Very small cerebellar infarcts: Integration of recent insights into a functional topographic classification

Cerebrovascular Diseases

Volumn 36, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 81-87

  De Cocker, Laurens J L ^a   Van Veluw, Susanne J ^b   Fowkes, Mary ^c   Luijten, Peter R ^a   Mali, Willem P Th M ^a   Hendrikse, Jeroen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^c MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Border zone infarct; Cerebellar infarction; End zone infarct; Lacunar infarct; Larsell classification; Microinfarct; Neuroimaging; Nonterritorial infarct; Territorial infarct; Watershed infarction

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY; ARTERY PERFUSION; ATAXIA; BRAIN ARTERY; CEREBELLUM INFARCTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DIZZINESS; DYSARTHRIA; DYSMETRIA; GAIT DISORDER; HEADACHE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; LACUNAR STROKE; NAUSEA; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NYSTAGMUS; PATHOGENESIS; POSTERIOR INFERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR ARTERY; VOMITING; BRAIN REGION; NEUROANATOMY; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TOPOGRAPHY; UNSTEADY GAIT;

ARTERIES; CEREBELLUM; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PERFUSION;

EID: 84880961965     PISSN: 10159770     EISSN: 14219786     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000353668     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. Amarenco P, Kase CS, Rosengart A, Pessin MS, Bousser M-G, Caplan LR: Very small (border zone) cerebellar infarcts. Brain 1993; 116: 161-186
2. Fisher CM: Lacunar infarcts: a review. Cerebrovasc Dis 1991; 1: 311-320
3. Amarenco P, Lévy C, Cohen A, Touboul PJ, Roullet E, Bousser MG: Causes and mechanisms of territorial and nonterritorial cerebellar infarcts in 115 consecutive patients. Stroke 1994; 25: 105-112
4. Min WK, Kim YS, Kim JY, Park SP, Suh CK: Atherothrombotic cerebellar infarction: vascular lesion-MRI correlation of 31 cases. Stroke 1999; 30: 2376-2381
5. Canaple S, Bogousslavsky J: Multiple large and small cerebellar infarcts. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 66: 739-745
6. Schmahmann JD, Doyon J, McDonald D, Holmes C, Lavoie K, Hurwitz AS, Kabani N, Toga A, Evans A, Petrides M: Three-dimensional MRI atlas of the human cerebellum in proportional stereotaxic space. Neuroimage 1999; 10: 233-260
7. Marinkovi S, Kovacevi M, Gibo H, Milisavljevi M, Bumbasirevi L: The anatomical basis for the cerebellar infarcts. Surg Neurol 1995; 44: 450-460
8. Icardo JM, Ojeda JL, Garcia-Porrero JA, Hurle JM: The cerebellar arteries: cortical patterns and vascularization of the cerebellar nuclei. Acta Anat 1982; 113: 108-116
9. Grimaldi G, Manto M: Topography of cerebellar deficits in humans. Cerebellum 2012; 11: 336-351
10. Stoodley CJ, Schmahmann JD: Evidence for topographic organization in the cerebellum of motor control versus cognitive and affective processing. Cortex 2010; 46: 831-844
11. Schmahmann JD, Macmore J, Vangel M: Cerebellar stroke without motor deficit: clinical evidence for motor and non-motor domains within the human cerebellum. Neuroscience 2009; 162: 852-861
12. Barth A, Bogousslavsky J, Regli F: The clinical and topographic spectrum of cerebellar infarcts: a clinical-magnetic resonance imaging correlation study. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 451-456
13. Bogousslavsky J, Regli F, Maeder P, Meuli R, Nader J: The etiology of posterior circulation infarcts: a prospective study using magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography. Neurology 1993; 43: 1528-1533
14. Chaves CJ, Caplan LR, Chung CS, Tapia J, Amarenco P, Teal P, Wityk R, Estol C, Tettenborn B, Rosengart A, et al: Cerebellar infarcts in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Stroke Registry. Neurology 1994; 44: 1385-1390
15. Terao S, Miura N, Osano Y, Takatsu S, Adachi K, Noda A, Sobue G: Multiple cerebellar infarcts: clinical and pathophysiologic features. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2005; 14: 193-198
16. Tohgi H, Takahashi S, Chiba K, Hirata Y: Cerebellar infarction. Clinical and neuroimaging analysis in 293 patients. The Tohoku Cerebellar Infarction Study Group. Stroke 1993; 24: 1697-1701
17. Caplan LR, Wityk RJ, Glass TA, Tapia J, Pazdera L, Chang HM, Teal P, Dashe JF, Chaves CJ, Breen JC, Vemmos K, Amarenco P, Tettenborn B, Leary M, Estol C, Dewitt LD, Pessin MS: New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation registry. Ann Neurol 2004; 56: 389-398
18. Caplan LR, Wong KS, Gao S, Hennerici MG: Is hypoperfusion an important cause of strokes If so, how Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 21: 145-153
19. Sedlaczek O, Caplan L, Hennerici M: Impaired washout-embolism and ischemic stroke: further examples and proof of concept. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005; 19: 396-401
20. Kruit MC, Launer LJ, Ferrari MD, Van Buchem MA: Brain stem and cerebellar hyperintense lesions in migraine. Stroke 2006; 37: 1109-1112
21. Kurth T, Diener H-C: Migraine and stroke: perspectives for stroke physicians. Stroke 2012;43:3421-3426
22. Reinhard M, Schork J, Allignol A, Weiller C, Kaube H: Cerebellar and cerebral autoregulation in migraine. Stroke 2012; 43: 987-993
23. Macdonell RA, Kalnins RM, Donnan GA: Cerebellar infarction: natural history, prognosis, and pathology. Stroke 1987; 18: 849-855
24. Sypert GW, Alvord EC: Cerebellar infarction. A clinicopathological study. Arch Neurol 1975; 32: 357-363
25. Brundel M, de Bresser J, van Dillen JJ, Kappelle LJ, Biessels GJ: Cerebral microinfarcts: a systematic review of neuropathological studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32: 425-436
26. Gass A, Ay H, Szabo K, Koroshetz WJ: Diffusion- weighted MRI for the ?small stuff?: the details of acute cerebral ischaemia. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3: 39-45
27. van Veluw SJ, Zwanenburg JJ, Engelen-Lee J, Spliet WG, Hendrikse J, Luijten PR, Biessels GJ: In vivo detection of cerebral cortical microinfarcts with high-resolution 7T MRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33: 322-329
28. Edlow JA, Newman-Toker DE, Savitz SI: Diagnosis and initial management of cerebellar infarction. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 951-964
29. Exner C, Weniger G, Irle E: Cerebellar lesions in the PICA but not SCA territory impair cognition. Neurology 2004; 63: 2132-2135
30. Schmahmann JD, Sherman JC: The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain 1998; 121: 561-579
31. Kumral E, Kisabay A, Ataç C, Calli C, Yunten N: Spectrum of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory infarcts. Clinical-diffusion- weighted imaging correlates. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005; 20: 370-380
32. Mangla R, Kolar B, Almast J, Ekholm SE: Border zone infarcts: pathophysiologic and imaging characteristics. Radiographics 2011; 31: 1201-1215
33. Kruit MC, Launer LJ, Ferrari MD, Van Buchem MA: Infarcts in the posterior circulation territory in migraine. The population-based MRI CAMERA study. Brain 2005; 128: 2068-2077
34. Tatu L, Moulin T, Bogousslavsky J, Duvernoy H: Arterial territories of human brain: brainstem and cerebellum. Neurology 1996; 47: 1125-1135
35. Cormier PJ, Long ER, Russell EJ: MR imaging of posterior fossa infarctions: vascular territories and clinical correlates. Radiographics 1992; 12: 1079-1096
36. Savitz SI, Caplan LR, Edlow JA: Pitfalls in the diagnosis of cerebellar infarction. Acad Emerg Med 2007; 14: 63-68
37. Simmons Z, Biller J, Adams HP, Dunn V, Jacoby CG: Cerebellar infarction: comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Ann Neurol 1986; 19: 291-293
38. Katzan IL, Abou-Chebl A, Andrefsky JC, Krieger DW, Ross JS: MR imaging of posterior fossa infarcts FLAIR versus T2-weighted sequences (abstract). Stroke 2000; 32: 350
39. Wardlaw JM, Armitage P, Dennis MS, Lewis S, Marshall I, Sellar R: The use of diffusionweighted magnetic resonance imaging to identify infarctions in patients with minor strokes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2000; 9: 70-75