Is the Species Flock Concept Operational? The Antarctic Shelf Case

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 8, 2013, Pages

  Lecointre, Guillaume ^a   Améziane, Nadia ^a   Boisselier, Marie Catherine ^a   Bonillo, Céline ^a   Busson, Frédéric ^a   Causse, Romain ^a   Chenuil, Anne ^b   Couloux, Arnaud ^c   Coutanceau, Jean Pierre ^a   Cruaud, Corinne ^c   d'Acoz, Cédric d'Udekem ^d   De Ridder, Chantal ^e   Denys, Gael ^a   Dettaï, Agnès ^a   Duhamel, Guy ^a   Eléaume, Marc ^a   Féral, Jean Pierre ^b   Gallut, Cyril ^a   Havermans, Charlotte ^d   Held, Christoph ^f   Hemery, Lenaïg ^a   Lautrédou, Anne Claire ^a   Martin, Patrick ^d   Ozouf Costaz, Catherine ^a   Pierrat, Benjamin ^g   Pruvost, Patrice ^a   Puillandre, Nicolas ^a   Samadi, Sarah ^a   Saucède, Thomas ^g   Schubart, Christoph ^h   David, Bruno ^g   more..

^a MUSÉUM NATIONAL D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE   (France)

^b AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

^c CENTRE NATIONAL DE SÉQUENÇAGE   (France)

^d ROYAL BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF NATURAL SCIENCES   (Belgium)

^e UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^f ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^g UNIVERSITÉ DE BOURGOGNE   (France)

^h UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTARCTICA; ARTICLE; BENTHIC FAUNA; BIODIVERSITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRUSTACEA; GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION (SPECIES); HERD; MONOPHYLY; NONHUMAN; RARE SPECIES; SEA URCHIN; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; SPECIES DOMINANCE; SPECIES ENDEMICITY; SPECIES HABITAT; SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; SPECIES RICHNESS; TELEOST;

ANIMALS; ANTARCTIC REGIONS; BIODIVERSITY; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; FISHES; POPULATION DENSITY;

EID: 84880990570     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068787     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Griffiths HJ (2010) Antarctic Marine Biodiversity - What Do We Know About the Distribution of Life in the Southern Ocean? PLoS One 5. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011683.
2. Grant RA, Griffiths HJ, Steinke D, Wadley V, Linse K, (2011) Antarctic DNA barcoding; a drop in the ocean? Polar Biol 34: 775-780.
3. De Broyer C, Danis B, (2011) How many species in the Southern Ocean? Towards a dynamic inventory of the Antarctic marine species. Deep Sea Res Part 2 Top Stud Oceanogr 58(1-2): 5-17 doi:dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.007.
4. Brandt A, De Broyer C, Ebbe B, Ellingsen KE, Gooday AJ, et al. (2012) Southern Ocean Deep Benthic Biodiversity. Antarctic Ecosystems: An Extreme Environment in a Changing World (ed. by A. D. Rogers, N. M. Johnson, E. J. Murphy, and A. Clark), 291-334. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.
5. Starmans A, Gutt J, (2002) Mega-epibenthic diversity: a polar comparison. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 225: 45-52.
6. Clarke A, Johnston NM, (2003) Antarctic marine benthic diversity. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 41: 47-114.
7. Brandt A, Gooday AJ, Brandão SN, Brix S, Brökeland W, et al. (2007) First insights into the biodiversity and biogeography of the Southern Ocean deep sea. Nature 447: 307-311.
8. Aronson RB, Thatje S, Clarke A, Peck LS, Blake DB, et al. (2007) Climate Change and Invasibility of the Antarctic Benthos. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 38: 129-154.
9. Eastman JT, (2005) The nature of the diversity of Antarctic fishes. Polar Biol 28: 93-107.
10. David B, Choné T, Mooi R, De Ridder C (2005a) Antarctic Echinoidea. Synopses of the Antarctic benthos vol 10 (ed. by J. W. Wägele, and J. Sieg). Koeltz Scientific books Publishing, Königstein.
11. David B, Choné T, Festeau A, Mooi R, De Ridder C, (2005b) Biodiversity of Antarctic echinoids: a comprehensive and interactive database. Sci Mar 69: 201-203.
12. Ragua-Gil JM, Gutt J, Clarke A, Arntz WE, (2004) Antarctic shallow-water mega-epibenthos: shaped by circumpolar dispersion or local conditions? Mar Biol 144: 29-40.
13. Clarke A, Barnes DKA, Hodgson DA, (2005) How isolated is Antarctica? Trends Ecol Evol 20(1): 1-3.
14. Clarke A, Crame JA (1989) The origin of the Southern Ocean marine fauna. Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota (ed. by J. A. Crame), 253-268. Geol Soc Spec Pub 47, London.
15. Clarke A, Crame JA (1997) Diversity, latitude and time: patterns in the shallow sea. In: R.G.F Ormond, J.D Gage, and M.V Angel, editors. Marine Biodiversity: Causes and consequences. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 122-147.
16. Clarke A, Crame JA, (2010) Evolutionary dynamics at high latitudes: speciation and extinction in polar marine faunas. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365(1558): 3655-3666.
17. Eastman JT, McCune AR, (2000) Fishes on the Antarctic continental shelf: evolution of a marine species flock? J Fish Biol 57: 84-102.
18. Ribbink AJ (1984) Is the species flock concept tenable? Evolution of Fish Species Flocks (ed. by A. A. Echelle, and I. Kornfield), 21-25.University of Maine at Orono Press, Orono.
19. Anderson JB (1999) Antarctic Marine Geology. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. 289 p.
20. Kennett JP (1982) Marine Geology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
21. Krug AZ, Jablonski D, Roy K, Beu AG (2010) Differential Extinction and the Contrasting Structure of Polar Marine Faunas. PLoS One 5.
22. Patarnello T, Verde C, Prisco G di, Bargelloni L, Zane L, (2011) How will fish that evolved at constant sub-zero temperatures cope with global warming? Notothenioids as a case study. Bioessays 33: 260-268.
23. Thatje S, Hillenbrand CD, Larter R, (2005) On the origin of Antarctic marine benthic community structure. Trends Ecol Evol 20: 534-540.
24. Greenwood PH (1984) What is a species flock? Evolution of Fish Species Flocks (ed. by A. A. Echelle, and I. Kornfield), 13-19. editors. Orono Press, University of Maine, Orono.
25. Castelin M, Puillandre N, Lozouet P, Sysoev A, Richer de Forges B, et al. (2011) Molluskan species richness and endemism on New Caledonian seamounts: Are they enhanced compared to adjacent slopes? Deep Sea Res Part 1 Oceanogr Res Pap 58: 637-646.
26. Matschiner M, Haner R, Salzburger W (2011) On the Origin and trigger of the Notothenioid Adaptive Radiation. PLoS One 6. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018911.
27. Froese R, Pauly D (2011) FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. Available: http://www.fishbase.org.
28. Eastman JT (1993) Antarctic Fish Biology. Academic Press, San Diego.
29. Bargelloni L, Marcato S, Zane L, Patarnello T, (2000) Mitochondrial phylogeny of Notothenioids: a molecular approach to antarctic fish evolution and biogeography. Syst Biol 49(1): 114-129.
30. Near TJ, Pesavento JJ, Cheng CC, (2004) Phylogenetic investigations of Antarctic notothenioid fishes (Perciformes: Notothenioidei) using complete gene sequences of the mitochondrial encoded 16S rRNA. Mol Phylogenet Evol 32: 881-891.
31. Sanchez S, Dettaï A, Bonillo C, Ozouf-Costaz C, Detrich WH, et al. (2007) Molecular and morphological Phylogenies of the Nototheniidae, with on taxonomic focus on the Trematominae. Polar Biol 30: 155-166.
32. Lecointre G (2012) Phylogeny and systematics of Antarctic teleosts: methodological and evolutionary issues. Adaptation and Evolution in Marine Environments - The Impacts of Global Change on Biodiversity (ed. by G. di Prisco, and C. Verde), 97-117. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
33. Dettaï A, Berkani M, Lautrédou AC, Li B, Couloux A, et al. (2012) Tracking the elusive monophyly of nototheniid fishes (Teleostei) with multiple mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Mar Genomics 8: 49-58 doi:10.1016/j.margen.2012.02.003.
34. Logsdon JM, Doolittle FW, (1997) Origin of antifreeze protein genes: A cool tale in molecular evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 3485-3487.
35. Near TJ, Dornburg A, Kuhn KL, Eastman JT, Pennington JN, et al. (2012) Ancient climate change, antifreeze, and the evolutionary diversification of Antarctic fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(9): 3434-9.
36. Ozouf-Costaz C, Pisano E, Thaeron C, Hureau JC (1999) Karyological survey of the Notothenioid fish occuring in Adelie Land (Antarctica). Proceedings of the Vth Indo-Pac Fish Conf, Noumea (ed. by B. Séret, and J. Y. Sire), 427-440. Soc fr Ichthyol, Paris.
37. Pisano E., Ozouf-Costaz C (2002) Cytogenetics and evolution in extreme environment: the case of Antarctic Fishes. Fish adaptation. Val e G. Kapoor A, editor, 311-3338. Oxford IBH Publishing, New Delhi.
38. Near TJ, Cheng CC, (2008) Phylogenetics of notothenioid fishes (Teleostei: Acanthomorpha): Inferences from mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 47: 832-840.
39. Klingenberg CP, Ekau W, (1996) A combined morphometric and phylogenetic analysis of an ecomorphological trend: pelagization in Antarctic fishes (Perciformes: Nototheniidae). Biol J Linn Soc 59: 143-177.
40. Lautrédou AC, Bonillo C, Denys G, Cruaud C, Ozouf-Costaz C, et al. (2010) Molecular taxonomy and identification within the Antarctic genus Trematomus (Notothenioidei, Teleostei): How valuable is barcoding with COI? Polar Science 4(2): 333-352.
41. Lautrédou AC, Hinsinger D, Gallut C, Cheng CH, Berkani M, et al. (2012) Phylogenetic footprints of an Antarctic radiation: the Trematominae (Notothenioidei, Teleostei). Mol Phylogenet Evol 65(1): 87-101.
42. Ekau W, Gutt J, (1991) Notothenioid fishes from the Weddell Sea and their habitat, observed by underwater photography and television. Polar Biol 4: 36-49.
43. La Mesa M, Eastman JT, Vacchi M, (2004) à The role of notothenioid fish in the food web of the Ross Sea shelf waters: a review. Polar Biol 27: 321-338.
44. Causse R, Ozouf-Costaz C, Koubbi P, Lamy D, Eléaume M, et al. (2011) Demersal ichthyofauna from the Dumont d'Urville Sea (East Antarctica) during the CEAMARC surveys in 2007-2008. Polar Science 5: 272-285.
45. Janko K, Marshall C, Musilová Z, Van Houdt J, Couloux C, et al. (2011) Multilocus analyses of an Antarctic fish species flock (Teleostei, Notothenioidei, Trematominae): Phylogenetic approach and test of the early-radiation event. Mol Phylogenet Evol 60: 305-316.
46. Jones CD, Anderson ME, Balushkin AV, Duhamel G, Eakin RR, et al. (2008) Diversity, relative abundance, new locality records and population structure of Antarctic demersal fishes from the northern Scotia Arc islands and Bouvetoya. Polar Biol 31: 1481-1497.
47. Derome N, Chen WJ, Dettaï A, Bonillo C, Lecointre G, (2002) Phylogeny of Antarctic dragonfishes (Bathydraconidae, Notothenioidei, Teleostei) and related families based on their anatomy and two mitochondrial genes. Mol Phylogenet Evol 24: 139-152.
48. Near TJ, Pesavento JJ, Cheng CC, (2003) Mitochondrial DNA, morphology and the phylogenetic relationships of Antarctic icefishes (Notothenioidei: Channichthyidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 28: 87-98.
49. Chen WJ, Bonillo C, Lecointre G (1998) Phylogeny of the Channichthyidae (Notothenioidei, Teleostei) Based on Two Mitochondrial Genes. Fishes of Antarctica. A Biological Overview (ed. by G. di Prisco, E. Pisano, and A. Clarke), 287-298. Springer-Verlag, Milano.
50. Lombarte A, Olaso I, Bozzano A, (2003) Ecomorphological trends in the Artedidraconidae (Pisces: Perciformes: Notothenioidei) of the Weddell Sea. Antarct Sci 15: 211-218.
51. Lecointre G, Gallut C, Bonillo C, Couloux A, Ozouf-Costaz C, et al. (2011) The Antarctic Fish Genus Artedidraco is paraphyletic (Teleostei, Notothenioidei, Artedidraconidae). Polar Biol 34(8): 1135-1145.
52. De Broyer C, Guerra-Garcia JM, Takeuchi I, Robert H, Meerhaeghe A, (2004) Biodiversity of the Southern Ocean: a catalogue of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Caprellidae and Cyamidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) with distribution and ecological data. Bull Inst r Sci nat Belg 74: 61-99.
53. De Broyer C, Lowry JK, Jazdzewski K, Robert H, (2007) Catalogue of the Gammaridean and Corophiidean Amphipoda (Crustacea) of the Southern Ocean, with distribution and ecological data. Bull Inst r Sci nat Belg 77: 1-325.
54. Zeidler W, De Broyer C, (2009) Catalogue of the hyperiidean Amphipoda (Crustacea) of the Southern Ocean with distribution and ecological data. Bull Inst r Sci nat Belg 79: 1-100.
55. Dauby P, Scailteur Y, Chapelle G, De Broyer C, (2001a) Potential impact of the main benthic amphipods on the eastern Weddell Sea shelf ecosystem (Antarctica). Polar Biol 24: 657-662.
56. Lörz AN, Maas EW, Linse K, Coleman CO, (2009) Do circum-Antarctic species exist in peracarid Amphipoda? A case study in the genus Epimeria Costa, 1851. (Crustacea, Peracarida, Epimeriidae). Zookeys 18: 91-128.
57. Klages M, Gutt J, (1990) Observations on the feeding behaviour of the Antarctic gammarid Eusirus perdentatus Chevreux, 1912 (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in aquaria. Polar Biol 10: 359-364.
58. Macnaughton MO, Thormar J, Berge J, (2007) Sympagic amphipods in the Arctic pack ice: redescriptions of Eusirus holmii Hansen, 1887 and Pleusymtes karstensi (Barnard, 1959). Polar Biol 30: 1013-1025.
59. Barnard JL, Karaman GS (1991) The families and genera of Marine Gammaridean Amphipoda (Except Marine Gammaroidea). Rec Aust Mus: 41-412.
60. De Broyer C, Scailteur Y, Chapelle G, Rauschert M, (2001) Diversity of epibenthic habitats of gammaridean amphipods in the eastern Weddell Sea. Polar Biol 24: 744-753.
61. Krapp RH, Berge J, Flores H, Gulliksen B, Werner I, (2008) Sympagic occurence of Eusirid and Lysianassoid amphipods under Antarctic pack ice. Deep Sea Res Part 2 Top Stud Oceanogr 55 (8-9): 1015-1023.
62. Baird HP, Miller KJ, Stark JS, (2011) Evidence of hidden biodiversity, ongoing speciation and diverse patterns of genetic structure in giant Antarctic amphipods. Mol Ecol 20: 3439-3454.
63. Verheye M (2011) Systématique et diversité génétique des Eusirus de l'océan austral (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Eusiridae). Mémoire de l'Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve. p. 127.
64. Chapelle G, Peck LS, (1999) Polar gigantism dictated by oxygen availability. Nature 399: 114-115.
65. Held C, (2000) Phylogeny and biogeography of serolid isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Serolidae) and the use of ribosomal expansion segments in molecular systematics. Mol Phylogenet Evol 15(2): 165-178.
66. Leese F, Agrawal S, Held C, (2010) Long-distance island hopping without dispersal stages: transportation across major zoogeographic barriers in a Southern Ocean isopod. Naturwissenschaften 97(6): 583-594.
67. Leese F, Held C, (2008) Identification and characterization of microsatellites from the Antarctic isopod Ceratoserolis trilobitoides: nuclear evidence for cryptic species. Conserv Genet 9: 1369-1372.
68. Krabbe K, Leese F, Mayer C, Tollrian R, Held C, (2010) Cryptic mitochondrial lineages in the widespread pycnogonid Colossendeis megalonyx Hoek, 1881 from Antarctic and Subantarctic waters. Polar Biol 33: 281-292.
69. Wilson NG, Schrödl m, Halanych KM, (2009) Ocean barriers and glaciation: evidence for explosive radiation of mitochondrial lineages in the Antarctic sea slug Doris kerguelenensis (Mollusca, Nudibranchia). Mol Ecol 18: 965-984.
70. Poulin E, Féral J-P, (1995) Pattern of spatial distribution of a brood-protecting schizasterid echinoid, Abatus cordatus, endemic to the Kerguelen Islands. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 118: 179-186.
71. Ledoux JB, Tarnowska K, Gérard K, Lhuillier E, Jacquemin B, et al. (2012) Fine-scale spatial genetic structure in the brooding sea urchin Abatus cordatus suggests vulnerability of the Southern Ocean marine invertebrates facing global change. Polar Biol 35: 611-623.
72. Poulin E, Féral J-P, (1996) Why are there so many species of brooding Antarctic echinoids? Evolution 50(2): 820-830.
73. Lockhart SJ (2006) Molecular evolution, phylogenetics and parasitism in Antarctic cidaroid echinoids. Unpublished PhD thesis, University Santa Cruz, California. 151 p.
74. Hétérier V, David B, De Ridder C, Rigaud T, (2008) Ectosymbiosis is a critical factor in the local benthic biodiversity of the Antarctic deep sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 364: 67-76.
75. Hardy C, David B, Rigaud T, De Ridder C, Saucède T, (2011) Ectosymbiosis associated with cidaroids (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) promotes benthic colonization of the seafloor in the Larsen Embayments, Western Antarctica. Deep Sea Res Part 2 Top Stud Oceanogr 58: 84-90.
76. Morescalchi A, Morescalchi MA, Odierna G, Stingo V, Capriglione T, (1996) Karyotype and genome size of zoarcids and notothenioids (Teleostei, Percifirmes) from the Ross Sea: Cytotaxonomic implications. Polar Biol 16: 559-564.
77. Ozouf-Costaz C, Hureau JC, Beaunier M, (1991) Chromosome studies on fish of the suborder Notothenioidei collected in the Weddell Sea during EPOS 3 cruise. Cybium. 15(4): 275-290.
78. Ghigliotti L, Near TJ, Ferrando S, Vacchi M, Pisano E, (2010) Cytogenetic diversity in the Antarctic plunderfishes(Notothenioidei: Artedidraconidae). Antarct Sci 22(6): 805-814.
79. Eléaume M (2006) Approche morphométrique de la variabilité phénotypique: Conséquences systématiques et évolutives. Application aux crinoïdes actuels (Crinoidea: Echinodermata). Unpublished PhD dissertation, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. 402 p.
80. Hemery LG (2011) Diversité moléculaire, phylogéographie et phylogénie des Crinoïdes (Echinodermes) dans un environnement extrême: L'océan Austral. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. 398 p.
81. Clark AH, Clark Am, (1967) A monograph of the existing crinoids, Vol. 1: the comatulids, part 5, Suborders Oligophreata (concluded) and Macrophreata. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 82: 1-795.
82. Speel JA, Dearborn JH, (1983) Comatulid crinoids from the R/V Eltanin cruises in the Southern Ocean. Antarct Res Ser 38: 1-60.
83. Wilson NG, Hunter RL, Lockhart SJ, Halanych KM, (2007) Multiple lineage and absence of panmixia in the "circumpolar" crinoid Promachocrinus kerguelensis from the Atlantic sector of Antarctica. Mar Biol 152: 895-904.
84. Hemery LG, Eléaume M, Roussel V, Améziane N, Gallut C, et al. (2012) Comprehensive sampling reveals circumpolarity and sympatry in seven mitochondrial lineages of the Southern Ocean crinoid species Promachocrinus kerguelensis (Echinodermata). Mol Ecol 21: 2502-2518.
85. Lautrédou AC (2009) Relations de parenté et phylogéographie au sein des Liparidae (Gill, 1861). Unpublished MSc dissertation, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris.
86. Duhamel G, Hautecoeur M, Dettaï A, Causse R, Pruvost P, et al. (2010) Liparids from the Eastern sector of Southern Ocean and first information from molecular studies. Cybium 34(4): 319-343.
87. Stein DL, (2012) Snailfishes (Family Liparidae) of the Ross Sea, and closely adjacent waters. Zootaxa 3285: 1-120.
88. Raupach MJ, Thatje S, Dambach J, Rehm P, Misof B, Leese F, (2010) Genetic homogeneity and circum-Antarctic distribution of two benthic shrimp species of the Southern Ocean, Chorismus antarcticus and Nematocarcinus lanceopes. Mar Biol 157: 1783-1797.
89. Udekem d'Acoz C d', (2010) Contribution to the knowledge of European Liljeborgiidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda), with considerations on the family and its affinities. Bull Inst r Sci nat Belg 80: 127-259.
90. Dauby P, Scailteur Y, De Broyer C, (2001b) Trophic diversity within the eastern Weddell Sea amphipod community. Hydrobiologia 443: 69-86.
91. Udekem d'Acoz C d', (2009) New records of Liljeborgia from Antarctic and sub-Antarctic seas, with the description of two new species (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Liljeborgiidae). Bull Inst r Sci nat Belg 79: 243-304.
92. Udekem d'Acoz C d', (2008) Shelf and abyssal Liljeborgia Bate, 1861 of the Southern Ocean (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Liljeborgiidae). Bull Inst r Sci nat Belg 78: 45-286.
93. Udekem d'Acoz C d', Vader W, (2009) On Liljeborgia fissicornis (M. Sars, 1858) and three related new species from Scandinavia, with a hypothesis on the origin of the group fissicornis. Journal of natural history 43: 2087-2139.
94. Havermans C, Nagy ZT, Sonet G, De Broyer C, Martin P, (2011) DNA barcoding reveals new insights into the diversity of Antarctic species of Orchomene sensu lato (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea). Deep Sea Res Part 2 Top Stud Oceanogr 58: 230-241.
95. Udekem d'Acoz C d', Havermans C, (2012) Two new Pseudorchomene species from the Southern Ocean, with phylogenetic remarks on the genus and related species (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Lysianassoidea). Zootaxa 3310: 1-50.
96. Havermans C, Nagy ZT, Sonet G, De Broyer C, Martin P, (2010) Incongruence between molecular phylogeny and morphological classification in amphipod crustaceans: A case study of Antarctic lysianassoids. Mol Phylogenet Evol 55: 202-209.
97. Pierrat B, Saucède T, Laffont R, De Ridder C, Festeau A, et al. (2012) Large-scale distribution analysis of Antarctic echinoids using ecological niche modelling. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 463: 215-230 doi:10.3354/meps09842.
98. Díaz A, Féral J-P, David B, Saucède T, Poulin E, (2011) Evolutionary pathways among shallow and deep-sea echinoids of the genus Sterechinus in the Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Res Part 2 Top Stud Oceanogr 58: 205-211.
99. Maddison WP, (1989) Reconstructing character evolution on polytomous cladograms. Cladistics 5: 365-377.