, H. (2002). Disgust and fear in response to spiders. Cognition & Emotion, 16, 809-830. doi:10.1080/02699930143000464
229. Vicari, S., Reilly, J. S., Pasqualetti, P., Vizzotto, A., & Caltagirone, C. (2000) Recognition of facial expression of emotions in school-age children: The intersection of perceptual and semantic categories. Acta Pǽditr, 89, 836-845. doi:10.1007/s100720050019
230. Von dem Hagen, E. A. H., Beaver, J. D., Ewbank, M. P., Keane, J., Passamonti, L., Lawrence, A. D., & Calder, A. J. (2009) Leaving a bad taste in your mouth but not in my insula. Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience, 4, 379-386. doi:10.1093/scan/nsp01
231. Vytal, K., & Hamann, S. (2010) Neuroimaging support for discrete neural correlates of basic emotions: A voxel-based meta-analysis. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 2864-2885. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21366
232. Walker, D. W., & Leister, C. (1994). Recognition of facial affect cues by adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders. Behavioral Disorders, 19, 269-276.
233. Walker, E., Marwit, S., & Emory, E. (1980) A cross-sectional study of emotion recognition in schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 428-436. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.89.3.428
234. Walker-Andrews, A. (2005). Perceiving social affordances: The development of emotional understanding. In B. D. Homer & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), The development of social cognition and communication (pp. 93-116). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
235. Wellman, H. M., Harris, P. L., Banerjee, M., & Sinclair, A. (1995) Early understanding of emotion: Evidence from natural language. Cognition & Emotion, 9, 117-149. doi:10.1080/02699939508409005
236. Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J. P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003) Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40, 655-664. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2
237. Widen, S. C. (2005). Preschoolers' use of emotion labels and understanding of emotion categories. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 65(12-B), 6692.
238. Widen, S. C. (in press). Children's interpretation of other's facial expressions. Emotion Review.
239. Widen, S. C., Acevedo, L., Gallucci, J., & Russell, J. A. (2011) The power of posture and external situation over facial expression on attributions of emotion. Manuscript in preparation.
240. Widen, S. C., Christy, A. M., Hewett, K., & Russell, J. A. (2011). Do proposed facial expressions of contempt, shame, embarrassment, and sympathy communicate the predicted emotion? Cognition & Emotion, 25, 898-906. doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.508270
241. Widen, S. C., & Naab, P. (2012) Can an anger face also be scared? Malleability of facial expressions. Emotion, 12, 919-925. doi:10.1037/a0026119
242. Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2002) Gender and preschoolers' perception of emotion. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 48, 248-262. doi:10.1353/mpq.2002.0013
243. Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2003) A closer look at preschoolers' freely produced labels for facial expressions. Developmental Psychology, 39, 114-128. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.1.114
244. Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2004) The relative power of an emotion's facial expression, label, and behavioral consequences to evoke preschoolers' knowledge of its cause. Cognitive Development, 19, 111-125. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2003.11.004
245. Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2008a) Children acquire emotion categories gradually. Cognitive Development, 23, 291-312. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2008.01.002
246. Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2008b) Children's and adults' understanding of the "disgust face". Cognition & Emotion, 22, 1513-1541. doi:10.1080/02699930801906744
247. Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2008c). Young children's understanding of other's emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 348-363). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
248. Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2010a) Children's scripts for social emotions: Causes and consequences are more central than are facial expressions. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28, 565-581. doi:10.1348/026151009X457550d
249. Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2010b). Differentiation in preschooler's categories for emotion. Emotion, 10, 651-661. doi:10.1037/a0019005
250. Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2010c) To children the "disgust face" conveys anger. Emotion, 10, 455-466. doi:10.1037/a0019151
251. Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2011). In building a script for an emotion, do preschoolers add its cause before its behavior consequence? Social Development, 20, 471-485. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00594.x
252. Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2012a) Children's understanding of disgusted, yucky, and grossed out in a story-telling task. Manuscript in preparation.
253. Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2012b). Dynamic vs. still facial expressions:Do older children's free labeling responses show an advantage for one? Manuscript in preparation.
254. Wierzbicka, A. (1992) Defining emotion concepts. Cognitive Science, 16, 539-581. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1604_4
255. Wierzbicka, A. (1994). Emotion, language, and cultural scripts. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 133-196). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10152-004
256. Wiggers, M., & van Lieshout, C. F. M. (1985) Development of recognition of emotions: Children's reliance on situational and facial expressive cues. Developmental Psychology, 21, 338-349. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.21.2.338
257. Williams, L. M., Mathersul, D., Palmer, D. M., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., & Gordon, E. (2008). Explicit identification and implicit recognition of facial emotions: I. Age effects in males and females across 10 decades. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 31, 257-277.doi:10.1080/13803390802255635
258. Wolfgang, A., & Cohen, M. (1988) Sensitivity of Canadians, Latin Americans, Ethiopians, and Israelis to interracial facial expressions of emotions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12, 139-151. doi:10.1016/0147-1767(88)90045-4
259. Yik, M., Widen, S. E., & Russell, J. A. (in press). The within-subject design in the study of facial expressions. Cognition & Emotion.
260. Yuki, M., Maddux, W. W., & Masuda, T. (2007) Are the windows to the soul the same in the East and West? Cultural differences in using the eyes and mouth as cues to recognize emotions in Japan and the United States. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 303-311. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.004
261. Zajonc, R. B., & McIntosh, D. N. (1992) Emotions research: Some promising questions, some questionable promises. Psychological Science, 3, 70-74. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00261.x
262. Zeidner, M., Matthews, G., Roberts, R. D., & MacCann, C. (2003) Development of emotional intelligence: Towards a multi-level investment model. Human Development, 46, 69-96. doi:10.1159/000068580