Therapist self-disclosure as an integrative intervention

Journal of Psychotherapy Integration

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 59-74

  Ziv Beiman, Sharon ^a  

^a The College for Academic Studies   (Israel)

Author keywords

Psychotherapy integration; Therapeutic relationship; Therapist self disclosure; Therapy outcome

Indexed keywords

EID: 84881227435     PISSN: 10530479     EISSN: 15733696     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0031783     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Ackerman, S. J., Benjamin, L. S., Beutler, L. E., Gelso, C. J., Goldfried, M. R., and Hill, C. (2001). Empirically supported therapy relationships: Conclusions and recommendations of the Division 29 Task Force. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 495-497. doi:10.1037/ 0033-3204.38.4.495
2. Anderson, S. C., and Mandell, D. L. (1989). The use of self-disclosure by professional social workers. Social Casework, 70, 259-267.
3. Aron, L. (1996). A Meeting of minds: Mutuality in psychoanalysis. London, UK: Analytic Press.
4. Audet, C. T. (2004). Client experiences of therapist self-disclosure (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. NQ96235)
5. Audet, C. T., and Everall, R. (2003). The impact of therapist self-disclosure on the therapeutic relationship: A client perspective. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Psychology Research, Santa Barbara, CA.
6. Bareket-Bojmel, L., and Shahar, G. (2011). Emotional and interpersonal consequences of self-disclosure in a lived, online interaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, 732-759. doi:10.1521/ jscp.2011.30.7.732
7. Barnett, J. E. (1998). Should psychotherapists selfdisclose? Clinical and ethical considerations. In L. Vandecreek, S. Knapp, & T. L. Jackson (Eds.), Innovations in clinical practice: A source book (pp. 419-428). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange.
8. Barrett, M. S., and Berman. J. S. (2001). Is psychotherapy more effective when therapists disclose information about themselves? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 597-603. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.597
9. Benjamin, J. (1988). The bonds of love: Psychoanalysis, feminism, and the problem of domination. New York, NY: Pantheon.
10. Berg-Cross, L. (1984). Therapist self-disclosure to clients in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy in Private Practice, 2, 57-64. doi:10.1300/J294v02n04_08
11. Beutler, L. E., Consoli, A. J., and Lane, G. (2005). Systematic treatment selection and prescriptive psychotherapy. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 121-143). New York, NY: Basic Books.
12. Beutler, L. E., and Mitchell, R. (1981). Psychotherapy outcome in depressed and impulsive patients as a function of analytic and experiential treatment procedures. Psychiatry, 44, 297-306.
13. Bianco, J. A. (2007). Therapists' willingness to selfdisclose as a function of theoretical orientation and client diagnosis (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3266531)
14. Billow, R. M. (2000). Self-disclosure and psychoanalytic meaning: A psychoanalytic fable. Psychoanalytic Review, 87, 61-79.
15. Bloomgarden, A., and Mennuti, R. B. (2009). Therapist self-disclosure: Beyond the taboo. In A. Bloomgarden & R. B. Mennuti (Eds.), Psychotherapist revealed: Therapists speak about selfdisclosure in psychotherapy (pp. 3-15). New York, NY: Routledge.
16. Braswell, L., Kendall, P. C., Braith, J., Carey, M. P., and Vye, C. S. (1985). "Involvement" in cognitivebehavioral therapy with children: Process and its relationship to outcome. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9, 611-630. doi:10.1007/BF01173021
17. Bridges, N. A. (2001). Therapist's self-disclosure: Expanding the comfort zone. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 21-30. doi: 10.1037/0033-3204.38.1.21
18. Bugental, J. F. T. (1987). The art of the psychotherapist. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
19. Casement, P. J. (1988). Learning from the patient. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
20. Castonguay, L. G., Schut, A. J., Aikins, D. E., Constantino, M. J., Laurenceau, J. P., Bologh, L., and Burns, D. D. (2004). Integrative cognitive therapy for depression: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 14, 4-20. doi: 10.1037/1053-0479.14.1.4
21. Chused, J. F. (1982). The role of analytic neutrality in the use of the child analyst as a new object. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 30, 3-28.
22. Coady, N. F. (1991). The association between complex types of therapist interventions and outcomes in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Research on Social Work Practice, 1, 122-138. doi:10.1177/ 104973159100100202
23. Cowan, R., Hansen, J., and O'Toole, S. K. (2010). Therapist self-disclosure: The impact of sex, credential, and experience. Paper presented at the 118th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.
24. Cozby, P. C. (1973). Self-disclosure: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 73-91. doi: 10.1037/h0033950
25. Curtis, R., Field, C., Knaan-Kostman, I., and Mannix, K. (2004). What 75 psychoanalysts found helpful and hurtful in their own analyses. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 21, 183-202. doi:10.1037/0736-9735 .21.2.183
26. Davies, J. M. (1994). Love in the afternoon: A relational reconsideration of desire and dread in the countertransference. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 4, 153-170. doi:10.1080/10481889409539011
27. Dryden, W. (1990). Self-disclosure in rationalemotive therapy. In G. Stricker & M. Fisher (Eds.), Self-disclosure in the therapeutic relationship (pp. 61-74). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
28. Duncan, B. L., Sparks, J. A., and Miller, S. D. (2006). Client, not theory, directed: Integrating approaches one client at a time. In G. Stricker & J. Gold (Eds.), A casebook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 225-240). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11436-017
29. Edwards, C., and Murdock, N. L. (1994). Characteristics of therapist self disclosure in the counseling process. Journal of Counseling & Development, 72, 384-389. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1994 .tb00954.x
30. Epstein, R. S. (1994). Keeping boundaries: Maintaining safety and integrity in the psychotherapeutic process. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
31. Etchegoyen, R. H. (1991). The fundamentals of psychoanalytic technique. Oxford, UK: Karnac.
32. Falzder, E., and Barbant, E. (2000). The correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sandor Ferenczi. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
33. Farber, B. A. (2003). Self-disclosure in psychotherapy practice and supervision: An introduction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 525-528. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10156
34. Farber, B. A. (2006). Self-disclosure in psychotherapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
35. Ferenczi, S. (1932/1988). Confusion of tongues between adults and the child: The language of tenderness and of passion. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 24, 196-206.
36. Fisher, M. (1990). The shared experience and selfdisclosure. In G. Stricker & M. Fisher (Eds.), Selfdisclosure in the therapeutic relationship (pp. 3-15). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
37. Frank, J. D., and Frank, J. B. (1993). Persuasion and healing (3rd ed.). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
38. Frank, K. A. (1997). The role of the analyst's inadvertent self-revelations. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 7, 281-314. doi:10.1080/10481889709539182
39. Franklin, G. (1990). The multiple meanings of neutrality. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 38, 195-220.
40. Freeman, A., Fleming, B., and Pretzer, J. (1990). Clinical applications of cognitive therapy. New York, NY: Plenum Press. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-0007-6
41. Freud, S. (1915). Observations on transference-love (Further recommendations on the technique of psychoanalysis III). In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Volume 7 (pp. 157-171). London: Hogarth Press.
42. Garfield, S. L. (1980). Psychotherapy: An eclectic approach. New York, NY: Wiley.
43. Garfield, S. L. (1992). Eclectic psychotherapy: A common factors approach. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 169-201). New York, NY: Basic Books.
44. Geller, J. D. (2003). Self disclosure in psychoanalytic- existential therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 541-554. doi:10.1002/jclp.10158
45. Geller, J. D., and Farber, B. A. (1997). Why therapists do and don't self-disclose. Paper presented at the 105th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.
46. Giovacchini, P. L. (1972). Technical difficulties in treating some characterological disorders: Countertransference problems. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 1, 112-128.
47. Glover, E. (1928). Lectures on technique in psychoanalysis (concluded). International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 9, 181-218.
48. Gold, J., and Stricker, G. (2006). Introduction: An overview of psychotherapy integration. In G. Stricker & J. Gold (Eds.), A casebook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 3-16). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/ 11436-001
49. Goldfried, M. R. (2010). The future of psychotherapy integration: Closing the gap between research and practice. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 20, 386-396. doi:10.1037/a0022036
50. Goldfried, M. R., Burckell, L. A., and Eubanks-Carter, C. (2003). Therapist self-disclosure in cognitivebehavioral therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 555-568. doi:10.1002/jclp.10159
51. Goldstein, E. G. (1997). To tell or not to tell: The disclosure of events in the therapist's life to the patient. Clinical Social Work Journal, 25, 41-58. doi:10.1023/A:1025729826627
52. Greenberg, J. (1995). Self-disclosure: Is it psychoanalytic? Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 31, 193-205.
53. Hanly, C. (1998). Reflections on the analyst's selfdisclosure. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 18, 550-565. doi:10.1080/07351699809534211
54. Hartmann, H. (1964). Essays on ego psychology. Oxford, UK: International Universities Press.
55. Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Rowland, M. D., and Cunningham, P. B. (2002). Serious emotional disturbance in children and adolescents: Multisystemic therapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
56. Henretty, J. R., and Levitt, H. M. (2010). The role of therapist self-disclosure in psychotherapy: A qualitative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 63-77. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.09.004
57. Hill, C. E., Helms, J. E., Tichenor, V., Spiegel, S., O'Grady, K. E., and Perry, E. S. (1988). Effects of therapist response modes in brief psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 222-233. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.35.3.222
58. Hill, C. E., and Knox, S. (2002). Self-disclosure. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (pp. 255-265). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
59. Hill, C. E., Mahalik, J. R., and Thompson, B. J. (1989). Therapist self-disclosure. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 26, 290-295. doi: 10.1037/h0085438
60. Hill, C. E., and O'Brien, K. M. (1999). Helping skills: Facilitating, exploration, insight, and action. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
61. Hoffer, A. (1985). Toward a definition of psychoanalytic neutrality. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 33, 771-795.
62. Hubble, M. A., Duncan, B. L., and Miller, S. D. (Eds.) (1999). The heart and soul of change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/11132-000
63. Johnston, S., and Farber, B. A. (1996). The maintenance of boundaries in psychotherapeutic practice. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 33, 391-402. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.33 .3.391
64. Jourard, S. M. (1971). The transparent self. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
65. Kallner, N. (2002). The rule of therapeutic neutrality: Vicissitudes of an unfortunate term. Sihot/ Dialogue: Israel Journal of Psychotherapy, 16, 148-157.
66. Kelly, A. E., and Rodriguez, R. R. (2007). Do therapists self-disclose more to clients with greater symptomatology? Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 44, 470-475. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.44.4.470
67. Kim, B. S. K., Hill, C. E., Gelso, C. J., Goates, M. K., Asay, P. A., and Harbin, J. M. (2003). Counselor self-disclosure, East Asian American client adherence to Asian cultural values, and counseling process. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 324-332. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.3.324
68. Knox, S., and Hill, C. E. (2003). Therapist selfdisclosure: Research-based suggestions for practitioners. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 529-539. doi:10.1002/jclp.10157
69. Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self: A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
70. Kushner, K., Bordin, E. S., and Ryan, E. (1979). Comparison of Strupp and Jenkins' audio-visual psychotherapy interviews. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 765-767. doi:10.1037/ 0022-006X.47.4.765
71. Lambert, M. J. (1991). Introduction to psychotherapy research. In L. E. Beutler & M. Cargo (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: An international review of programmatic studies (pp. 1-11). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/10092-041
72. Lambert, M. J. (2005). Early response in psychotherapy: Further evidence for the importance of common factors rather than "placebo effects". Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61, 855-869. doi:10.1002/ jclp.20130
73. Lane, J. S., Farber, B. A., and Geller, J. D. (2001). What therapists do and don't disclose to their patients. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, Montevideo, Uruguay.
74. Lazarus, A. A. (2005). Multimodal therapy. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 105-120). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
75. Lazarus, A. A., Beutler, L. E., and Norcross, J. C. (1992). The future of technical eclecticism. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 29, 11-20. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.29.1.11
76. Locke, S. E., and Colligan, D. (1986). The healer within: The new medicine of mind and body. New York, NY: E. P. Dutton.
77. Lynn, D. J., and Vaillant, G. E. (1998). Anonymity, neutrality, and confidentiality in the actual methods of Sigmund Freud: A review of 43 cases, 1907-1939. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 163-171.
78. Mann, B., and Murphy, K. C. (1975). Timing of selfdisclosure, reciprocity of self-disclosure, and reactions to an initial interview. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 22, 304-308. doi:10.1037/h0076694
79. Marcus, D. M. (1998). Self-disclosure: The wrong issue. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 18, 566-579. doi: 10.1080/07351699809534212
80. Maroda, K. J. (1999). Seduction, surrender, and transformation: Emotional engagement in the analytic process. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
81. Mathews, B. (1988). The role of therapist selfdisclosure in psychotherapy: A survey of therapists. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 42, 521-531.
82. Mathews, B. (1989). The use of therapist selfdisclosure and its potential impact on the therapeutic process. Journal of Human Behavior & Learning, 6, 25-29.
83. Messer, S. B. (1992). A critical examination of belief structures in integrative and eclectic psychotherapy. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 130-165). New York, NY: Basic Books.
84. Miller, S. D., Duncan, B. L., and Hubble, M. A. (2005). Outcome-informed clinical work. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 84-102). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
85. Mitchell, S. A. (1988). Relational concepts in psychoanalysis: An integration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
86. Mitchell, S. A. (1997). Two quibbles: Commentary on Kenneth A. Frank's paper. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 7, 319-322. doi:10.1080/ 10481889709539184
87. Mitchell, S. A., and Black, M. J. (1995). Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought. New York, NY: Basic Books.
88. Norcross, J. C. (2005). A primer on psychotherapy integration. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (2nd ed., pp. 3-23). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
89. Norcross, J. C., and Goldfried, M. R. (Eds.). (1992). Handbook of psychotherapy integration. New York, NY: Basic Books.
90. Orange, D. M., and Stolorow, R. D. (1998). Selfdisclosure from the perspective of intersubjectivity theory. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 18, 530-537. doi: 10.1080/07351699809534209
91. Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Confession, inhibition, and disease. In L. Berkowitz (Ed. ), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 22, pp. 211-244). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
92. Pennebaker, J. W., Zech, E., and Rimé, B. (2001). Disclosing and sharing emotion: Psychological, social, and health consequences. In M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, R. O. Hansson, & H. Schut (Eds.), Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care (pp. 517-543). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10436-022
93. Pope, K. S., Tabachnick, B. G., and Keith-Spiegel, P. (1987). Ethics of practice: The beliefs and behaviors of psychologists as therapists. American Psychologist, 42, 993-1006. doi:10.1037/0003-066X .42.11.993
94. Racker, H. (1953). A contribution to the problem of counter-transference. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 34, 313-324.
95. Ramsdell, P. S., and Ramsdell, E. R. (1993). Dual relationships: Client perceptions of the effect of client-counselor relationship on the therapeutic process. Clinical Social Work Journal, 21, 195-212. doi:10.1007/BF00754534
96. Renik, O. (1995). The ideal of the anonymous analyst and the problem of self-disclosure. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 64, 466-495.
97. Robitschek, C. G., and McCarthy, P. R. (1991). Prevalence of counselor self-reference in the therapeutic dyad. Journal of Counseling & Development, 69, 218-221. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1991 .tb01490.x
98. Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95-103. doi: 10.1037/h0045357
99. Ryle, A. (1990). Cognitive analytic therapy: Active participation in change. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
100. Ryle, A. (2005). Cognitive analytic therapy. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldfried (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 196-217). New York, NY: Basic Books.
101. Schachter, J. (1994). Abstinence and neutrality: Development and diverse views. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 75, 709-720.
102. Shahar, G. (2010). Poetics, pragmatics, schematics, and the psychoanalysis-research dialogue (Rift). Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 24, 315-328. doi: 10.1080/02668734.2010.513544
103. Simi, N. L., and Mahalik, J. R. (1997). Comparison of feminist versus psychoanalytic/dynamic and other therapists on self-disclosure. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 465-483. doi:10.1111/j .1471-6402.1997.tb00125.x
104. Simon, J. C. (1990). Criteria for therapist selfdisclosure. In G. Stricker & M. Fisher (Eds.), Selfdisclosure in the therapeutic relationship (pp. 207-225). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
105. Simone, D. H., McCarthy, P., and Skay, C. L. (1998). An investigation of client and counselor variables that influence likelihood of counselor selfdisclosure. Journal of Counseling & Development, 76, 174-182. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1998 .tb02390.x
106. Singer, E. (1977). The fiction of analytic anonymity. In K. A. Frank (Ed.), The human dimension in psychoanalytic practice (pp. 181-192). New York, NY: Grune & Stratton.
107. Sloan, D. M. (2007). Review of self-disclosure in psychotherapy. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 37, 239-240.
108. Stiles, W. B. (1987). "I have to talk to somebody": A fever model of disclosure. In V. J. Derlega & J. H. Berg (Eds.), Self-disclosure: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 257-282). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
109. Stiles, W. B. (1995). Disclosure as a speech act: Is it psychotherapeutic to disclose? In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health (pp. 71-91). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10182-004
110. Stolorow, R. D., Brandchaft, B. , and Atwood, G. E. (1987). Psychoanalytic treatment: An intersubjective approach. London, UK: Analytic Press.
111. Strassberg, D., Roback, H. B., D'Antonio, M., and Gabel, H. (1977). Self-disclosure: A critical and selective review of the clinical literature. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 18, 31-39. doi:10.1016/ S0010-440X(77)80005-9
112. Stricker, G. (2006). Assimilative psychodynamic psychotherapy integration. In G. Stricker & J. Gold (Eds.), A casebook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 55-63). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/11436-005
113. Stricker, G. (2010). A second look at psychotherapy integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 20, 397-405. doi:10.1037/a0022037
114. Stricker, G., and Fisher, M. (Eds.). (1990). Selfdisclosure in the therapeutic relationship. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
115. Tabol, C., and Walker, G. (2008). The practice of psychotherapy: Application. In M. Ballou, M. Hill, & C. West (Eds.), Feminist therapy theory and practice: A contemporary perspective (pp. 87-108). New York, NY: Springer.
116. Traux, C. B., and Carkhuff. R. R. (1967). Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy: Training and practice. Chicago, IL: Aldine.
117. Vandernoot, A. J. (2007). The relationship between the attachment-style of therapists and their utilization of self-disclosure within the therapeutic relationship (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3268878)
118. Wachtel, P. L. (1977). Psychoanalysis and behavior therapy: Toward an integration. New York, NY: Basic Books.
119. Wachtel, P. L. (1987). Action and insight. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
120. Wachtel, P. L. (1993). Therapeutic communication: Principles and effective practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
121. Wachtel, P. L. (1997). Psychoanalysis, behavior therapy, and the relational world. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi: 10.1037/10383-000
122. Watkins, C. E. (1990). The effects of counselor selfdisclosure: A research review. The Counseling Psychologist, 18, 477-500. doi:10.1177/ 0011000090183009
123. Weiner, M. F. (1983). Therapist disclosure: The use of self in psychotherapy (2nd ed.). Baltimore: University Press.
124. Wells, T. L. (1994). Therapist self-disclosure: Its effects on clients and the treatment relationship. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 65, 23-41. doi:10.1080/00377319409517422
125. Williams, K. E., and Chambless, D. L. (1990). The relationship between therapist characteristics and outcome of in-vivo exposure treatment for agoraphobia. Behavior Therapy, 21, 111-116. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80192-3
126. Williams, M. H. (1997). Boundary violations: Do some contended standards of care fail to encompass commonplace procedures of humanistic, behavioral, and eclectic psychotherapies? Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34, 238-249. doi:10.1037/h0087717
127. Yalom, I. D. (2002). The gift of therapy: An open letter to a new generation of therapists and their patients. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
128. Zech, E., and Rimé, B. (2005). Is talking about an emotional experience helpful?: Effects on emotional recovery and perceived benefits. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 12, 270-287. doi: 10.1002/cpp.460
129. Zur, O., Williams, M. H., Lehavot, K., and Knapp, S. (2009). Psychotherapist self-disclosure and transparency in the Internet age. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 22-30. doi: 10.1037/a0014745