Composite projectiles and hafting technologies at Ohalo II (23ka, Israel): Analyses of impact fractures, morphometric characteristics and adhesive remains on microlithic tools

Journal of Archaeological Science

Volumn 40, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 4009-4023

  Yaroshevich, Alla ^a   Nadel, Dani ^b   Tsatskin, Alexander ^b  

^a ISRAEL ANTIQUITIES AUTHORITY   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

Author keywords

Adhesive composition; Composite projectiles; Impact fractures; Lateral hafting; Levant

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGY; ARTIFACT; MORPHOMETRY; PALEOLITHIC; TECHNOLOGY; WEAPON;

ISRAEL; LEVANT; MEDITERRANEAN REGION;

EID: 84881229385     PISSN: 03054403     EISSN: 10959238     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.017     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Abramova Z.A., Grechkina T.U. Hunting and hunting weapons in the Late Paleolithic of East Siberia. Short Reports of the Institute of Archaeology 1985, 181:44-49. (in Russian).
2. Barta J. Hunting of brown bear in Mesolithic: evidence from the Medvejia Cave near Ruzin, Slovakia. The Mesolithic in Europe (Papers Presented at the Third International Symposium Edinburg, 1985) 1989, 456-460. John Donald Publishers Ltd., Edinburg. D.S. Bonsall (Ed.).
3. Barton R.N.E., Bergman C.A. Hunters at Hengistbury: some evidence from experimental archaeology. World Archaeology 1982, 14:236-248.
4. Bartov Y., Stein M., Enzel Y., Agnon A., Reches Z. Lake levels and sequence stratigraphy of Lake Lisan, the late Pleistocene precursor of the Dead Sea. Quaternary Research 2002, 57:9-21.
5. Bar-Yosef O. The Epipalaeolithic Cultures of Palestine 1970, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Unpublished Ph.D. thesis.
6. Bar-Yosef O. Direct and indirect evidence for hafting in the Epi-Palaeolithic and Neolithic of the Southern Levant. La Main et l'Outil: Manches et Émmanchements Préhistoriques 1987, 155-164. Maison de L'Orient, Lyon. D. Stordeur (Ed.).
7. Bar-Yosef O., Goring-Morris N. Geometric Kebaran a occurrences. Qedem 7, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 1977, 115-148. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. O. Bar-Yosef, J.L. Phillips (Eds.).
8. Prehistoric Investigations in Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai. Qedem 7, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 1977, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. O. Bar-Yosef, J.L. Phillips (Eds.).
9. Bar-Yosef O., Gopher A. An Early Neolithic Village in the Jordan Valley. Part I: the Archaeology of Netiv Hagdud 1997, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Harvard University, Cambridge.
10. Belfer-Cohen A., Goring-Morris N. Why microliths? Microlithisation in the Levant. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 12 2002, 57-68. R.G. Elston, S.L. Kuhn (Eds.).
11. Belfer-Cohen A., Bar-Yosef O. The Levantine Aurignacian: 60 years of research. Dorothy Garrod and the Progress of the Palaeolithic 1999, 118-134. Oxbow Books, Oxford. W. Davies, R. Charles (Eds.).
12. Bergman C.A. Ksar Akil, Lebanon. A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Late Upper Palaeolithic Levels of Ksar Akil: Levels XIII-VI. BAR International Series 329 1987, Oxford.
13. Bergman C.A., Newcomer M.H. Flint arrowhead breakage, examples from Ksar Akil. Journal of Field Archaeology 1983, 10:238-243.
14. Boëda E., Connan J., Muhesen S. Bitumen as hafting material on Middle Paleolithic artifacts from El-Kowm basin, Syria. Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia 1998, 181-204. Plenum Press, New York. T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, O. Bar- Yosef (Eds.).
15. Boëda E., Bonilauri S., Connan J., Jarvie D., Mercier N., Tobey M., Valladas H., Al Sakhel H., Muhensen S. Middle Palaeolithic bitumen use at Umm el Tlel around 70 000 BP. Antiquity 2008, 82:853-861.
16. Cabanes D., Weiner S., Shahack-Gross R. Stability of phytoliths in the archaeological record: a dissolution study of modern and fossil phytoliths. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38:2480-2490.
17. Clark J.G.D. The Mesolithic Settlement of Northern Europe 1936, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
18. Clark J.G.D. Excavations at Starr Carr. An Early Mesolithic Site at Seamer Near Scarborough, Yorkshire 1954, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
19. Clark J.G.D. The Mesolithic Settlement of Southern Europe 1969, Greenwood Press Publishers, New-York.
20. Clark J.D. Interpretations of prehistoric technology from ancient Egyptian and other sources. Part II: prehistoric arrow forms in Africa as shown by surviving examples of traditional arrows of the San Bushmen. Paléorient 1977, 3:127-150.
21. Clark J.D., Phillips J.L., Staley P.S. Interpretations of prehistoric technology from ancient Egyptian bows and arrows and their relevance for African prehistory. Paléorient 1974, 2:323-388.
22. Crombe P., Perdaen Y., Sergant J., Caspar J.-P. Wear analysis on early Mesolithic microliths from the Verrebroek site, East Flanders Belgium. Journal of Field Archaeology 2001, 28:253-269.
23. Enzel Y., Amit R., Dayan U., Crouvi O., Kahana R., Ziv B., Sharon D. The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts. Global and Planetary Change 2008, 60:165-192.
24. Fischer A., Hansen P.V., Rassmussen P. Macro- and micro-wear traces on lithic projectile points. Experimental results and prehistoric examples. Journal of Danish Archaeology 1984, 3:19-46.
25. Friis-Hunsen J. Mesolithic cutting arrows: functional analysis of arrows used in the hunting large game. Antiquity 1990, 64:494-504.
26. Fullagar R., McDonald J., Field J., Donlon D. Deadly weapons: backed microliths from Narrabeen, New South Wales. Archaeological Science Under a Microscope: Studies in Residue and Ancient DNA 2009, 248-260. Analysis in Honour of Thomas H. Loy ANU E Press, The Australian National University, Canberra. M. Haslam (Ed.).
27. Gisis I., Gilead I. Lagama III. QEDEM 7, Monographs of the Institute of Archaeology 1977, 85-101. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. O. Bar-Yosef, J.L. Phillips (Eds.).
28. Goring-Morris A.N. Upper Palaeolithic sites from Wadi Fazael, lower Jordan Valley. Paléorient 1980, 6:173-191.
29. Goring-Morris A.N. At the Edge, Terminal Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherers in the Negev and Sinai 1987, British Archaeological Report 361, Oxford.
30. Goring-Morris A.N. Complex hunter-gatherers at the end of the Palaeolithic (20,000-10,000 B.P.). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land 1995, 141-164. Leicester University Press, London. T.E. Levi (Ed.).
31. Goring-Morris A.N. Saflulim: a Late Natufian base camp in the Central Negev highlands, Israel. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 1999, 131:36-64.
32. Gramsch B. Ausgrabungen auf dem mesolithischen Moorfundplatz bei Friesack. Veröffentlichungen des Museums für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Potsdam 1987, 21:75-100.
33. Gurina N.N. Mesolithic of Karelia. Mesolithic of USSR 1989, 27-31. Nauka, Moscow, (in Russian). L.V. Koltsov (Ed.).
34. Gvosdover M.D. AComposite Point from the Paleolithic Site of Talitskij 1952, vol. 158:207-210. Scientific Notes of Moscow State University, (in Russian).
35. Hazan N., Stein M., Agnon A., Marco S., Nadel D., Negendank J., Schwab M., Neev D. The late Quaternary limnological history of Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee). Quaternary Research 2005, 63:60-77.
36. Henry D.O., Chen C. The Madamaghan sites. Prehistoric Cultural Ecology and Evolution: Insights from Southern Jordan 1995, 295-318. Plenum Press, New York. D.O. Henry (Ed.).
37. Inizan M.L. Outils lithiques Caspiens ocrés. L'Anthropologie 1976, 80:39-63.
38. Iovita R., Schöneke H., Gaudzinski-Windheuser S., Jäger F. Projectile impact fractures and launching mechanisms: results of a controlled ballistic experiment using replica Levallois points. Journal of Archaeological Science 2013, (in press).
39. Kaufman D. Hunter-gatherers of the Levantine Epipalaeolithic: the socioecological origins of sedentism. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 1992, 5:165-201.
40. Keeley L. Hafting and retooling: effects on the archaeological record. American Antiquity 1982, 47:798-809.
41. Kingery W.D., Vandiver P.B., Prickett M. The beginnings of pyrotechnology, part II: production and use of lime and gypsum plaster in the pre-pottery Neolithic Near East. Journal of Field Archaeology 1988, 15:219-244.
42. Kozlowsky S.K., Kozlowskaja E. Final Paleolithic and Mesolithic horn and bone points and harpoons in Central Europe. Proceedings of the International Conference Za Mostje 2001, 99-104. (in Russian). T.N. Manushina, V.I. Vishnevsky, V.M. Lozovsky, O.V. Lozovskaya (Eds.).
43. Leroi-Gourhan A. Une tête de sagaie à armatures de lamelles de silex de Pincevent. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 1983, 80:154-156.
44. Lombard M. Evidence of hunting and hafting during the Middle Stone Age at Sibidu Cave, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a multianalytical approach. Journal of Human Evolution 2005, 48:279-300.
45. Lombard M. The gripping nature of ochre: the association of ochre with Howiesons Poort adhesives and Later Stone Age mastics from South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 2007, 53:406-419.
46. Lombard M. Finding resolution for the Howiesons Poort through the microscope: micro-residue analysis of segments from Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 2008, 35:26-41.
47. Lombard M. Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38:1918-1930.
48. Lombard M., Parsons I. Blade and bladelet function and variability in risk management during the last 2000 years in the Northern Cape. South African Archaeological Bulletin 2008, 63:18-27.
49. Lozovskaja O.V. Composite tools from the site of Zamost'e 2. Proceedings of the International Conference Za Mostje 2001, 161-167. (in Russian). T.N. Manushina, V.I. Vishnevsky, V.M. Lozovsky, O.V. Lozovskaya (Eds.).
50. Malmer M.P. Die Mikrolithen in dem Pfeil-Fund von Loschult. Meddenlanden fran Lunds Universitets Historiska Museum 1966-68 1969, 249-255.
51. Marks A.E. The Upper Palaeolithic of the Negev. Préhistoire du Levant 1981, 343-352. CNRS, Paris. P. Sanlaville, J. Cauvin (Eds.).
52. Mazza P.P.A., Martini F., Sala B., Magi M., Colombini M.P., Giachi G., Landucci F., Cristina L., Modugno F., Ribechini E. Anew Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed. Journal of Archaeological Science 2006, 33:1310-1318.
53. McBride I. Backed blade industries from the Graman Rockshelter, New South Wales: some evidence of function. Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory 1985, 231-249. Printsman Press Faridabad, New Delhi. V.N. Mirsa, P. Bellwood (Eds.).
54. Mencke E. Ein Microlith mit Schäftungspech aus Duvensee. Praehistorische Zeitschrift 1934, 25:151-152.
55. Nadel D. Ohalo II, a preliminary report. Mitekufat Haeven - Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 1990, 23:48-59.
56. Nadel D. Ohalo II - the third season. Mitekufat Haeven - Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 1991, 24:158-163.
57. Nadel D. Scalene and proto-triangles from Ohalo II. Mitekufat Haeven - Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society 1999, 29:5-16.
58. Ohalo II - a 23,000 Year-Old Fisher-Hunter-Gatherers' Camp on the Shore of the Sea of Galilee 2002, Hecht Museum, Haifa. D. Nadel (Ed.).
59. Nadel D. Along continuity: the Ohalo II brush huts (19.5ky) and the dwelling structures in the Natufian and PPNA sites in the Jordan Valley. Archaeology, Anthropology and Ethnology in Euroasia 2003, 13(1):34-48.
60. Nadel D. The Ohalo II flint assemblage and the beginning of the Epipaleolithic in the Jordan Valley. More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Paleolithic Diversity in the Near East 2003, 216-229. Oxbow, Oxford. N.A. Goring-Morris, A. Belfer-Cohen (Eds.).
61. Nadel D., Carmi I., Segal D. Radiocarbon dating of Ohalo II: archaeological and methodological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 1995, 22(6):811-822.
62. Nadel D., Werker E. The oldest ever brush hut plant remains from Ohalo II, Jordan Valley, Israel (19 BP). Antiquity 1999, 73(282):755-764.
63. Nadel D., Weiss E., Simchoni O., Tsatskin A., Danin A., Kislev M.E. Stone Age hut in Israel yields world's oldest evidence of bedding. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 2004, 101(17):6821-6826.
64. Nadel D., Grinberg U., Boaretto E., Werker E. Wooden objects from Ohalo II (23,000calBP), Jordan Valley, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 2006, 50(6):644-662.
65. Namdar D., Neumann R., Sladezki Y., Haddad N., Weiner S. Alkane composition variations between darker and lighter colored comb beeswax. Apidologie 2007, 38:453-461.
66. Nuzhnyy D. L'utilisation des microlithes geometriques et non geometriques comme armatures de projectiles. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 1989, 86(3):88-96.
67. Nuzhnyy D. Projectile Damage on Upper Paleolithic Microliths and the Use of Bow and Arrow Among Pleistocene Hunters in the Ukraine. The Interpretative Possibilities of Microwear Studies 1990, Proceedings of the international conference of lithic use-wear analysis, 15-17th February 1989 in Uppsala, Sweden. AUN 14, Uppsala, pp. 113-124.
68. Nuzhnyy D. Assemblages of three Epigravettian sites in the Middle Dnieper Basin: a case of variability of residential patterns of mammoth hunters during the warm season. Proceedings of Kostenki Expedition, St. Petersburg 1992, 123-137.
69. Nuzhnyy D. Projectile Weapons and Technical Progress in the Stone Age. Traces et Function: les Gestes Retrouves Colloque International de Liège Editions 1993, vol. 50:11-53. ERAUL.
70. Nuzhnyy D. Microlithic projectile weapons of the Late Palaeolithic and Mesolithic hunters of the Crimea. Archeologija 1999, 1:5-24. (in Ukrainian).
71. Nuzhnyy D. Development of Microlithic Technology during the Stone Age: Projectile Weapons of Prehistoric Hunters 2008, KNT, Kiev, (in Ukrainian).
72. Oshibkina C.V. Mesolithic of Sukhona Basin and Eastern Onezhskoe Lake 1983, Nauka, Moskva, (in Russian).
73. Pargeter J. Assessing the macrofracture method for identifying Stone Age hunting weaponry. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38:2882-2888.
74. Pargeter J., Bradfield J. The effects of Class I and II sized bovids on macrofracture formation and tool displacement: results of a trampling experiment in a southern African Stone Age context. Journal of Field Archaeology 2012, 37:238-251.
75. Pawlik A.F., Thissen J.P. Hafted armatures and multi-component tool design at the Micoquian site of Inden-Altdorf, Germany. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38:1699-1708.
76. Pétillon J.-M., Bignon O., Bodu P., Cattelain P., Debout G., Langlais M., Laroulandie V., Plisson H., Valentin B. Hard core and cutting edge: experimental manufacture and use of Magdalenian composite projectile tips. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38:1266-1283.
77. Pitulko V.V. General tendencies in the development of composite tools. Proceedings of the International Conference Za Mostje 2001, 161-167. (in Russian). T.N. Manushina, V.I. Vishnevsky, V.M. Lozovsky, O.V. Lozovskaya (Eds.).
78. Sano K. Functional variability in the Magdalenian of north-western Europe: a lithic microwear analysis of the Gönnersdorf K-II assemblage. Quaternary International 2012, 272-273:264-274.
79. Sano K., Maier A., Heidenreich S.M. Bois Laiterie revisited: functional, morphological and technological analysis of a Late Glacial hunting camp in north-western Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 2011, 38:1468-1484.
80. Shaham D., Grosman L., Goren-Inbar N. The red stained flint crescent from Gesher: new insight into PPNA hafting technology. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37:2010-2016.
81. Serikov U.B. Mesolithic ornamented arrowheads from the ritual cave Kemen Dyrovaty, Chusovaya River. Proceedings of the International Conference Za Mostje 2001, 150-156. (in Russian). T.N. Manushina, V.I. Vishnevsky, V.M. Lozovsky, O.V. Lozovskaya (Eds.).
82. Stein M., Torfstein A., Gavrieli I., Yechieli A. Abrupt aridities and salt deposition in the post-glacial Dead Sea and their North Atlantic connection. Quaternary Science Reviews 2010, 29:567-575.
83. Sulgostowska Z. Mesolithic bone point with flint inserts from Tlokowo, Olsztyn Voivodeship - a technological assessment. Archeologia Polski 1993, 38:75-78.
84. Svoboda J., Hajnalová M., Novák M., Šajnerová A., Yaroshevich A. Mesolithic settlement and activities in rockshelters of the Kamenice River Canyon, Czech Republic. Eurasian Prehistory 2007, 5(1):95-127.
85. Telegin D.J. Mesolithic Sites of the Ukraine 1982, Naukova Dumka, Kiev, (in Ukrainian).
86. Thomas D.H. Arrowheads and Atl-atl Darts - how stones got shaft. American Antiquity 1978, 43:461-472.
87. Tomenchuk J. AFunctional Study of Selected Levantine Epi-Paleolithic Assemblages 1984, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Toronto.
88. Troels-Smith J. En elmetraes-Bue fra Aamosen og andre traesager fra Tidlig-Neolitisk Tid. En forelöbig Meddelelse. Aarbøger 1960, 91-144.
89. Troels-Smith J. At pileskaft fra Tidlig Maglemosetid. Aarbøger 1961, 122-146.
90. Tsatskin A., Nadel D. Formation processes at the Ohalo II submerged prehistoric campsite, Israel, deduced from soil micromorphology and magnetic susceptibility studies. Geoarchaeology 2003, 18(4):409-432.
91. Wadley L. Putting ochre to the test: replication studies of adhesives that may have been used for hafting tools in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution 2005, 49:587-601.
92. Wadley L., Williamson B., Lombard M. Ochre in hafting in Middle Stone Age southern Africa: a practical role. Antiquity 2004, 78:661-675.
93. Wadley L., Mohapi M. Asegment is not a monolith: evidence from the Howiesons Poort of Sibudu, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 2008, 35:2594-2605.
94. Wadley L., Hodgskiss T., Grant M. Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2009, 106:9544-9545.
95. Weiss E., Kislev M.E., Simchoni O., Nadel D. Small-grained wild grasses as staple food at the 23,000 year old site of Ohalo II, Israel. Economic Botany 2005, 588:125-134.
96. Wiessner P. Style and social information in Kalahari San projectile points. American Antiquity 1983, 48(2):253-276.
97. Yaroshevich A. Microlithic Variability and Design and Performance of Projectile Weapons During the Levantine Epipaleolithic: Experimental and Archaeological Evidence 2010, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Haifa.
98. Yaroshevich A., Kaufman D., Nuzhnyy D., Bar-Yosef O., Weinstein-Evron M. Design and performance of microlith implemented projectiles during the Middle and Late Epipaleolithic of the Levant: experimental and archaeological evidence. Journal of Archaeological Science 2010, 37:368-388.
99. Zenin V.N., Maschenko E.N., Leshchinsky S.V., Pavlov A.F., Grootes P.M., Nadeaux M.J. The first direct evidence of mammoth hunting in Asia (Lugovskoye site, 211, Western Siberia). 3rd International Mammoth Conference - Abstract Volume 2003, 152-155. Dawson City, Yukon Territory, Canada.
100. Zenin V.N., Leshchinskiy S.V., Zolotarev K.V., Grootes P.M., Nadeau M.-J. Lugovskoe: geoarchaeology and culture of a paleolithic site. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 2006, 25:41-53.
101. Zhilin M.G. Technology of the manufacture of Mesolithic bone arrowheads on the Upper Volga. European Journal of Archaeology 1998, 1:149-176.